类IXV飞行器初期再入制导与姿态控制方法研究

摘要： 针对类IXV飞行器无翼式升力体构型及采用RCS/尾襟翼组合控制特点，研究其初期再入段的高精度制导与姿态控制方法.设计带过程约束的数值预测 校正制导律以提高制导系统的鲁棒性及精确性；根据其执行机构配置特点，设计基于RCS的航向控制律及基于RCS/气动舵的纵、横向复合控制律，并采用鲁棒伺服LQR技术进行控制参数快速设计.通过蒙特卡洛打靶仿真来验证算法的精度及鲁棒性.     

23-3型航炮空膛现象分析研究

分析研究了23-3型航炮的工作原理、空膛现象产生的主要原因,并指出了避免空膛现象产生的方法,对航空兵地勤人员及航炮生产厂家具有实际指导意义.     

发展中电子干扰技术的新一代——两点源相干干扰和离开运载体一次性使用干扰技术

一、前言本文认为微波器件对电子干扰技术来说需要进一步完善,为探索专门的电子战系统功能,也同样需要技术的改进。本文首先讨论为什么需要这些技术,然后讨论这些技术的进展状况。电子战系统的目的,是在与敌方相遇的环境中提高武器系统的生存能力,给机务员提供报警,并作出相应的对抗措施。电子战射频(EW RF)分系统能提供有关威胁环境的情报,人们通常称之为电子支援措施(ESM)。能提供射频对抗措施的分系统,就是通常称为电子干     

使用信息矩阵滤波的跟踪融合的性能评估

在多传感器环境下，每个传感器探测多个目标，接着产生相应的跟踪。这些跟踪可能互不相同，经过融合后，传感器生成有关目标的更精确的运动信息和属性信息。目前已有两种方法可以达到上述目的，一种是测量值融合法，一种是状态矢量融合法。众所周知，测量值融合计算法通常最优，但计算费时，而状态矢量融合算法计算省力却是次优。之所以如此，是因为从两个传感器中获得的待融合状态级估值，由于通常存在被跟踪目标的过程噪声，通常并非条件独立。值得注意的是，状态矢量融合已有三种计算法：加权协方差法、信息矩阵法和伪测量法。本文仅限于讨论状态矢量融合中信息矩阵形式的性能评估。利用信息矩阵计算法已经推导出稳态融合协方差的闭式分析解并作为一种性能的度量方法。注意，推导出的结果基于两个传感器同步工作且没有误关联的假设，或是在研究时考虑了融合测量值。并且我们将推导出的结果用蒙特卡罗仿真进行了比较，过去曾有许多作者利用蒙特卡罗仿真来预测融合系统的性能。这些结果有助于更加深入地了解跟踪融合的作用原理，并大大简化了对融合性能的评估。此外，有了这样的解，简化了对各种不同工作条件下设计融合系统的折衷研究。     

Production of neutrons from interactions of GCR-like particles

In order to help assess the risk to astronauts due to the long-term exposure to the natural radiation environment in space, an understanding of how the primary radiation field is changed when passing through shielding and tissue materials must be obtained. One important aspect of the change in the primary radiation field after passing through shielding materials is the production of secondary particles from the breakup of the primary. Neutrons are an important component of the secondary particle field due to their relatively high biological weighting factors, and due to their relative abundance, especially behind thick shielding scenarios. Because of the complexity of the problem, the estimation of the risk from exposure to the secondary neutron field must be handled using calculational techniques. However, those calculations will need an extensive set of neutron cross section and thicktarget neutron yield data in order to make an accurate assessment of the risk. In this paper we briefly survey the existing neutron-production data sets that are applicable to the space radiation transport problem, and we point out how neutron production from protons is different than neutron production from heavy ions. We also make comparisons of one the heavy-ion data sets with Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck (BUU) calculations.     

Effect of weightlessness on posture and movement control during a whole body reaching task

Here are reported preliminary results of the “Synergy” experiment performed aboard the Russian orbital station “MIR” in July 1993 (Altaïr Mission). The experiment was carried out before, during, and after the space flight of two astronauts (S1 and S2). The duration of the flight was 21 days for S1 and 6 month for S2. The subjects were tested during preflight, inflight and postflight. The astronaut subjects were fixed on the ground by the feet. They were asked to pick up a box in front of them on the ground. Two velocities of movement and two distances of the target to be reached were tested. The movement of several small markers placed on the body was recorded on video tape.

Results show that the shape of head and hand trajectories in the sagittal plane remains roughly the same during the flight in spite of the modification of mechanical constraints. Trajectory invariance does not result in joint angular displacement invariance. These data indicate that the planning of the movement takes place in terms of head and hand trajectories rather than joint rotations as it was previously suggested for simple arm reaching movement.     

Mineral and nitrogen balance study: results of metabolic observations on Skylab II 28-day orbital mission

Prediction that the various stresses of flight, particularly weightlessness, would bring about significant derangements in the metabolism of the musculoskeletal system has been based on various observations of long-term immobilized or inactive bed rest. The only attempt at controlled measurement of metabolic changes in space prior to Skylab, a study during the 14-day Gemini VII flight, revealed rather modest losses of important elements. The three astronauts of Skylab II consumed a planned day-by-day, quite constant, dietary intake of major metabolic elements in mixed foods and beverages and provided virtually complete collections of excreta for 31 days preflight, during the 28 days inflight, and for 17 days postflight. Analyses showed that, in varying degree among the crewmen, urinary calcium increased gradually during flight in a pattern similar to that observed in bed-rest studies: the mean plateau peak of urinary calcium excretion in the latter part of flight was double preflight levels. Fecal calcium excretion did not change significantly, but calcium balance, owing to the urinary calcium rise, became either negative or less positive than in preflight measurement. Increased excretion and negative balance of nitrogen and phosphorus indicated appreciable loss of muscle tissue in all three crewmen. Significant losses also occurred inflight in potassium, sodium, and magnesium. Based on the similarity in pattern and degree between these observations and those in bed rest of the losses in calcium, phosphorus, and nitrogen, musculoskeletal integrity would not be threatened in space flights of up to at least 3 months. However, if similar changes occur, indicative of continuing losses of these elements, in the planned Skylab flights for considerably more than 28 days, concern for capable musculoskeletal function should be serious for flights of very many months' duration, and greater research attention will need to be given to development of protective counter-measures.