一种行星安全着陆点综合评估方法

随着精确着陆技术的发展,探测器在行星表面可到达的地区形貌状况越来越复杂。为了保障着陆的安全性,在下降过程中探测器需要结合敏感器信息对视野范围内的着陆区形貌进行评估分析,从而选取出最适宜着陆的地区。针对这一问题,本文提出一种行星安全着陆点选取思路,并设计出着陆点选取的参考指标,通过对形貌以及燃耗的评估,实时选取安全着陆点。MATLAB仿真结果表明,针对快速选取过程和遍历选取过程,该方法均能够在两种过程中有效选取出满足要求的着陆点,从而提高了任务的成功率与安全性。     

月球软着陆过程高精度自主导航避障方法

针对未知地形和障碍会危及着陆安全的问题,给出了一种月球软着陆过程高精度自主导航避障方法,主要包括基于IMU配以测距测速修正的自主绝对导航、障碍识别与目标着陆点选取、针对目标着陆点的相对导航与相对避障控制等算法。该方法在保证着陆精度的同时也大大降低了着陆过程遇到障碍的风险,提高了系统的安全性,已成功应用于实际工程任务。     

美国2020火星车着陆区遴选进展及对2020中国火星任务着陆探测部分的一些思考

总结了近20年来火星探测的重要发现以及生命、气候和地质3个方面尚未解决的关键科学问题;介绍了美国国家航空航天局(NASA)2020火星探测任务的科学目标、科学载荷和着陆区选择的工程条件限制,并重点分析了经过3次着陆区选择研讨会,上百位行星科学家投票选取的排名前3的预选着陆区的地质情况。在此基础上,提出了对我国2020年火星任务的着陆探测部分的一些思考,并根据不同的任务目标(聚焦生命、气候和地质问题;支持载人火星探测的资源勘察;工程技术验证)提出了3个候选着陆区。     

行星着陆自主导航与制导控制研究现状与趋势

行星着陆自主导航与制导控制技术是行星着陆过程的核心技术之一,关系到行星着陆任务的成败。本文基于未来火星和小天体着陆对自主导航与制导控制技术的发展需求,阐述了进一步开展自主导航与制导控制研究的必要性,围绕行星着陆过程环境特点,分析了自主导航与制导控制技术所遇到的挑战,随后概括了行星着陆自主导航与制导控制所涉及的关键技术,并综述了关键技术的研究现状。最后对我国未来行星着陆探测自主导航与制导控制技术的发展方向进行了展望。     

基于多源影像的探测器月面着陆点定位与精度验证

探测器月面着陆点高精度定位是探测器着陆的重要技术环节，也是地外天体探测器开展各项工作的重要前提.本文基于多源图像数据，利用图像特征匹配和多重覆盖影像定位技术，设计了探测器月面着陆点高精度定位方法，并使用嫦娥三号任务相关影像进行了定位实验与精度验证.在高精度图像匹配和几何变换的基础上，降落相机序列影像间的匹配精度达到子像素，LRO NAC影像与中分辨率降落图像的匹配精度优于1pixel，最终解算的嫦娥三号探测器着陆点坐标为（44.1196°N，19.5148°W）.本文方法综合利用了多源图像数据，不完全依靠着陆区DOM底图的制图精度，是对影像与DOM底图配准定位结果的进一步精化，在未来的月球着陆探测任务中具有应用价值.      

基于未知陆标图像测量的自主相对导航方法研究

针对未知环境下行星表面导航问题,提出一种利用未知陆标序列图像测量的行星表面相对导航方法。该方法以初始时刻星下点天南东系为着陆参考坐标系,利用行星表面未知陆标在连续3幅下降图像中的观测信息及探测器状态估计建立未知陆标的隐式测量模型,通过扩展卡尔曼滤波(Extended Kalman Filter,EKF)所建立的未知陆标隐式测量模型和基于惯性测量单元(Inertial Measurement Unit,IMU)测量建立的运动学模型对探测器的相对运动状态进行估计。以火星着陆为例进行数学仿真,仿真结果表明提出的方法可有效估计探测器相对行星表面的速度以及相对于着陆点的位置,能够满足行星安全着陆自主相对导航的要求。     

美国国家科学院发布行星保护政策中期报告

正近期美国国家科学院发布《行星保护的目标、理由和定义:中期报告》。应NASA科学任务部的要求,针对美国政府资助的无人科学探测任务,提出了行星保护政策的目标、理由以及行星保护的定义。美国科学院下一步将针对商业探测和载人探测等涉及的行星保护问题开展进一步研究,并发布最终报告。一、政策目标行星保护政策的两个目标包括控制前向污染和后向污染。在无人地外探测任务中,前向污染是指携带来自地球的微生物的无人航天器由于着陆、环     

太阳系内行星探测活动进展与展望

行星探测是人类认识宇宙的重要手段，随着航天技术的不断发展，主要航天国家先后实施了百余次太阳系内行星探测活动，实现了太阳系内行星的飞越、环绕、着陆、巡视及采样返回。结合已实施的系内行星探测活动和将要开展的系内行星探测任务，分析了行星探测任务的特点，总结了行星探测的主要科学问题及主要发现，展望了系内行星探测的发展趋势，并结合我国行星探测近期发展规划，提出了中长期发展路线设想与引领任务建议，可为我国行星探测任务规划提供支持。     

火星科学实验室着陆系统全过程GNC技术分析

基于经典火星探测任务的数据对比,以美国最近实施的火星着陆探测器"火星科学实验室"为例,对着陆全过程的导航、制导与控制(Guidance Navigation Control,GNC)系统情况进行了深入的分析和研究,对其中的关键技术进行了系统阐述。基于目前技术和发展方向,总结了典型的探测器着陆方式的研究现状,并对未来火星探测着陆段提出展望。可为中国火星以及其他行星的探测任务方案的设计与论证提供参考。     

“天问”落火，“祝融”开工——我国首次火星探测任务取得圆满成功！

正2021年6月11日,国家航天局在京举行天问一号探测器着陆火星首批科学影像图揭幕仪式,公布了由"祝融号"火星车拍摄的着陆点全景、火星地形地貌、"中国印迹"和"着巡合影"等影像图。首批科学影像图的发布,标志着天问一号"绕、着、巡"目标的实现,我国首次火星探测任务取得圆满成功。     

月球软着陆动力下降制导控制技术综述与展望

未来的月球着陆任务将着力于开发月球资源、建立月球基地,这些都离不开月球软着陆技术的支持;而要实现探测器在预选点安全精确地着陆,就离不开动力下降制导控制技术的支持。本文系统地总结了两种成功的月球软着陆及其制导方式,对已有的制导控制方案及其研究进展进行了详细的阐述和对比分析。以未来的月球采样返回和月球基地任务为潜在工程目标,对下一代的月球软着陆动力下降的制导控制及其所涉及的关键科学技术问题进行了比较全面的分析和展望。     

A new approach based on crater detection and matching for visual navigation in planetary landing

This paper provides an approach of crater detection and matching to visual navigation in planetary landing missions. The approach aims to detect craters on the planetary surface and match them to a landmark database during the descent phase of a planetary landing mission. Firstly an image region pairing method is proposed to detect the crater by using an image region feature detector. Then a WTA-rule is adopted to match the detected crater to the crater in database. To further reduce the false matching rate, an efficient method for reducing false matches using parameters of crater in 3-D database is proposed. Real images of planetary terrain and a semi-physical planetary landing simulation platform are utilized to test the performance of the approach, simulation results show the proposed approach is able to match the required number of craters to the database for pin-point planetary landing with a low rate of false detection and false matching, which will lead to an improved planetary landing precision.     

Science strategy for human exploration of Mars.

The scientific objectives of Mars exploration can be framed within the overarching theme of exploring Mars as another home for life, both for evidence of past or present life on Mars, and as a potential future home for human life. The two major areas of research within this theme are: 1) determining the relationship between planetary evolution, climate change, and life, and 2) determining the habitability of Mars. Within this framework, this paper discusses the exploration objectives for exobiology, climatology and atmospheric science, geology, and martian resource assessment. Human exploration will proceed in four major phases: 1) Precursor missions which will obtain environmental knowledge necessary for human exploration, 2) Emplacement phase which includes the first few human landings where crews will explore the local area of the landing site; 3) Consolidation phase missions where a permanent base will be constructed and crews will be capable of detailed exploration over regional scales; 4) Utilization phase, in which a continuously occupied permanent Mars base exists and humans will be capable of detailed global exploration of the martian surface. The phases of exploration differ primarily in the range and capabilities of human mobility. In the emplacement phase, an unpressurized rover, similar to the Apollo lunar rover, will be used and will have a range of a few tens of kilometers. In the Consolidation phase, mobility will be via a pressurized all-terrain vehicle capable of expeditions from the base site of several weeks duration. In the Utilization phase, humans will be capable of several months long expeditions to any point on the surface of Mars using a suborbital rocket equipped with habitat, lab, and return vehicle. Because of human mobility limitations, it is important to extend the range and duration of exploration in all phases by using teleoperated rover vehicles. Site selection for human missions to Mars must consider the multi-decade time frame of these four phases. We suggest that operations in the first two phases be focused in the regional area containing the Coprates Quadrangle and adjacent areas.     

月球着陆器着陆安全分析方法

月球着陆器软着陆地点选择及安全着陆实现是探月二期的关键问题.采用不考虑着陆器着陆过程中发动机控制、着陆姿态控制和动力学性能,在计算机上依据低精度月面数据和已有月面典型地形特征分布/形状模型仿真生成高精度着陆区域;根据着陆器的结构尺寸和着陆安全要求对每个安全参数进行计算、比较、判断得到单次着陆安全性,利用蒙特卡洛方法计算多次在仿真地形上的着陆安全概率.试验结果表明:采用这种方法时,着陆器的结构尺寸相同分析结果才有意义.在计算机上仿真生成着陆区域、设置着陆器结构尺寸和安全参数,使其可以用于地面系统的仿真实验,也可在月面软着陆过程中实时分析选定区域的着陆安全概率.     

月面着陆起飞试验技术研究

可靠、安全地实现月面软着陆及月面起飞是完成月面探测任务的基本条件,也是探测器研制的一项关键技术,需要开展地面验证试验。地面环境与月面有较大的差异,探测器在地面的工作特性也与实际过程不尽相同,地面试验的设计及实施有较大的难度。分析了探测器月面着陆起飞的设计要点和地面试验的关键因素,指出了当前试验技术存在的缺陷,在此基础上提出了一种利用探测器自身动力实现月面着陆和起飞的验证方案,通过动力学仿真验证了试验实施的可行性,并对方案的拓展应用价值进行了展望,相关内容可为后续我国月球及其他行星表面探测器的研制提供借鉴。     

Evaluation of a Geiger-mode imaging flash lidar in the approach phase for autonomous safe landing on the Moon

The imaging flash lidar has been considered as a promising sensor for the future space missions such as autonomous safe landing, spacecraft rendezvous and docking due to its ability to provide a full 3D scene with a single or multiple laser pulses. The linear-mode flash lidar has been developed and demonstrated for an autonomous safe landing on the Moon in order to provide an accurate distance measurement to the landing site and its 3D image. Yet, the Geiger-mode flash lidar has also been recognized as an emerging technology for the space missions because it is highly sensitive even to a single photon and provides the very accurate timing of photon arrival. In this study, the performance of the Geiger-mode flash lidar is simulated in the approach phase and evaluated for the autonomous landing on the Moon. Furthermore, a new statistical signal processing algorithm is proposed to remove the noise counts in order to obtain the 3D image from a sequence of laser pulses in the situation of the fast moving spacecraft. The algorithm is shown to be effective for the autonomous landing due to its ability to remove noise events under the condition of low signal-to-noise ratio and improve ranging accuracy.     

China's Future Missions for Deep Space Exploration and Exoplanet Space Survey by 2030

Four future missions for deep space exploration and future space-based exoplanet surveys on habitable planets by 2030 are scheduled to be launched. Two Mars exploration missions are designed to investigate geological structure, the material on Martian surface, and retrieve returned samples. The asteroids and main belt comet exploration is expected to explore two objects within 10 years. The small-body mission will aim to land on the asteroid and get samples return to Earth. The basic physical characteristics of the two objects will be obtained through the mission. The exploration of Jupiter system will characterize the environment of Jupiter and the four largest Moons and understand the atmosphere of Jupiter. In addition, we further introduce two space-based exoplanet survey by 2030, Miyin Program and Closeby Habitable Exoplanet Survey (CHES Mission). Miyin program aims to detect habitable exoplanets using interferometry, while CHES mission expects to discover habitable exoplanets orbiting FGK stars within 10 pc through astrometry. The above-mentioned missions are positively to achieve breakthroughs in the field of planetary science.