动态真空校准装置的设计

动态真空校准装置由供气系统、抽气系统、校准系统、烘烤系统、测控及分析系统五部分组成。利用快开超高真空插板阀与限流元件组合的方法,在20ms至1s的时间范围内实现标准压力105Pa至100Pa范围的瞬态阶跃变化。采用稀薄流下DSMC法与连续流下Navier-Stokes方程相结合的模型,确定快速膨胀过程中标准压力时间常数。动态真空校准装置预计达到的技术指标为校准范围10-1Pa～105Pa,合成标准不确定度小于15%。     

非平衡等离子体对甲烷点火和火焰传播影响的机理分析

为了探讨非平衡等离子体对甲烷点火和火焰传播速度影响,采用化学动力学模型GRI-Mech3.0,利用零维、均质、完全混合模型和火焰传播速度模型,对甲烷点火过程和火焰传播过程进行数值模拟,计算得到了非平衡等离子体生成自由基(O自由基和NOX自由基)对甲烷点火延迟时间和火焰传播速度的影响规律。结果表明:当分别加入0.5% O和0.5% NOX活性基时,点火延迟时间减少了约94.7%,63.1%(加入NO)和94.2%(加入NO₂)。通过反应路径分析和敏感度分析,揭示了非平衡等离子体生成自由基影响甲烷点火和火焰传播速度的化学反应机理。      

A quasi-one-dimensional model for hypersonic reactive flow along the stagnation streamline

This study proposes a quasi-one-dimensional model to predict the chemical non-equilibrium flow along the stagnation streamline of hypersonic flow past a blunt body. The model solves reduced equations along the stagnation streamline and predicts nearly identical results as the numerical solution of the full-field Navier-Stokes equations. The high efficiency of this model makes it useful to investigate the overall quantitative behavior of related physical-chemical phenomena. In this paper two important properties of hypersonic flow, shock stand-off distance and oxygen disso-ciation, are studied using the quasi-one-dimensional model with the ideal dissociating gas model. It is found that the shock stand-off distance is affected by both chemical and thermal non-equilibrium. The shock stand-off distance will increase when the flow conditions are changed from equilibrium to non-equilibrium, because the average density of the shock-compressed gas will decrease as a result of the increase in translational energy. For oxygen dissociation, the maximum value of its dis-sociation degree along the stagnation line varies with the flight altitude. It is increased at first and decreased thereafter with the altitude, which is due to the combination effect of the equilibrium shift and chemical non-equilibrium relaxation. The overall variation of the maximum dissociation is then plotted in the speed and altitude coordinates as a reference for engineering application.     

Theoretical investigation of shock stand-off distance for non-equilibrium flows over spheres

We derived a theoretical solution of the shock stand-off distance for a non-equilibrium flow over spheres based on Wen and Hornung’s solution and Olivier’s solution. Compared with previous approaches, the main advantage of the present approach is allowing an analytic solution without involving any semi-empirical parameter for the whole non-equilibrium flow regimes. The effects of some important physical quantities therefore can be fully revealed via the analytic solution. By combining the current solution with Ideal Dissociating Gas (IDG) model, we investigate the effects of free stream kinetic energy and free stream dissociation level (which can be very different between different facilities) on the shock stand-off distance.     

不等熵一维定常管流数值解法

不等熵一维定常管流控制方程的数值解法,已有许多讨论,但大多局限于某些特定情况,特别是控制方程在奇点(M=1)附近的计算,还没有一个简便的方法.本文引进新变量,把方程变为非奇异的,提出了对各种不等熵流都适用的数值解法.由于引进了喉部条件,保证了数值解的唯一性.经过对模型方程的计算精度分析,证明该数值解除了在奇点附近稍有误差外,其它地方与精确解一致.本文最后给出了该方法在无喷管发动机内弹道计算中的应用.     

非平衡状态下星载三维激光雷达图像畸变研究

激光雷达是飞行器软着陆的重要辅助手段,在飞行器降落过程中它可以实时、精确、快速地确定星体表面局部区域的特征地形。但是,在扫描成像过程中它的载荷平台会有微小的震动,这种非平衡状态会导致由激光雷达获取的点云图像发生一定的畸变。结合激光雷达成像原理和误差传播理论分析了平台稳定性对三维激光雷达成像的影响,研究了在不同扫描周期内三维激光雷达图像变形。实验结果表明,除了受到仪器本身测量精度的影响之外,激光雷达获取图像质量还与扫描时间、成像区域密切相关。利用高分辨率的星载测时与测姿装置可以修正系统性的地形畸变,但是仪器误差也会引入到纠正后的图像之中。按照现有的平台姿态测量水平,控制激光雷达成像时间是它辅助导航着陆能否成功的关键。     

Influence of non-equilibrium reactions on the optimization of aerothrust aeroassisted maneuver with orbital change

The spaceplane is perspective vehicle due to wide maneuverability in comparison with a space capsule. Its maneuverability is expressed by the larger flight range and also by a possibility to rotate orbital inclination in the atmosphere by the aerodynamic and thrust forces. Orbital plane atmospheric rotation maneuvers can significantly reduce fuel costs compared to rocket-dynamic non-coplanar maneuver. However, this maneuver occurs at Mach numbers about 25, and such velocities lead to non-equilibrium chemical reactions in the shock wave. Such reactions change a physicochemical air property, and it affects aerodynamic coefficients. This paper investigates the influence of non-equilibrium reactions on the aerothrust aeroassisted maneuver with orbital change. The approach is to solve an optimization problem using the differential evolution algorithm with a temperature limitation. The spaceplane aerodynamic coefficients are determined by the numerical solution of the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations. The aerodynamic calculations are conducted for the cases of perfect and non-equilibrium gases. A comparison of optimal trajectories, control laws, and fuel costs is made between models of perfect and non-equilibrium gases. The effect of a chemically reacting gas on the finite parameters is also evaluated using control laws obtained for a perfect gas.     

{MC COMMENT: PA CORRECTION}Theoretical study of ullage washing with mixed inert gas in a non-equilibrium state

The Mixed Inert Gas (MIG) produced by the novel Green OnBoard Inerting Gas Generation System (GOBIGGS) mainly consists of carbon dioxide, nitrogen and oxygen. Because of the large solubility of carbon dioxide in jet fuel compared with nitrogen, the no gas release or equilibrium model could not be employed any more. In this paper, first, a mathematical model of the ullage washing was set up to predict the variation of the oxygen concentration on ullage and in the fuel, and the gas evolution and dissolution rate were calculated by Fick’s second law. Then, an experimental apparatus was constructed to verify the accuracy of the model. Finally, the numerical comparisons of ullage washing using Nitrogen Enriched Air (NEA) and MIG are presented under various flow rates and fuel loads, and the result reveals that the variation of the oxygen concentration on ullage is nearly identical whatever the inert gas is NEA or MIG. However, the variation of the oxygen concentration in the fuel is disparate, and the oxygen concentration decreases rapidly if the inert gas is MIG, especially when the fuel load is low or the flow rate of the inert gas is high. Besides, MIG could suppress the rising trend of the oxygen concentration on ullage when the aircraft ascends if the fuel tank is fully washed into an equilibrium state on ground.     

Supercomputer modeling of hydrogen combustion in rocket engines

Hydrogen being an ecological fuel is very attractive now for rocket engines designers. However, peculiarities of hydrogen combustion kinetics, the presence of zones of inverse dependence of reaction rate on pressure, etc. prevents from using hydrogen engines in all stages not being supported by other types of engines, which often brings the ecological gains back to zero from using hydrogen. Computer aided design of new effective and clean hydrogen engines needs mathematical tools for supercomputer modeling of hydrogen–oxygen components mixing and combustion in rocket engines.The paper presents the results of developing verification and validation of mathematical model making it possible to simulate unsteady processes of ignition and combustion in rocket engines.     

高超音速化学非平衡层流粘性激波层钝头细长体绕流数值计算

本文研究了高超音速化学非平衡钝头细长体绕流的计算方法,给出了耦合求解连续方程和法向动量方程的具体做法,以及在高空情况下考虑滑移边界条件后的数学处理。计算结果表明,对钝头细长体,可以将计算推进到三十倍头部半径的后身区域。