一种基于CAHVOR模型的导航相机标定方法

在月球车探测任务中,一般通过对相机采集到的图片进行三维重建分析获得路面情况信息,精确标定相机是这些工作的前提.相机标定要求算法简单且能满足高精度要求,CAHVOR相机标定方法经JPL实验验证并成功地应用于火星探测器（MER）任务中,该方法从矢量角度分析相机成像原理.分析该方法的标定原理和参数求解算法,对该方法进行数字仿真,验证算法精度.为了进一步分析标定精度和速度,通过试验对该算法与传统的摄影测量标定方法进行比较,结果显示CAHVOR方法可达到满意的标定精度要求,而且在标定算法速度方面具有快速的优点.     

火星探测高分辨率可见光相机光学系统设计

详细规划了首次火星探测有效载荷高分辨率可见光相机光学系统设计方案。阐述了火星探测高分相机的科学意义以及国外火星高分相机的发展趋势。据此对光学系统的选型进行了分析,从应用优势角度选择了COOK式离轴三反系统完成光学系统设计,光学系统焦距为4 600 mm,相机对孔径1:12,实现分辨率优于0.6 m@300 km,视场角优于2°的光学系统。从工程可实现性角度,完成了相机离轴非球面反射镜检测补偿器的设计。该光学系统可保证火星高分相机指标居国际领先水平。     

基于平面变换的高精度相机标定方法

针对传统方法未考虑透视偏差的存在,提取椭圆圆心作为真实物理圆心投影点造成相机标定误差的问题,提出了一种基于平面变换的高精度相机标定方法。提取标定板内外边框上的角点,对标定板进行平面变换,将标记点由椭圆投影成近似的标准圆;利用图像矩提取标准圆圆心的坐标,投影回原标定板平面,得到标记点实际圆心的像素坐标;根据圆形标记点实际圆心的坐标,利用张正友标定法完成相机标定。实验结果表明:与传统方法相比,所提方法将相机标定的误差降低了66.169%,有效提高了相机标定的精度。      

星敏感器光谱探测能力用地面模拟测试系统设计

为实现对星敏感器光谱探测能力的测试和标定, 研制了一套可模拟恒星光谱的地面标定系统, 要求其光谱模拟精度优于10%. 采用光谱分布可控、光强可调的模拟照明系统作为地面标定系统的核心器件来模拟恒星光谱变化, 设计高成像质量准直光学系统使模拟星图成平行光出射, 在光学系统出瞳处产生星图, 完成具有恒星光谱信息的高精度星图模拟. 进而利用Lighttools建立标定系统的光谱仿真模型, 仿真结果表明恒星光谱模拟精度优于10%.      

基于多特征的高分遥感图像分割算法研究

针对传统的图像分割算法不能完全适用具有多种特征〖BF〗（〖BFQ〗光谱特征、纹理特征和几何特征〖BF〗）〖BFQ〗的高分辨率遥感图像的问题,提出了一种基于多特征的遥感图像分割算法。算法基于改进的均值漂移滤波和自动标记分水岭分割方法来实现最终分割。首先利用自动标记分水岭分割方法对遥感图像进行分割,进而采用仿射不变矩形状特征算子提取图像几何特征;其次对图像进行主成分分析,计算第一主成分灰度共生矩阵,分析矩阵特性得出纹理特征;然后结合光谱特征通过改进的均值漂移方法得到多特征滤波结果;最后利用分水岭分割方法实现高分辨率遥感图像分割。为了表明算法的分割效果,利用基于多光谱信息熵方法对算法和单一的分水岭分割方法进行非监督评价。研究结果表明,算法可较好地改善遥感图像的过分割问题,是一种适合高空间分辨率多光谱遥感图像的分割算法。     

基于栅格地图的火星车路径规划方法

火星车路径规划是实现火星车完成预定探测任务的关键。然而传统路径规划算法,如A*和D*等,存在计算速度较慢,算法复杂度较高等问题。本文将对传统路径规划方法 A*法改进并且得到一种快速高效的全局路径规划算法,之后结合合适的局部避障算法,得到一种基于栅格地图的完整的火星车路径规划方法,最后通过仿真验证了此方法的有效性及合理性。     

多光谱相机的几何标定方法

对多光谱卫星相机进行标定,应用三组图像,每组图像包括四张不同通道的照片。在每组图像里,识别固定目标并且测量它们的坐标。目标点的坐标通过航测照片提取并用手持GPS定位仪进行测量。应用最小二乘法将图像的坐标转换为适当的实际坐标,并计算相机的内外方位元素。     

美下一辆火星车配备多台相机

<正>美宇航局拟定于2020年发射的下一辆火星漫游车"火星"2020将配备23台相机,比好奇号漫游车多6台,比勇气号和机遇号漫游车多了13台。"火星"2020上的相机有7台用于科学观测,另有7台将用于在进入、下降与着陆阶段拍照。另9台为工程相机,将用于帮助任务团队进行导航和避开可能带来危害的障碍物。上述工程相机能拍摄高分辨率彩色图像,且视场更宽,此前的同类相机     

嫦娥一号CCD立体相机数据光度校正

为更加精确拟合相函数系数, 得到较为准确的光度校正结果, 针对嫦娥一号CCD立体相机数据的特点, 对改进的Lommel-Seeliger模型中的Lommel-Seeliger因子进行修订, 使去除太阳入射角和传感器观测角影响的遥感图像数据能够更好地契合相位角的变化; 利用加入修订后Lommel-Seeliger因子的模型对嫦娥一号CCD立体相机数据进行逐像素光度校正; 选取同一轨道不同纬度和同一区域不同视角两组数据来验证算法的有效性和适用性. 实验结果表明, 该方法能够有效校正由于几何观测条件变化而引起的目标光谱特性的不一致性, 对于较亮和较暗区域的光度校正效果更为有效.      

“好奇”号——开启火星科学实验室

在成功着陆火星一个多月后,9月22日,好奇号首次对火星岩石进行接触式化学成分分析,随后,它传回了展示这一过程的照片,以及车身上星条旗徽章和总统签名纪念牌的自拍照。(本刊将随后陆续报道"好奇"号这一火星科学实验室的最新进展。)登陆火星携带幸运硬币校准机载相机一枚已经历经一个世纪的硬币搭乘价值25亿美元的"好奇"号发射升空,今年8月初在火星上安全着陆。但是这枚硬币(铸造的第一批林肯硬币中的一枚)并不只是一个象征价值,它还是科学家用来校准机载相机的工具,当前这些相机正向地球发送一系列令人难以置信的图片。     

星载多光谱遥感器太阳定标技术的进展

星载多光谱遥感器的太阳定标器一般选择太阳作为基准光源 ,通过它将太阳辐射引入星载遥感器并调节到星载遥感器的动态范围内 ,对星载遥感器进行绝对辐射定标 ,也可对星载遥感器性能变化进行监测和校正。文章介绍一些最具代表性的星载多光谱遥感器的太阳定标器 ,并进行了分析 ,以反映太阳定标技术的现状与发展。目前采用太阳漫射器的星上定标方法可以实现全视场、全孔径、端点到端点的定标。这一方法的严重缺点是漫射器反射比随时间变化。为了解决这一问题 ,设计一种比辐射计或反射比标定装置来监测漫射器的辐亮度、反射比以及太阳常数。因此这种定标方法是很有前途的 ,在现代一些先进的星载多光谱遥感器上获得应用。通过对此方法的分析 ,提出了在太阳漫射器研制中的一些关键技术。     

Thin film surface treatments for lowering dust adhesion on Mars Rover calibration targets

The current generation of calibration targets on Mars Rover serve as a color and radiometric reference for the panoramic camera. They consist of a transparent silicon-based polymer tinted with either color or grey-scale pigments and cast with a microscopically rough Lambertian surface for a diffuse reflectance pattern. This material has successfully withstood the harsh conditions existent on Mars. However, the inherent roughness of the Lambertian surface (relative to the particle size of the Martian airborne dust) and the tackiness of the polymer in the calibration targets has led to a serious dust accumulation problem. In this work, non-invasive thin film technology was successfully implemented in the design of future generation calibration targets leading to significant reduction of dust adhesion and capture. The new design consists of a μm-thick interfacial layer capped with a nm-thick optically transparent layer of pure metal. The combination of these two additional layers is effective in burying the relatively rough Lambertian surface while maintaining diffuse properties of the samples which is central to the correct operation as calibration targets. A set of these targets are scheduled for flight on the Mars Phoenix mission.     

MCAV/IMU integrated navigation for the powered descent phase of Mars EDL

Pin-point landing is considered as a key technology for future manned Mars landing and Mars base missions. The traditional inertial navigation system (INS) based guidance, navigation and control (GNC) mode used in the Mars entry, descent and landing (EDL) phase has no ability to achieve the precise and safe Mars landing, so novel EDL GNC methodologies should be investigated to meet this goal. This paper proposes the MCAV/IMU integrated navigation scheme for the powered descent phase of Mars EDL. The Miniature Coherent Altimeter and Velocimeter (MCAV) is adopted to correct the inertial bias and drift and improve the performance of integrated navigation. Altitude and velocity information derived from MCAV and the lander’s state information sensed by inertial measurement unit (IMU) are integrated in extended Kalman filter algorithm. The validity of the proposed navigation scheme is confirmed by computer simulation.     

Spectroscopic evaluation of polyurea crosslinked aerogels,as a substitute for RTV-based chromatic calibration targets for spacecraft

Room temperature vulcanizing (RTV)-based components have been used on Mars Pathfinder, the Mars rovers, Spirit and Opportunity, as well as the Phoenix Lander as a support matrix for pigmented panoramic camera calibration targets. RTV 655 has demonstrated superiority to other polymers due to its unique range of material properties namely mechanical stability between −115 and 204 °C and UV radiation tolerance. As a result, it has been the number one choice for many space-related missions. However, due to the high mass density and the natural tendency for electrostatic charging RTV materials have caused complications by attracting and retaining dust particles (Sabri et al., 2008). In the current project we have investigated the relevant properties of polymer-reinforced (crosslinked) silica aerogels with the objective of substituting RTV-based calibration targets with an aerogel based design. The lightweight, mechanical strength, ability to accept color pigments, and extremely low dust capture makes polyurea crosslinked aerogels a strong candidate as a chromatic standard for extraterrestrial missions. For this purpose, the reflection spectra, gravimetric analysis, and low temperature response of metal oxide pigmented, polyurea crosslinked silica aerogels have been investigated and reported here.     

火星探测器进入段预测校正制导方法

根据美国宇航局的计划,未来火星探测任务的要求是能确保在高精度和高海拔的火星表面着陆,而进入段所使用的制导方法是探测器能够精确着陆的关键。文章首先介绍了两种进入段制导算法——标称轨迹算法和预测校正算法,通过比较得出预测校正算法对于初始扰动的敏感性较低,但需要有较高的在线计算能力;其次,文章对于预测校正中的横向控制,纵向控制算法和航向调整算法进行了详细介绍,同时提出一种通过增加检测点的改进预测校正算法;最后对算法进行软件仿真,仿真结果表明:这种进入段预测校正制导算法在有很高不确定性的情况下仍然能体现出可靠性和鲁棒性。     

一种基于方差的自适应火星图像阈值选取算法

在基于光学成像的深空探测自主导航中,图像边缘处理直接影响视线矢量的提取,从而对自主导航的精度产生较大影响。传统的Otsu算法更侧重同区域灰度的均匀性,适用于图像中目标区域和背景区域面积相差不大的情况,因此在自主导航初始阶段,导航精度较低。根据深空探测巡航段拍摄到的火星图像的特点,基于已有火星探测任务的实拍图像,在Otsu算法的基础上,重新设计准则函数,提出了一种基于方差的火星图像阈值自适应选取算法。该算法将灰度值高于待定阈值的区域的方差表示为待定阈值的函数,以函数一阶微分的最大值对应的灰度值作为最优阈值。该方法具有计算量小、图像分割精确的优点。仿真结果表明,相较于传统的Otsu算法,通过该算法得到的图像阈值能够实现更高的视线矢量提取精度及自主导航精度。     

考虑失效性故障的火星探测器进入段姿态容错控制

火星进入过程中的故障和外部干扰不可避免地降低了火星进入制导和控制算法的性能。利用反步法设计了一种对转动惯量信息变化不敏感的火星进入姿态容错控制算法。首先,将虚拟控制律的微分量视作干扰量,利用自适应技术对其进行补偿,避免了传统反步法微分爆炸的缺陷。同时,控制设计过程中显式地引入了饱和函数,保证了在存在输入饱和的情况下,控制律仍然能使得探测器姿态保持稳定。最后,以“火星科学实验室”探测器为模型进行了数值仿真验证,结果表明该控制律在存在输入饱和约束、转动惯量不确定性、执行机构部分失效甚至完全失效的工况下,仍然能够完成对姿态的精准跟踪。     

Investigation of the Mars Express HRSC color channel calibration

The High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) onboard the Mars Express spacecraft in orbit about Mars has four detector channels dedicated to produce images in four spectral channels. Utilizing these spectrophotometric data requires understanding the instrument radiometric calibration and other photometric properties of the data. We present here some results of our investigation into the HRSC color data characteristics. This covers comparison of HRSC measurements with those of telescopes and the Observatoire pour la Minéralogie, l’Eau, les Glaces et l’Activité (OMEGA) instrument, also on Mars Express. We also investigate the dependence of HRSC Color measurements on solar phase angle and altitude of the Mars surface. These results confirm and extend our earlier findings [McCord, T.B., Adams, J.B., Bellucci, G., Combe, J.-Ph., Hansen, G., Hoffman, H., Jaumann, R., Lumme, K., Neukum, G., Pinet, P., Poulet, F., the HRSC Co-I Team, The Mars Express high Resolution Stereo Camera spectrophotometric data: characteristics and science analysis. J. Geophys. Res. 112, E6, 2007.]. A basic finding from our study is that there are nearly constant offsets between the I/F value derived from the HRSC data and those determined from OMEGA and groundbased telescope measurements, especially in the HRSC red bandpass. These offsets are nearly independent of solar phase angle and Mars surface altitude but are considerably larger for the one comparison at Phobos we were able to make. Several hypotheses could explain these effects: atmospheric scattering, surface photometric effects, shift of the spatial registration or calibration. All these possibilities were investigated.     

Mars entry guidance using a semi-analytical method

Future Mars missions may require improved landed accuracy to facilitate the landing site selection and finally access a region of complex terrain with high scientific return. This paper is to develop a novel, robust, and precision entry guidance algorithm for Mars entry vehicles with low lift-to-drag ratios. In the presence of large uncertainties, the entry terminal point controller algorithm can encounter severe performance degradation due to: (1) the small perturbation assumption, and (2) theoretically ignoring deviations in the atmospheric-density model, aerodynamic-force model, etc. Based on numerical technologies and the classical variation method (VM), this work develops a semi-analytical (SA) algorithm, in which combined effects of several dynamic uncertainties now can be addressed. The terminal-downrange error is predicted by a numerical predictor such that the dependence on the reference trajectory can be reduced and then the issue caused by the small perturbation assumption can be addressed. Such a predicted terminal-downrange error is finally corrected by an analytical corrector, which is designed by the VM. It is indicative that there can be no numerical iterations in the SA algorithm. Numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of the SA algorithm.