环氧树脂基复合材料加筋板结构吸湿行为研究

环氧树脂基复合材料的性能对湿热环境敏感，掌握该材料所组成结构的吸湿行为对其实际应用具有重要意义。通过以碳纤维环氧树脂基复合材料层合板的non-Fickian吸湿模型为基础，建立环氧树脂基复合材料加筋板结构的non-Fickian吸湿模型，在70℃/85% RH湿热条件下开展加筋板结构的吸湿实验，对所建立模型进行验证，并与已有的加筋板吸湿模型进行对比，通过所建立模型给出了加筋板沿厚度方向的吸湿量分布规律。结果表明:所建立加筋板non-Fickian吸湿模型的计算结果与实验结果吻合良好，在整个吸湿阶段相对误差小于5%，模型的预测精度高于传统Fick模型。所建立的加筋板non-Fickian吸湿模型可用于环氧树脂基复合材料加筋板层合结构吸湿量的准确预测。      

环氧树脂辐射固化反应速率及速率常数的研究

研究了环氧树脂溶液的电子束辐射固化反应速率常数以及树脂特性对反应速率的影响.研究结果显示,辐射反应增长速率常数k_p和终止速率常数k_t在反应进行的不同阶段表现出不同的控制机制.环氧树脂的分子量及其分布,分子化学结构对辐射反应速率都有很大影响,反应速率大的树脂体系最终达到的反应程度也高.     

微珠提高玻纤/环氧树脂抗原子氧剥蚀的研究

采用一种新的抗原子氧剥蚀技术来提高航天器用玻璃纤维/环氧树脂复合材料抗原子氧剥蚀的性能,即在玻璃纤维/环氧树脂中加入不与原子氧反应的超细空心微珠颗粒制备出能抗原子氧剥蚀的复合材料.通过对空心微珠/玻璃纤维/环氧树脂复合材料的制备和原子氧剥蚀效应地面模拟试验,发现空心微珠的加入可以有效提高玻璃纤维/环氧树脂抗原子氧剥蚀的性能,在60 h的原子氧试验中,加有空心微珠的复合材料的原子氧剥蚀率可以减小到未添加空心微珠材料时的11％.      

空心微珠用于环氧树脂抗原子氧剥蚀试验研究

提出一种新的航天器用树脂基材料抗原子氧剥蚀的方法,即在航天器用树脂基材料中添加与原子氧不反应的超细颗粒材料,用于提高其抗原子氧剥蚀的性能.在制备出超细空心微珠颗粒增强的环氧树脂复合材料的基础上通过原子氧暴露实验,发现空心微珠的加入可以有效地提高环氧树脂抗原子氧剥蚀的性能.同时,空心微珠的表面性态对制备的复合材料抗原子氧剥蚀性能具有重要的影响,经过表面改性处理可以进一步提高复合材料抗原子氧剥蚀的性能.      

低黏度环氧树脂硼胺-酸酐复合固化体系研究

为探究低黏度环氧树脂复合固化反应机理,研究了低黏度环氧树脂硼胺-酸酐复合固化体系的流变性能和固化反应过程,分析了硼胺-酸酐复合比例对复合固化体系流变特性和固化反应过程的影响;利用流变学参数确定了复合固化体系的固化起始时间、凝胶时间点及基于阿伦尼乌斯方程的固化反应活化能。研究结果表明,随着硼胺-酸酐复合固化体系中酸酐复合比例的增加,体系固化反应获得促进,其固化起始时间和凝胶点均降低,同时基于阿伦尼乌斯方程的固化反应活化能降低;采用非等温差示扫描量热（DSC）对硼胺-酸酐复合固化体系过程进行分析,结果表明硼胺-酸酐复合固化体系存在相对独立的双放热峰,随着酸酐复合比例的增加,低温放热峰的峰值增大,高温放热峰的峰值减小,且双峰的峰值温度向高温方向移动。根据2种固化剂的固化反应机理分析,环氧树脂硼胺-酸酐复合固化体系中硼胺固化剂和酸酐固化剂既存在相互协同效应又存在相互竞争作用。      

复合材料开孔层压板压缩长期强度预测

Accelerated testing methodology (ATM) predicts long-term strength in low temperature with short-term in high temperature, which is based on the viscoelasticity of matrix and the time-temperature superposition principle (TTSP). The strain invariant failure theory (SIFT) was modified by using micro maximum strain criteria to judge fiber tensile and compressive failure. Master curve of storage modulus of epoxy resin and the time-temperature shift factors were tested from dynamic mechanical analysis(DMA). Master curves of SIFT critical parameters were constructed by tension and compression test for unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) under various temperatures with the time-temperature shift factors of matrix resin. Long-term compression strength of open-hole composite laminates was predicted based on SIFT/ATM combined method. The damage process of fiber and matrix was simulated by progressive damage analysis as well. Good agreement between numerical results and experiments was observed, which demonstrates the applicability of this method.     

不饱和聚酯树脂与双马来酰亚胺的共聚改性

利用双马来酰亚胺(BMI)作为共聚单体与不饱和聚酯(UP)树脂进行共聚反应,使其玻璃化转变温度、弹性储能模量、拉伸和弯曲性能都有大幅度的提高,尤其是70?℃下力学性能有明显改观.利用红外光谱法测定了上述共聚树脂体系中不饱和聚酯、苯乙烯、双马来酰亚胺各自双键的聚合反应程度,分别为70.83%,95.46%和97.69%.实验结果表明由于BMI的参与,大大提高了UP树脂的固化反应活性.试样的断口形貌表明上述共聚树脂呈均相组织结构.     

新型环氧-酚醛树脂体系的固砂原理与技术

为了在低成本下解决低温油井中的化学防砂问题,采用共混的方法制备了一种以环氧树脂和酚醛树脂为主要原料,且无需其他固化剂的新型树脂固砂剂,并在固砂剂的研究基础上初步研制了树脂涂覆砂.通过红外光谱分析,研究了树脂固化的机理.实验结果表明,固砂剂可在50?℃的水浴中将砂石固结,固结砂样具有较高的抗压强度和渗透率,而且随着树脂用量的增加,固结砂样的抗压强度可以进一步得到提高.涂覆砂可以在酚醛树脂作为外固化剂的情况下固结,其性能满足使用要求.酚醛树脂中的酚羟基和羟甲基与环氧树脂中的环氧基的反应是固化反应的主要机理.     

有机硅烷提高航天器树脂材料抗原子氧剥蚀

为了提高航天器树脂材料的抗原子氧剥蚀的性能,把缩水甘油醚氧丙基三甲氧基硅烷加入到环氧树脂中,并对所制成的环氧树脂试样进行原子氧效应地面模拟试验,对试验前后试样的质量损失、表面形貌、表面成分和结构的变化进行了对比和分析.结果表明,添加有机硅烷可以有效地提高环氧树脂的抗原子氧剥蚀性能,试样表面在原子氧的作用下生成了一种三维网状结构,该结构有效地阻止了原子氧对底层材料的进一步剥蚀,使试样的质量损失和剥蚀率明显下降.50h实验之后,添加了质量分数为25.0%的有机硅烷,该材料的剥蚀率约为纯环氧树脂的25%.      

环氧树脂电子束固化微观结构及其影响因素

采用扫描电镜对不同固化时间下电子束固化环氧树脂的微观结构进行观察和分析,探讨其形成过程,并研究了树脂分子结构、相对分子质量、树脂体系组分及辐射条件对微观结构的影响. 实验结果表明,环氧树脂经电子束固化后形成片层结构,树脂分子结构和分子量对其固化微结构的影响不大;不同结构、分子量的环氧树脂电子束固化过程中均会经历预聚体结构—圆片网络—圆片形成—圆片增长的生长过程,故其微观结构都呈现圆片状形貌;随着辐射剂量的增加,圆片逐渐增大;存在最佳引发剂用量,使圆片尺寸达到最小.      

Survival rates of some terrestrial microorganisms under simulated space conditions.

In connection with planetary quarantine, we have been studying the survival rates of nine species of terrestrial microorganisms (viruses, bacteria, yeasts, fungi, etc.) under simulated interstellar conditions. If common terrestrial microorganisms cannot survive in space even for short periods, we can greatly reduce expenditure for sterilizing space probes. The interstellar environment in the solar system has been simulated by low temperature, high vacuum (77 k, 4 x 10(-6) torr), and protons irradiation from a Van de Graaff generator. After exposure to a barrage of protons corresponding to about 250 years of irradiation in solar space, Tobacco mosaic virus, Bacillus subtilis spores, Aspergillus niger spores and Clostridiun mangenoti spores showed survival rates of 82%, 45%, 28%, and 25%, respectively. Furthermore. pathogenic Candida albicans showed 7% survival after irradiation corresponding to about 60 years in space.     

厚度和环境对复合涂层导电性能的影响

为了给数字化刻铣曲面频率选择表面(FSS)结构的制作和加工提供参考和依据,对比研究了含片状银粉颗粒的聚氨酯基和环氧树脂基2种复合导电涂层的基本性能,并通过环境加速试验,重点研究了温度、湿度以及腐蚀气氛对2种导电涂层的界面强度、微观结构和导电性能的影响.通过电桥法测量涂层表面电阻的变化,并通过扫描电境观察环境试验前后,涂层表面和剖面的微观结构和形貌变化.试验结果表明:聚氨酯基涂层的综合性能优于环氧树脂基涂层;在实验所涉及的参数变化范围内,环境因素对2种涂层与基体的界面结合影响不大,但对其导电性能的影响比较明显.环境因素对导电性能的削弱作用,源于相应过程中导电涂层的微观结构损伤.     

固化方式对粘结固体润滑涂层摩擦学性能的影响

为了探究不同固化方式下复合粘结固体润滑涂层的摩擦学特性.以环氧树脂为粘结剂，二硫化钼、石墨、氧化铝、氟化铈为固体填料，制备复合粘结固体润滑涂层.分别对复合粘结固体润滑涂层在微波固化和热固化下进行固化，使用白光干涉仪分析涂层表面磨损后的表面磨痕.使用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对涂层磨损与未磨损区域表面进行观察，使用能量色散X射线光谱仪(EDS)对磨痕区域的元素进行分析.当微波固化与热固化时间均为10分钟时，微波固化的摩擦系数为0.17，低于热固化的0.24；当热固化时间提升到30分钟时，与微波固化10分钟的摩擦系数基本接近.观察热固化涂层表面，发现填料团聚，对磨后表面比较粗糙且呈片状剥落；微波固化涂层表面呈片状分布，磨损后表面比较光滑.SEM形貌分析表明热固化涂层磨损形式主要为磨粒磨损；微波固化涂层磨粒磨损较轻微，在对磨过程中能形成转移膜.EDS元素分析表明固化方式对涂层的分散性没有影响.     

复合材料仿骨缝齿接结构建模与力学特性分析

针对复合材料仿骨缝齿接结构模型表述复杂性问题,基于MATLAB与Python语言对有限元分析软件ABAQUS进行二次开发,提出了复合材料齿接结构的参数化构建方法。并以此为基础,初步研究了齿顶角、基线类型、层级与结构力学性能之间的关系。研究结果表明,在拉伸载荷作用下,具有小齿顶角度、复杂基线特性、高层级特性的齿接结构可以表现出更好的力学性能。通过本文工作,实现了齿接结构的参数化构建,初步揭示了齿接结构承载能力、损伤机理和几何形貌之间的关系。     

复合材料格栅结构优化设计中的计算智能技术

针对复合材料格栅结构优化设计多变量、多约束、连续和离散混合变量、高度非线性的难点,提出了用进化神经网络来实现结构设计参数(输入)与结构响应参数(输出)的全局非线性映射关系,以此来代替优化过程中的有限元计算,以提高优化效率.以遗传算法为优化求解器,神经网络屈曲稳定性响应面为主要约束,对复合材料格栅加筋结构进行优化.结果表明,在相同样本数的情况下,进化神经网络可获得比BP网络更高精度的映射模型,具有很强的泛化能力.该方法可以为解决大型复合材料结构优化问题提供一条高效途径.      

A material experiment for small satellites to characterise the behaviour of carbon nanotubes in space – development and ground validation

Over the last years, Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) drew interdisciplinary attention. Regarding space technologies a variety of potential applications were proposed and investigated. However, no complex data on the behaviour and degradation process of carbon nanotubes under space environment exist. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the performance of these new materials in space environment and to revaluate the application potential of CNTs in space technologies.Hence, CiREX (Carbon Nanotubes – Resistance Experiment) was developed as a part of a student project. It is a small and compact experiment, which is designed for CubeSat class space satellites. These are a class of nanosatellites with a standardized size and shape. The CiREX design, electrical measurements and the satellites interfaces will be discussed in detail. CiREX is the first in-situ space material experiment for CNTs.To evaluate the data obtained from CiREX, ground validation tests are mandatory. As part of an extensive test series the behaviour of CNTs under solar ultra violet light (UV) and vacuum ultraviolet light (VUV) was examined. Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNT) and MWNT/resin composite (ME) were exposed to different light sources. After the exposure, the defect density was investigated with Raman spectroscopy. There is a clear indication that UV and VUV light can increase the defect density of untreated CNTs and influence the electrical behaviour.     

碳纤维增强树脂基层板应变率相关损伤数值研究

为了研究高应变率载荷对于碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料变形破坏行为的影响,通过应变率修正式对复合材料的刚度与强度进行修正,建立了可考虑应变率效应的复合材料损伤数值模型,采用该模型对不同应变率条件下层板结构的面内破坏行为进行了模拟并与文献实验进行了对比分析。计算结果表明:本文所构建的数值模型可以有效预测树脂基层板结构在不同应变率条件下的破坏特征,并在材料刚度与强度硬化现象的预测方面有着较高精度;对于0°、90°铺层主导的试件,由于其力学性能近似为线性,数值模型在强度预测方面获得了较高精度;而对于±45°铺层主导试件,其在不同应变率条件下表现出较强的非线性损伤特性,因此模型在其强度性能预测方面存在一定误差。     

Protecting Earth-orbiting spacecraft against micro-meteoroid/orbital debris impact damage using composite structural systems and materials: An overview

Spacecraft that are launched to operate in Earth orbit are susceptible to impacts by meteoroids and pieces of orbital debris (MMOD). The effect of a MMOD particle impact on a spacecraft depends on where the impact occurs, the size, composition, and speed of the impacting object, the function of the impacted system. In order to perform a risk analysis for a particular spacecraft under a specific mission profile, it is important to know whether or not the impacting particle (or its remnants) will exit the rear of an impacted spacecraft wall. A variety of different ballistic limit equations (BLEs) have been developed for many different types of structural wall configurations. BLEs can be used to optimize the design of spacecraft wall parameters so that the resulting configuration is able to withstand the anticipated variety of on-orbit high-speed impact scenarios. While the level of effort exerted in studying the response of metallic multi-wall systems to high speed particle impact is quite substantial, the extent of the effort to study composite material and composite structural systems under similar impact conditions has been much more limited. This paper presents an overview of the activities performed to assess the resiliency of composite structures and materials under high speed projectile impact. The activities reviewed will be those that have been aimed at increasing the level of protection afforded to spacecraft operating in the MMOD environment, and more specifically, on those activities performed to mitigate the mechanical and structural effects of an MMOD impact.     

不等径纤维混杂复合材料混杂原理

对碳化硅-碳(SiCF-CF)/环氧和硼-碳(BF-CF)/环氧2种不等径纤维混杂复合材料的混杂模型和机理进行了初步研究.建立了三角形和四边形阵列的混杂模型;分析了材料制备工艺对混杂阵列、纤维体积含量的影响.