火星精确定点着陆多信息融合自主导航与控制方法研究

针对火星定点采样、载人登陆和基地构建等任务的需求,提出了一种火星精确定点着陆多信息融合自主导航与控制(Guidance Navigation and Control,GNC)方案。针对大气进入前的高精度导航需求,提出了基于X射线脉冲星和火星表面陆标图像的融合自主导航方法;针对火星着陆探测进入、下降和着陆(Entry,Descent and Landing,EDL)过程的高精度绝对和相对导航需求,提出了基于陆标图像、IMU(Inertial Measurement Unit)和测距测速信息的多信息融合自主导航方法;针对精确定点着陆要求,设计了大气进入和动力下降过程的制导与控制算法。数学仿真结果表明,提出的方案能够实现高精度的定点着陆(精度100 m)和相对避障(精度为0.5 m),可满足任务需求。     

Radio beacons/IMU integrated navigation for Mars entry

High precision entry navigation capability is essential for future Mars pinpoint landing missions, together with the entry guidance and aerodynamic lift control. This paper addresses the issue of Mars entry navigation using inertial measurement unit (IMU) and orbiting or surface radiometric beacons. The range and Doppler information sensed from orbiting or surface radio beacons and the entry vehicle state information derived from IMU are integrated in Unscented Kalman filter to correct the inertial constant bias and suppress the navigation measurement noise. Computer simulations show that the integrated navigation algorithm proposed in this paper can achieve 50 m position error and 2 m/s velocity error, which satisfies the need of future pinpoint Mars landing missions.     

Radio/FADS/IMU integrated navigation for Mars entry

Supposing future orbiting and landing collaborative exploration mission as the potential project background, this paper addresses the issue of Mars entry integrated navigation using radio beacon, flush air data sensing system (FADS), and inertial measurement unit (IMU). The range and Doppler information sensed from an orbiting radio beacon, the dynamic pressure and heating data sensed from flush air data sensing system, and acceleration and attitude angular rate outputs from an inertial measurement unit are integrated in an unscented Kalman filter to perform state estimation and suppress the system and measurement noise. Computer simulations show that the proposed integrated navigation scheme can enhance the navigation accuracy, which enables precise entry guidance for the given Mars orbiting and landing collaborative exploration mission.     

天问一号火星软着陆制导、导航与控制系统

天问一号火星探测器成功实现了我国首次火星表面软着陆，进入舱制导导航与控制系统(GNC系统)负责在火星进入下降着陆过程实施进入舱的姿态与轨道控制，确保进入舱安全着陆火星表面.介绍了执行天问一号火星EDL任务的GNC系统飞行阶段划分、系统组成、方案架构，以及针对火星EDL任务的特色设计，最后介绍了GNC系统在轨飞行结果.     

An innovative navigation scheme of powered descent phase for Mars pinpoint landing

Pinpoint landing (within 100 m from the target) is essential for future Mars exploration missions. This paper deals with one aspect of the pinpoint landing architecture—the navigation performance improvement during the powered descent phase, and proposes an innovative navigation scheme to obtain the vehicle complete and accurate states. On the basis of dead reckoning relying on the Inertial Measurement Unit, measurements of the Integrated Doppler Radar are adopted to correct the vehicle velocity and altitude. Distance between the vehicle and one Mars Orbiter as well as their line-of-sight relative velocity is measured by a radio sensor, and integrated in the filter to correct the vehicle horizontal position. The innovative navigation system is based on an Extend Kalman Filter. Two observation schemes are developed. One considers measurements of the Integrated Doppler Radar and radio range measurement. Another further considers radio velocity measurement. The performance of the innovative navigation scheme is greatly influenced by the position of the Mars Orbiter with respect to the target. Stochastic analyses are performed to obtain optimal locations of Mars Orbiter. Finally, the innovative navigation scheme performances are assessed through stochastic simulations. Its performance improvements are demonstrated by comparison with the Integrated Doppler Radar only navigation scheme.     

基于IMU/FADS/无线电的火星上升器组合导航方案

以火星采样返回任务中火星表面上升为背景，研究了基于惯性测量单元（Inertial Measurement Unit, IMU）、嵌入式大气数据传感系统（Flush Air Data Sensing System, FADS）和无线电信标的组合导航方法。首先，在传统的IMU导航框架中加入由无线电测量获得的相对距离、速度信息，以及由FADS获取的动压、温度数据，建立了基于IMU、无线电和FADS的导航观测模型；然后，基于无迹卡尔曼滤波（Unscented Kalman Filter, UKF）技术对测量信息进行了融合，并压制了过程噪声和测量噪声，从而对上升器的状态进行了联合估计；最后，在数值仿真中，将UKF与自适应无迹卡尔曼滤波（Adaptive Unscented Kalman Filter, AUKF）技术进行了对比，在比较不同滤波器性能的同时，验证了组合导航方法的有效性。     

火星科学实验室着陆系统全过程GNC技术分析

基于经典火星探测任务的数据对比,以美国最近实施的火星着陆探测器"火星科学实验室"为例,对着陆全过程的导航、制导与控制(Guidance Navigation Control,GNC)系统情况进行了深入的分析和研究,对其中的关键技术进行了系统阐述。基于目前技术和发展方向,总结了典型的探测器着陆方式的研究现状,并对未来火星探测着陆段提出展望。可为中国火星以及其他行星的探测任务方案的设计与论证提供参考。     

火星大气进入下降着陆段测控通信关键技术研究

着眼于我国首次火星探测任务着陆器EDL(Entry Descent and Landing)飞行段高风险特性,结合火星大气和地表环境分析了这一飞行阶段的主要特点和难点,系统地回顾了国外历次火星着陆任务的基本概况和任务失败的经验教训,并以美国"好奇号"着陆任务为例介绍了EDL期间可采用的主要通信手段,详细梳理了火星大气黑障段通信策略、调制体制选择以及高动态弱信号检测处理方案等测控通信需要解决的关键技术。最后对我国首次火星探测任务的关键技术攻关,任务准备和实施提出了建议。     

基于视觉的无人作战飞机自主着陆导航方案

提出了基于视觉的无人作战飞机自主着陆组合导航方案.基于视觉的自主着陆 组合导航系统,可以根据视觉、惯导、高度表等传感器系统的特点,融合各机载传感器的测 量信息,在不依赖外部导航信息的情况下,得到无人作战飞机(UCAV)相对于跑道的着陆导 航信息.由于视觉信息在导航系统中的重要作用,对计算机视觉算法及其实时性进行了讨论 .对如何将视觉信息与惯导、高度表信息融合,构造多速率扩展Kalman滤波器进行了阐述. 通过自主开发的"UCAV自主着陆实时仿真验证平台"对该方案进行仿真,得到了满意的结果.      

火星着陆探测任务关键环节技术途径分析

火星进入、下降与着陆技术(entry,descent and landing,EDL)是火星着陆探测最为关键的环节。火星与地球再入返回过程相比,由于火星大气成分、物理性质与地球大气存在较大差别,且具有较大不确定性,使火星EDL过程历经时间短、状态变化快,对减速性能要求高,时序紧张。从工程实现角度分阶段开展了任务分析,识别了火星EDL环节面临的问题和挑战,提出了关键环节技术途径选择。     

天问一号火星进入舱热控系统设计与验证

天问一号火星进入舱携带祝融号火星车实施进入、下降、着陆过程,其热控系统设计主要面临地火转移外热流大幅变化、进入火星舱壁气动烧蚀长时高温、着陆发动机点火局部超高温等技术挑战。为此,综合采用隔热设计、等温化设计、主动控温设计等热控手段,针对外热流大幅变化应用了新型SAL-2热控涂层,为解决局部超高温问题研制了新型气凝胶热防护装置,完整构建了进入舱的高效可靠热控系统。飞行遥测数据表明,全飞行过程设备温度和热控功耗均优于指标要求,进入、下降、着陆过程工作设备温度范围5.0~40.3℃,整舱平均控温功耗不超过43W,验证了进入舱热控系统设计的有效性。     

Deep reinforcement learning for six degree-of-freedom planetary landing

This work develops a deep reinforcement learning based approach for Six Degree-of-Freedom (DOF) planetary powered descent and landing. Future Mars missions will require advanced guidance, navigation, and control algorithms for the powered descent phase to target specific surface locations and achieve pinpoint accuracy (landing error ellipse <5 m radius). This requires both a navigation system capable of estimating the lander’s state in real-time and a guidance and control system that can map the estimated lander state to a commanded thrust for each lander engine. In this paper, we present a novel integrated guidance and control algorithm designed by applying the principles of reinforcement learning theory. The latter is used to learn a policy mapping the lander’s estimated state directly to a commanded thrust for each engine, resulting in accurate and almost fuel-optimal trajectories over a realistic deployment ellipse. Specifically, we use proximal policy optimization, a policy gradient method, to learn the policy. Another contribution of this paper is the use of different discount rates for terminal and shaping rewards, which significantly enhances optimization performance. We present simulation results demonstrating the guidance and control system’s performance in a 6-DOF simulation environment and demonstrate robustness to noise and system parameter uncertainty.     

月球着陆器悬停阶段相对自主导航方法

月球着陆器着陆阶段导航信息分析是实现安全软着陆月面的一个关键.针对悬停阶段导航信息的要求,根据月球着陆器携带的仪器设备及其获取月面信息的特点,利用激光测距仪和光学导航相机进行光学相对导航.首先建立相对导航坐标系;其次根据各个坐标系之间的关系确定各转换矩阵和导航信息,估算着陆器相对月面着陆点的位置和姿态;最后通过仿真实验对该方法进行验证.结果表明,将激光测距仪和光学导航相机在着陆悬停阶段获取的月面信息进行融合,能快速、精确进行相对位置、姿态计算;对我国下一步的探月有重要应用价值,并可应用于火星探测和其他小行星探测的软着陆的近距相对导航.      

基于火卫二视线测量的火星接近段自主导航算法

针对火星接近段导航通信时延大、存在通信盲区、自主导航可用观测信息有限等问题,提出了一种基于一组火卫二相对探测器视线矢量测量的天文自主导航算法,每个导航周期测量一组火卫二视线矢量可得到其中某一时刻探测器的完整轨道信息的估计值,该方法不依赖于轨道渐近线方向等先验信息。考虑到存在火卫二和火星在同一视场的情形,此时结合火星中心视线矢量方向以及火卫二的星历信息可估计出精度较高的探测器轨道半径,作为第一种方法的补充观测量,提高导航精度。最后给出仿真校验,验证了该方法的导航精度和可行性,表明该方案能够满足未来火星探测接近段自主导航需求。     

Powered-descent trajectory optimization scheme for Mars landing

This paper presents a trajectory optimization scheme for powered-descent phase of Mars landing with considerations of disturbance. Firstly, θ–D$\theta ''–''D$ method is applied to design a suboptimal control law with descent model in the absence of disturbance. Secondly, disturbance is estimated by disturbance observer, and the disturbance estimation is as feedforward compensation. Then, semi-global stability analysis of the composite controller consisting of the nonlinear suboptimal controller and the disturbance feedforward compensation is proposed. Finally, to verify the effectiveness of proposed control scheme, an application including relevant simulations on a Mars landing mission is demonstrated.     

“天问一号”火星探测器关键任务系统设计

“天问一号”任务是我国行星探测的首次任务，在国际上首次通过一次任务实现了火星“环绕、着陆、巡视”的三步跨越.“天问一号”探测器由中国空间技术研究院负责抓总研制，包括环绕器和着陆巡视器两个组成部分.对“天问一号”探测器的任务特点和概貌进行了介绍，对包括飞行过程、远距离深空通信、火星捕获过程、火星进入下降及着陆过程、火星车解锁驶离和火面工作等关键环节的设计方案进行了描述，对“天问一号”所取得的技术成果与创新进行了总结.     

Single crater-aided inertial navigation for autonomous asteroid landing

In this paper, a novel crater-aided inertial navigation approach for autonomous asteroid landing mission is developed. It overcomes the major deficiencies of existing approaches in the literature, which mainly focuses on the case where craters are abundant in the camera field of view. As a result, traditional crater based methods require at least three craters to achieve crater matching, which limits their application in final landing phase where craters are scarce in the camera’s field of view. In contrast, the proposed algorithm enables single crater based crater matching based on a novel 2D-3D crater re-projection model. The re-projection model adopts inertial measurements as a reference, and re-projects the 3D crater model onto descent images to achieve the matching to its counterpart. An asteroid landing simulation toolbox is developed to validate the performance of the proposed approach. Through comparison with the state-of-the-art local image feature and crater based navigation algorithms, the proposed approach is validated to achieve a competitive performance in terms of feature matching and pose estimation accuracy with a much lighter computational cost.     

捷联惯导/里程计组合导航方法

针对车载自主导航需求,基于卡尔曼滤波器,实现捷联惯导与里程计量测信息的组合导航.推导了里程计误差模型,结合捷联惯组误差模型与捷联系统误差模型,建立了捷联惯导/里程计自主组合导航系统误差状态模型.建立了捷联惯导/里程计组合导航量测模型,阐述了估计误差修正方法.采用仿真计算对此方法进行了验证,仿真结果表明:组合导航过程中,初始姿态误差能得到有效估计,姿态误差和位置误差均能控制在一定精度范围内,应用此组合导航方法相对于传统的航位推算方法能得到更高的导航精度,能有效实现自主高精度定位定向.     

Multi-objective optimization of parachute triggering algorithm for Mars exploration

A multi-objective optimization procedure to design parachute triggering algorithm, based on Monte Carlo analysis of flight uncertainties, has been developed in this paper. Most of Mars explorations missions utilize parachute for a safe descent through the lowest of the atmosphere. The parachute triggering algorithm is designed to accommodate the range of off-nominal entry trajectories, and is aimed to parachute opening in certain range of Mach numbers, dynamic pressure and altitude. Our novel algorithm takes the fight uncertainty into the account through Monte Carlo analysis, selects maximization of altitude statistical mean and minimization of Mach number statistical mean as two objectives, then employs multi-objective evolutionary algorithm based on decomposition (MOEA/D), to search the Pareto-front framework. Such a methodology can be implemented on the future design of entry, descent, and landing (EDL) mission.