针对多个地球静止轨道目标的巡游轨道设计

运行在螺旋巡游轨道上的航天器无需施加控制力就可以长期巡游在指定轨道附近,利用该特点,克服地基目标监视系统的不足,可提高空间目标监视能力.在现有的设计基础之上,改进对地球静止轨道多个目标螺旋巡游轨道的初始轨道设计;通过施加控制提出两种可以对地球静止轨道上多个目标进行绕飞观测的螺旋巡游轨道设计;通过仿真验证,对比二者各自的优势.     

对异面椭圆轨道目标航天器的长期绕飞轨迹设计与控制

研究了绕飞卫星对异面椭圆轨道目标航天器进行长时间绕飞观测的轨道设计与控制问题。首先建立了适用于目标航天器运行在椭圆轨道上的长期绕飞轨迹设计模型;得到了绕飞轨迹以目标航天器为中心且保持封闭的条件。然后,考虑绕飞轨迹安全性和完成任务的相对距离需求,针对具体目标设计了长期绕飞观测轨道。绕飞过程中存在的摄动和误差影响会使绕飞轨迹不能保持封闭,不满足任务需求,为此采用双脉冲方法对绕飞轨迹进行控制。仿真结果表明,对运行在异面椭圆轨道上的目标航天器,所建立的绕飞轨迹设计模型和轨迹控制方法可以用于长期绕飞轨迹设计与控制中。     

一种空间交会绕飞段的小推力滑移制导方法

小推力技术在空间交会任务中应用前景巨大,可用于长期绕飞和快速绕飞任务．研究滑移制导方法在空间绕飞中的具体应用,给出任意空间绕飞任务的描述方式,推导任意平面内的圆轨道绕飞和椭圆轨道绕飞公式．考虑实际工程需要,研究基于小推力发动机的滑移制导方法在工程上的实现问题,仿真验证了小推力技术在绕飞任务中的工程可行性．     

多星近距离绕飞观测任务姿轨耦合控制研究

针对多星近距离绕飞观测任务,建立了相对姿态轨道动力学模型,分别考虑了在椭圆、空间圆绕飞轨道上观测卫星的两种期望三角形编队构型,以观测卫星视线始终指向目标为期望姿态,采用基于四元数和角速度误差反馈的比例 微分控制律以及一种改进的基于人工势场法的制导方法相结合,对相对姿态及轨道进行控制。仿真结果表明：在控制律的作用下,绕飞过程中各观测卫星均能够有效地跟踪期望相对姿态和期望相对轨道;在空间圆绕飞轨道构型中,各观测卫星从初始同一位置出发后,在任意时刻3颗观测卫星构成的编队构型始终为正三角形,且正三角形的边长从零逐渐增大,最终等于期望正三角形构型的边长。     

空间碎片环境与碰撞预警仿真系统设计

在轨编目航天器数目已超过了9000,为了保证航天任务的顺利完成,必须对可能威胁到任务轨道的空间目标进行分析,文章首先对两行轨道根数和SGP4／SDP4轨道预报模型进行了分析,在此基础上建立了空间目标数据库及空间碎片环境与碰撞预警仿真和数据可视化系统。     

一种低轨废弃目标的捕获与回收方案

如何清除轨道上日益增多的废弃目标已成为国内外航天活动无法回避的现实问题和迫切需解决的问题。针对低轨道大型废弃目标回收问题，基于天基回收技术的概念，提出了一种新型组合式柔性捕获回收方案。使用空间绳网捕获废弃目标后通过充气式增阻离轨方式进行被动离轨，再利用充气式进入减速技术 (inflatable entry decelerator technology, IRDT)进行再入、减速并返回地面。根据方案建立了动力学模型，开展了仿真计算分析。仿真结果表明，该方案技术可行，可用于未来空间目标的捕获和回收。     

天基激光移除空间碎片仿真平台研究与开发

为了从空间碎片和天基移除系统两方面分析激光驱动碎片变轨过程,优化移除任务规划和策略,基于真实的可观测空间碎片数据,设计并开发了一套天基激光移除空间碎片三维数值仿真平台。首先从总体设计出发,对三维数值仿真平台的需求分析、总体框架、模块功能进行了明确的描述。其次通过对激光驱动空间碎片变轨过程数学模型的分析,确定了各模块的具体实现方法。最后采用C++/Qt开发了三维数值仿真平台,通过仿真验证了设计平台的有效性。该仿真平台可用于不同天基平台和目标碎片的任务规划、碎片分布热点区域和航天器防护区域的方案设计及空间环境治理体系的优化设计。     

基于长方体禁飞区的安全绕飞轨迹设计

摘要： 以C W方程为基础针对圆轨道近距离双脉冲绕飞问题,研究基于长方体禁飞区的安全绕飞轨迹设计方法.针对双脉冲绕飞动力学模型中的变量进行代数变换,在此基础上对变量间的关系进行推导,证明部分变量在特定区间范围内具有单调性的定理;给出保证绕飞轨迹安全的约束条件,进而结合推导出的定理和安全约束条件得到轨道面内全方位安全绕飞轨迹的一般性设计方法.通过针对以目标器正后方为绕飞起点的两种典型绕飞以及到任意方位的绕飞进行仿真,验证方法的有效性.     

航天器与空间碎片的混合编队重构控制与应用

针对空间碎片清理问题,提出了一种利用航天器与空间碎片混合编队队形重构控制技术捕获碎片的方法。首先,分析了地/月—日系L2拉格朗日平动点附近的限制性三体环境,并建立了编队卫星相对运动动力学模型;其次,提出了以太阳光压力作为航天器与空间碎片编队队形重构的控制力,实现各从星接近空间碎片的目的;最后,设计了基于线性二次型的最优控制器,并在Matlab/Simulink环境下进行仿真实验。仿真结果表明该方法可控制从星到达期望的位置(空间碎片的位置),且太阳帆板的姿态变化在可控范围内,进而证明了该方案可以应用于复杂空间环境下的碎片清理任务。     

国外空间碎片清除计划

当前,近地球轨道上分布的空间碎片达到了前所未有的数量,且呈现加速增长的趋势,若不实施主动清除,碎片的数量将在未来200年内快速增长,给空间系统安全带来巨大的威胁。对空间碎片实施主动清除已成为主要航天国家的共识。1概述据美国空间监视网(SSN)观测(截至2012年7月4日),近地轨道中直径大于10cm的物体共有16399个,其中现役航天器不足1000个,而90%以上为失效或失控的空间碎片,其中质量大于     

有限推力下的航天器绕飞轨道保持与控制

基于线性动力学模型,研究了有限推力下的航天器绕飞轨道保持与控制问题.首先,针对绕飞轨道控制问题推导了精确的动力学模型,给出了经过线性化的动力学方程.然后,在线性二次性最优控制理论的基础上,设计了一种针对绕飞轨道的反馈控制系统,同时为了实现有限推力,设计了一个有界的非线性环节对控制加速度进行限制.数值仿真结果证明了所设计的控制系统渐进稳定、收敛快速,并且具有良好的控制精度.最后,通过计算不同相对位置误差时轨道控制系统需用的发动机工作时间,估算了轨道维持与轨道控制的燃料消耗量.      

Forming and keeping fast fly-around under constant thrust

A new switching control algorithm under constant thrust is designed for the chaser fast flying around the target spacecraft along a specified fly-around trajectory. The switching control laws are obtained based on the acceleration sequences and the on time of thrusters which can be computed by the time series analysis method. The perturbations and fuel consumptions are addressed during the computation of the on time of thrusters. Furthermore, the relative position parameters of the target spacecraft are obtained by using the vision measurement and the target fly-around positions are calculated through the isochronous interpolation method. The change of the relative position and the relative velocity of the chaser during the constant thrust fast fly-around are presented through simulation example. It is proved that, with the switching control laws, the chaser will fast fly around the target spacecraft along the specified fly-around trajectory.     

A deorbiter CubeSat for active orbital debris removal

This paper introduces a mission concept for active removal of orbital debris based on the utilization of the CubeSat form factor. The CubeSat is deployed from a carrier spacecraft, known as a mothership, and is equipped with orbital and attitude control actuators to attach to the target debris, stabilize its attitude, and subsequently move the debris to a lower orbit where atmospheric drag is high enough for the bodies to burn up. The mass and orbit altitude of debris objects that are within the realms of the CubeSat’s propulsion capabilities are identified. The attitude control schemes for the detumbling and deorbiting phases of the mission are specified. The objective of the deorbiting maneuver is to decrease the semi-major axis of the debris orbit, at the fastest rate, from its initial value to a final value of about 6471?km (i.e., 100?km above Earth considering a circular orbit) via a continuous low-thrust orbital transfer. Two case studies are investigated to verify the performance of the deorbiter CubeSat during the detumbling and deorbiting phases of the mission. The baseline target debris used in the study are the decommissioned KOMPSAT-1 satellite and the Pegasus rocket body. The results show that the deorbiting times for the target debris are reduced significantly, from several decades to one or two years.     

基于多项式近似的空间碎片群体轨道预报算法

快速准确地分析空间碎片群轨道演化行为对于其他在轨航天器碰撞规避至关重要。在各摄动力的作用下,空间碎片群演化运动呈现出复杂的非线性特征。空间碎片群体个体数量巨大,如果通过对空间碎片群中每个空间碎片进行轨道积分来分析群体预报的方法会导致计算量过大。针对该问题,提出一种基于多项式近似的轨道快速预报分析方法。该方法将空间碎片群分为少量的标称碎片和其他大量关联碎片。针对标称碎片的轨道预报采用数值积分求解保证预报精度;而针对其他大量的关联碎片轨道预报问题,采用多项式泰勒展开半解析方法求解,从而在保证预报精度的前提下有效减少空间碎片群轨道预报的计算量。为了验证方法的有效性,对不同空间碎片群进行了轨道预报仿真。仿真结果表明,当轨道预报精度设定在1m范围内时,多项式近似算法的计算量较蒙特卡洛方法计算效率提高了2.2~17.2倍,验证了所提出方法的有效性。     

Practical guidelines for electro-dynamic tethers to survive from orbital debris impacts

Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) has proposed an active debris removal using electro-dynamic tether to reduce large space debris in the low-Earth orbit. However, a tether strand is thin but long enough to have a large area so that it is vulnerable to small particles. This vulnerability might be the weakest point of a tether system against orbital debris. In order to overcome this weakest point, a double tether system, in which two tether strands are tied together at even intervals to form equally spaced loops, has been suggested as one of the promising candidates. This paper provides a mathematical approach to estimate the survival probability of a double tether system and then apply the approach to evaluate the mission success rate of the active debris removal using electro-dynamic tether that JAXA has proposed. It can be concluded the countermeasure to get enough success rate can be obtained. The result is simulated for Advanced Earth Observing Satellite II (ADEOS-II) re-entry from 800 km sun synchronized orbit to atmosphere. The simulation shows that mission success rate over 90% can be obtained with number of loops over 1000 and 10 mm clearance between two strands.     

Analysis of laser ranges and angular measurements data fusion for space debris orbit determination

In the framework of space debris, the orbit determination process is a fundamental step, both, for researchers and for satellite operators. The accurate knowledge of the orbit of space debris objects is needed to allow space debris characterization studies and to avoid unnecessary collision avoidance maneuvers.The accuracy of the results of an orbit determination process depends on several factors as the number, the accuracy, the kind of processed measurements, their distribution along the orbit, and the object-observer relative geometry. When the observation coverage of the target orbit is not homogeneous, the accuracy of the orbit determination can be improved processing different kind of observables. Recent studies showed that the satellite laser ranging technique can be successfully applied to space debris.In this paper, we will investigate the benefits of using laser ranges and angular measurements for the orbit determination process. We will analyze the influence of the number of used observations, of the covered arc of orbit, of each observable, and of the observation geometry on the estimated parameters. Finally, using data acquired on short observation arcs, we analyze the achievable accuracies for the orbital regimes with the highest space debris density, and to the consequences of the data fusion on catalog maintenance operations. The results shown are obtained using only real data (both angular and laser measurements) provided by sensors of the Swiss Optical Ground Station and Geodynamics Observatory Zimmerwald owned by the Astronomical Institute of the University of Bern (AIUB) and for some studies also using ranges provided from other stations of the International Laser Ranging Service (ILRS).     

基于螺旋伴飞式航天器交会控制技术

首次提出以螺旋伴飞式实现航天器交会的思路.在两航天器符合绕飞条件的前提下,从相对运动的Hill方程出发,首先推导出实现螺旋伴飞式交会的相对位置反馈控制律,这种相对位置反馈控制表明,航天器在交会过程中可以在只有相对位置测量条件下进行工作,因而具有一定的工程指导意义;进而,对螺旋伴飞式交会控制律的特点进行了分析,同时给出了稳定性分析与能量估算,分析表明这种交会控制技术,其控制具有较好的稳定性,且消耗能量较小;最后,通过一个空间圆绕飞轨道的伴星回收实例,给出了控制加速度的特性图和螺线回收轨迹图.仿真结果证明,伴星螺线回收轨道是可行的,并且具有优良的特性.      

Analysis of the orbit lifetime of CubeSats in low Earth orbits including periodic variation in drag due to attitude motion

It is estimated that more than 22,300 human-made objects are in orbit around the Earth, with a total mass above 8,400,000 kg. Around 89% of these objects are non-operational and without control, which makes them to be considered orbital debris. These numbers consider only objects with dimensions larger than 10 cm. Besides those numbers, there are also about 2000 operational satellites in orbit nowadays. The space debris represents a hazard to operational satellites and to the space operations. A major concern is that this number is growing, due to new launches and particles generated by collisions. Another important point is that the development of CubeSats has increased exponentially in the last years, increasing the number of objects in space, mainly in the Low Earth Orbits (LEO). Due to the short operational time, CubeSats boost the debris population. One of the requirements for space debris mitigation in LEO is the limitation of the orbital lifetime of the satellites, which needs to be lower than 25 years. However, there are space debris with longer estimated decay time. In LEÓs, the influence of the atmospheric drag is the main orbital perturbation, and is used in maneuvers to increment the losses in the satellite orbital energy, to locate satellites in constellations and to accelerate the decay.The goal of the present research is to study the influence of aerodynamic rotational maneuver in the CubeSat?s orbital lifetime. The rotational axis is orthogonal to the orbital plane of the CubeSat, which generates variations in the ballistic coefficient along the trajectory. The maneuver is proposed to accelerate the decay and to mitigate orbital debris generated by non-operational CubeSats. The panel method is selected to determine the drag coefficient as a function of the flow incident angle and the spinning rate. The pressure distribution is integrated from the satellite faces at hypersonic rarefied flow to calculate the drag coefficient. The mathematical model considers the gravitational potential of the Earth and the deceleration due to drag. To analyze the effects of the rotation during the decay, multiple trajectories were propagated, comparing the results obtained assuming a constant drag coefficient with trajectories where the drag coefficient changes periodically. The initial perigees selected were lower than 400 km of altitude with eccentricities ranging from 0.00 to 0.02. Six values for the angular velocity were applied in the maneuver. The technique of rotating the spacecraft is an interesting solution to increase the orbit decay of a CubeSat without implementing additional de-orbit devices. Significant changes in the decay time are presented due to the increase of the mean drag coefficient calculated by the panel method, when the maneuver is applied, reducing the orbital lifetime, however the results are independent of the angular velocity of the satellite.     

基于驻留时间比的近地空间碎片环境建模

为分析近地空间碎片的分布规律,提出了一种以碎片在空间网格内驻留时间为基础的碎片环境统计建模方法.该方法利用多项式拟合和求根方法统计碎片在空间网格内的停留时间,获取模型基础数据,并据此采用多项式预测、插值和时间序列分析等技术,综合分析空间碎片的分布与演化规律.给出了一个基于双行根数(TLE,Two Line Elements)数据的建模实例,该实例通过了ORDEM2000模型的对比验证,并获得了一些更精细的近地空间碎片环境特征.所得建模方法和分析结论可为长期运行的近地航天器轨道设计、碰撞风险评估及防护等提供技术支撑.