Comparison of observed ionospheric vertical TEC over the sea in Indian region with IRI-2016 model

The vertical ionospheric TEC values obtained from GAGAN grid based ionospheric delay correction values over the sea in the Indian equatorial region have been compared with the corresponding values derived from the International Reference Ionosphere model, IRI-2016. The objective of this work is to study the deviation of the vertical TEC derived from the IRI model from ground truths over the sea for different conditions. This will serve the basic intention of assessing the candidature of the IRI model as an alternative ionospheric correction model in navigation receivers in terms of accuracy. We have chosen different solar activity periods, seasons, geomagnetic conditions, locations etc. for our comparison and analysis. The TEC values by the IRI-2016 were compared with the actual measured values for the given conditions and errors were obtained. The measured vertical TEC values at the ionospheric grid points were derived from the GAGAN broadcast ionospheric delay data and used as reference. The IRI model with standard internal functions was used in estimating the TEC at the same ionospheric grid points. The errors in the model derived values are statistically analysed. Broadly, the results show that, for the Indian sector over the sea, the IRI model performs better on quiet days in off equatorial regions, particularly in the northern region. The overall performance degrades for other conditions with the model generally underestimating the true TEC values and most severely in the equatorial region. The performance is worst in this region for the disturbed days of the equinoctial period. The comparison study is also done with the TEC data measured directly by dual frequency GPS receivers. The results were found to be in general agreement with those obtained by comparing the model with GAGAN broadcast data as reference. This study will be useful in considering the IRI-2016 model for real time estimates of TEC as an alternative to the current parametric model in a satellite navigation receiver in absence of other options.     

Capability of Bhaskara-II satellite microwave radiometer brightness temperature data to discriminate soil moisture conditions of Indian landmass

With the objective of developing Microwave Remote Sensing technology in the country, India has launched a series of Satellites Bhaskara-I and II with the microwave radiometer capability. In this paper, an attempt is made to demonstrate the capability of the brightness temperature data acquired by these radiometers to discriminate various soil moisture conditions of Indian land mass. The analysis show that large areas assessment of soil moisture is possible to a limited extent.     

Surface temperature estimation in Singhbhum Shear Zone of India using Landsat-7 ETM+ thermal infrared data

Land surface temperature (LST) is an important factor in global change studies, heat balance and as control for climate change. A comparative study of LST over parts of the Singhbhum Shear Zone in India was undertaken using various emissivity and temperature retrieval algorithms applied on visible and near infrared (VNIR), and thermal infrared (TIR) bands of high resolution Landsat-7 ETM+ imagery. LST results obtained from satellite data of October 26, 2001 and November 2, 2001 through various algorithms were validated with ground measurements collected during satellite overpass. In addition, LST products of MODIS and ASTER were compared with Landsat-7 ETM+ and ground truth data to explore the possibility of using multi-sensor approach in LST monitoring. An image-based dark object subtraction (DOS3) algorithm, which is yet to be tested for LST retrieval, was applied on VNIR bands to obtain atmospheric corrected surface reflectance images. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was estimated from VNIR reflectance image. Various surface emissivity retrieval algorithms based on NDVI and vegetation proportion were applied to ascertain emissivities of the various land cover categories in the study area in the spectral range of 10.4–12.5 μm. A minimum emissivity value of about 0.95 was observed over the reflective rock body with a maximum of about 0.99 over dense forest. A strong correlation was established between Landsat ETM+ reflectance band 3 and emissivity. Single channel based algorithms were adopted for surface radiance and brightness temperature. Finally, emissivity correction was applied on ‘brightness temperature’ to obtain LST. Estimated LST values obtained from various algorithms were compared with field ground measurements for different land cover categories. LST values obtained after using Valor’s emissivity and single channel equations were best correlated with ground truth temperature. Minimum LST is observed over dense forest as about 26 °C and maximum LST is observed over rock body of about 38 °C. The estimated LST showed that rock bodies, bare soils and built-up areas exhibit higher surface temperatures, while water bodies, agricultural croplands and dense vegetations have lower surface temperatures during the daytime. The accuracy of the estimated LST was within ±2 °C. LST comparison of ASTER and MODIS with Landsat has a maximum difference of 2 °C. Strong correlation was found between LST and spectral radiance of band 6 of Landsat-7 ETM+. Result corroborates the fact that surface temperatures over land use/land cover types are greatly influenced by the amount of vegetation present.     

15%SiC_P/8009铝基复合材料热压缩流变应力行为

采用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机对15%Si CP/8009铝基复合材料在温度为400~550℃和应变速率为0.001~1 s~(-1)条件下的热变形流变行为进行研究。结果表明:流变应力在开始阶段随应变的增加而增大,出现峰值后逐渐趋于平稳;流变应力随温度的升高而降低,随应变速率的增大而升高,呈现出正应变速率敏感性;流变应力行为可以用双曲正弦模型来描述,其热变形激活能为488.3853 k J/mol,应力指数为7.19022。     

多控制面机翼阵风减缓主动控制与风洞试验验证

 针对某大展弦比多控制面弹性机翼风洞模型,分别从频域和时域进行阵风响应分析和阵风响应减缓控制律设计。采用经典控制理论设计控制律,通过操纵位于0.6和0.8翼展处的内外侧控制面减小由正弦阵风引起的翼尖加速度(WTA)。低频段的阵风减缓的数值分析与风洞试验结果均表明：多控制面的阵风减缓效果优于单控制面。当来流速度为14 m/s时,针对频率为2～5 Hz的阵风,采用多控制面得到的WTA减小10%～24%;当来流速度在8～16 m/s时,针对频率为2 Hz的正弦阵风,闭环状态下的翼尖加速度减小10%～40%;结构有限元模型与真实模型存在工程允许的误差导致理论与试验结果存在一定的误差。本文的工作对工程实际中采用阵风减缓技术具有参考价值。     

热障涂层的制备及热震性能

采用电火花沉积+微弧氧化的方法在GH4169合金表面制备ZrO_2/NiCrAlY涂层,制备过程为:采用电火花沉积技术在GH4169基体表面先沉积厚度为250μm的NiCrAlY涂层,再沉积厚度为150μm的Zr涂层,最后通过微弧氧化的方法将Zr涂层氧化成ZrO_2涂层,从而得到ZrO_2/NiCrAlY涂层。采用Qauta 200F型场发射扫描电镜观察涂层的显微组织和形貌,研究ZrO_2/NiCrAlY涂层在不同温度下的热震性能,结果表明:当热震温度分别为750℃,850℃,950℃时,热震失效次数分别为51次、32次和19次,涂层的热震性能良好。     

How far are we from a ‘Standard Model’ of the solar dynamo?

Over the last few years, dynamo theorists seem to be converging on a basic scenario as to how the solar dynamo operates. The strong toroidal component of the magnetic field is produced in the tachocline, from where it rises due to magnetic buoyancy to produce active regions at the solar surface. The decay of tilted bipolar active regions at the surface gives rise to the poloidal component, which is first advected poleward by the meridional circulation and then taken below the surface to the tachocline where it can be stretched to produce the toroidal component. The mathematical formulation of this basic model, however, involves the specification of some parameters which are still uncertain. We review these remaining uncertainties which have resulted in disagreements amongst various research groups and have made it impossible to still arrive at something that can be called a standard model of the solar dynamo.     

BT16钛合金渗氢压缩试样中的剪切带

为了深入了解渗氢及变形速率对BT16钛合金冷镦性能的影响,采用光学显微镜(OM)和显微硬度的方法,研究了BT16钛合金渗氢压缩试样中的剪切带。结果表明：在300 mm/s的压缩速率下,中心区变形流线与剪切带保持平行;在75 mm/s的压缩速率下,剪切带中心区与剪切变形过渡区边界模糊,变形流线与剪切带呈一定的小角度。在300 mm/s的压缩速率下形成的剪切带中心区显微硬度值近似为常数,且低于基体硬度值,剪切带中心区与基体之间存在一个硬度值线性增加的过渡区。对剪切带形成过程进行了分析,提出了利用变形流线计算剪切带最大应变的方法。     

集成化虚拟装配系统体系结构研究

针对虚拟装配系统中的信息孤岛问题,提出了与CAD系统集成的虚拟装配系统体系结构。通过信息双向传递的VA-CADPIM模型实现虚拟装配系统与CAD系统的设计集成;采用虚拟手和鼠标、键盘的混合交互模式使设计者在沉浸式虚拟环境与非沉浸式CAD环境中相互切换,充分发挥沉浸式与非沉浸式环境的优势;通过分析系统信息流、运行原理及工作流程描述了系统的集成工作过程。基于CATIA V5及其二次开发环境,Immersion Virtual Hand SDK和组件技术实现了虚拟装配原型系统IVADS。通过某飞机的实例验证,表明该体系结构能够实现虚拟装配系统和CAD系统的无缝集成,具有较好的可扩展性和易移植性。     

Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金多道次热变形及固溶处理过程中的晶粒演变

定量研究Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金多道次热变形及固溶处理过程中的晶粒演变。采用Gleeble 1500D热模拟机进行热压缩实验,采用电子背散射衍射(EBSD)定量表征微观组织。主要研究变形量、变形道次、变形温度以及变形速率对平均晶粒尺寸、再结晶体积分数、大小角度晶界比例等微观组织特征的影响。结果表明:平均晶粒尺寸、再结晶体积分数以及小角度晶界比例均随着变形道次的增加而降低;随着温度的升高,大角度晶界比例减小,小角度晶界比例升高;平均晶粒尺寸和大角度晶界比例随着变形量的增大而减小,而小角度晶界比例的变化则呈现出相反的趋势。