搅拌摩擦焊的缺陷类型及其检测技术

简要介绍了搅拌摩擦焊的工艺特点及其在航空结构中的应用;分析了搅拌摩擦焊的缺陷类型;根据新型制造工艺所提出的新的检测需求,介绍了可用于搅拌摩擦焊的检测方法。     

电传飞控系统的设计

分析了电传系统的主要优点，电传系统设计中的关键技术问题以及未来飞机飞控系统面临的挑战。     

Microgravity research results and experiences from the NASA/MIR space station program

The Microgravity Research Program (MRP) participated aggressively in Phase 1 of the International Space Station Program using the Russian Mir Space Station. The Mir Station offered an otherwise unavailable opportunity to explore the advantages and challenges of long duration microgravity space research. Payloads with both National Aeronautics and Space Agency (NASA) and commercial backing were included as well as cooperative research with the Canadian Space Agency (CSA). From this experience, much was learned about long-duration on-orbit science utilization and developing new working relationships with our Russian partner to promote efficient planning, operations, and integration to solve complexities associated with a multiple partner program.

This paper focuses on the microgravity research conducted onboard the Mir space station. It includes the Program preparation and planning necessary to support this type of cross increment research experience; the payloads which were flown; and summaries of significant microgravity science findings.     

无人战斗机技术现状

从技术、经济和战术三方面分析了发展无人战斗机的必然性,介绍了目前正在进行的一些无人战斗机研究项目,并对发展无人战斗机过程中存在的一些问题进行了讨论。     

Stable iron isotopes and microbial mediation in red pigmentation of the Rosso Ammonitico (mid-late Jurassic, Verona area, Italy)

The iron (Fe) isotopic composition of 17 Jurassic limestones from the Rosso Ammonitico of Verona (Italy) have been analyzed by Multiple-Collector Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS). Such analysis allowed for the recognition of a clear iron isotopic fractionation (mean -0.8 per thousand, ranging between -1.52 to -0.06 per thousand) on a millimeter-centimeter scale between the red and grey facies of the studied formation. After gentle acid leaching, measurements of the Fe isotopic compositions gave delta(56)Fe values that were systematically lower in the red facies residues (median: -0.84 per thousand, range: -1.46 to +0.26 per thousand) compared to the grey facies residues (median: -0.08 per thousand, range: -0.34 to +0.23 per thousand). In addition, the red facies residues were characterized by a lighter delta(56)Fe signal relative to their corresponding leachates. These Fe isotopic fractionations could be a sensitive fingerprint of a biotic process; systematic isotopic differences between the red and grey facies residues, which consist of hematite and X-ray amorphous iron hydroxides, respectively, are hypothesized to have resulted from the oxidizing activity of iron bacteria and fungi in the red facies. The grey Fe isotopic data match the Fe isotopic signature of the terrestrial baseline established for igneous rocks and low-C(org) clastic sedimentary rocks. The Fe isotopic compositions of the grey laminations are consistent with the influx of detrital iron minerals and lack of microbial redox processes at the water-interface during deposition. Total Fe concentration measurements were performed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES) (confirmed by concentration estimations obtained by MC-ICP-MS analyses of microdrilled samples) on five samples, and resultant values range between 0.30% (mean) in the grey facies and 1.31% (mean) in the red facies. No correlation was observed between bulk Fe content and pigmentation or between bulk Fe content and Fe isotopic compositions. The rapid transformation of the original iron oxyhydroxides to hematite could have preserved the original isotopic composition if it had occurred at about the same temperature. This paper supports the use of Fe isotopes as sensitive tracers of biological activities recorded in old sedimentary sequences that contain microfossils of iron bacteria and fungi. However, a careful interpretation of the iron isotopic fractionation in terms of biotic versus abiotic processes requires supporting data or direct observations to characterize the biological, (geo)chemical, or physical context in relation to the geologic setting. This will become even more pertinent when Fe isotopic studies are expanded to the interplanetary realm.     

多段翼型增升小翼纳维-斯托克斯方程分析

装有扁平板增升小翼的多段翼型流场数值分析已经完成。研究的小翼装在接近主翼段后缘，高度范围是0．25％～1．25％参考翼型弦长。二维数值模拟在嵌入式结构拓扑网格上采用不可压缩纳维-斯托克斯（N-S）方程求解分析。新的网格细化提高了网格边界重叠部位的计算精度。在固定雷诺数条件下，对装有窄缝襟翼的二段翼型研究了各种小翼的影响。计算和实验结果都表明，相对未装小翼的基本翼型，主翼段凹陷处装有小翼提高了最大升力和升阻比。计算得出的流线分布揭示，正是小翼的存在引起了襟翼流场分离的减弱。也研究了三段翼型在一个雷诺数范围内的流场情况。对优化的襟翼来说，计算和实验所得的雷诺数影响结果一致。当襟翼从最有利的位置移动时，数值分析表明，小翼有助于翼型重新优化，大概能起到所优化襟翼效益的1％量级的作用。     

尾涡中涡强与轴向速度的相互关系

大型飞机的翼尖涡会对飞入它尾流中的其它飞机造成巨大的危害。文章希望找到尾涡核中的轴向速度超过自由流速度的条件，从而深入了解这种尾涡的特性。在风洞实验中，我们采用的机翼模型的型号是NACA0015，它的半翼展展弦比为0．80。我们利用三传感器热线探针来测量尾涡核中的轴向速度，并将之与测得的涡的环量进行了比较，结果发现，轴向速度与一个无量纲环量参数呈线性关系。当这一环量参数较小时，轴向速度小于自由流速度，而当环量增大时，轴向速度也将逐渐增大，甚至能够超出自由流速度70％。我们还发现，轴向速度的大小对实验中所采用的两种端帽结构——平型和圆型十分敏感。另外，如果利用涡的半径来修正这一环量参数，那么两种端帽结构下的数据将会重合为一条直线。     

综合导航—地形跟踪／地形回避系统

文章有助于解决地形跟踪飞行怎样更可靠,并且最理想,即：相对于地形,实际飞行更平稳,文中所讨论的系统的主要信息源是飞机上的地形数据库,飞越区域的高度值连贯地存储其中。对系统进行了描述,包括监视功能,开发了造于现代航空电子系统结构的组合导航,地形跟踪／形回避飞行控制系统的硬件和软件。     

对前掠机翼外侧水平稳定面飞机气动布局的研究

一种高亚音速Ma数、前掠机翼、带有外侧水平稳定面(OHS)的飞机气动布局方案．通过风洞试验对其进行了试验性研究。由于风洞模型使用的翼面是对称翼型，增加了一项理论研究．来分析把机翼换成非对称翼型．例如换成常常作为高亚音速飞行使用的所谓超临翼型，对OHS飞行性能的影响。该翼型产生明显的负俯仰力矩系数。风洞试验表明．OHS方案与正常式气动布局相比较获得了非常好的减阻收益．基本上与较早验证的无前掠机翼OHS飞机的情况相同。根据理论研究可以得出．对于两种OHS气动布局和对应的正常式布局飞机．负俯仰力矩系数降了飞机升阻比性能．而OHS气动布局保持了明显的总体优势。     

民用航空与环境挑战（上）

在下个世纪，空中旅行对环境的影响将日益成为影响飞机设计的一个非常重要的因素。如果每旅客公里的影响相对于今天的水平不能够有效减小的话，那么环境因素将日益限制空中旅行的发展以及影响到它的社会效益。文章主要提出对环境的三个影响因素：噪声、机场周围的空气污染以及对气候变化的影响。三个因素中对气候的影响被认为是最重要、最长期的影响，文章对这一因素进行了非常详尽地讨论。对影响气候变化的三个指标，即飞机排放物CO2、NOx以及产生的持久凝结尾迹展开论述，其中最有研究价值的目标是后两个。文章对怎样减小后两个指标对环境的影响进行了研究。必须指出，在所有情况下追求最佳环境结果都可能带来CO2排放量不同程度的增加，因此，应该拟定有关减小这两个指标对环境影响的管理或经济上的度量标准，以便依此组织研究。根据CO2排放量制定的度量标准可能只是阻止这两个因素的产生，不过，降低油耗，从而降低CO2排放量仍是飞机设计一个长期、关键的设计目标。文章认为在这一领域通过新的技术和新的设计方案，这些目标有可能实现。