基于本体的仿真系统全生命周期管理

建模与仿真(M&S)作为一门新兴的综合性技术,已成为继理论分析和实验实践之后第3种认识和改造客观世界的方法.首先针对M&S的需求,提出了仿真系统全生命周期管理(SSLM)的概念,进而指出SSLM作为仿真系统支撑环境的一项关键技术,能对仿真系统全生命周期中的过程和信息进行全面管理,实现目前产品全生命周期管理(PLM)尚未实现的功能.建立了基于本体的面向全生命周期三维模型,提出了基于本体论的SSLM内容管理方法,定义了面向SSLM的本体,它包括基本本体、领域本体和应用本体.在此基础上,用SSLM本体定义中的谓词构成查询语句,实现了基于语义的模型查询.      

中国首次火星探测任务有效载荷地面综合测试系统设计

介绍了中国首次火星探测任务有效载荷分系统的试验矩阵,以及地面综合测试系统的技术要求。面向2个探测器、5种场景的测试任务需求,设计由接口适配、业务处理、数据管理组成的3层统一架构,实现了不同场景下测试系统的功能和外部接口适配;根据星上科学数据处理与传输机制,设计地面科学数据处理流程,满足了13类载荷科学数据判读需求;针对单星1 900维工程遥测、400条数据注入指令的高维特性,设计基于规则的数据判读软件,实现了载荷遥测数据及数据注入指令的自动化判读。任务执行结果表明该系统满足不同试验模式下有效载荷测试任务的需求,有效保障了载荷测试任务的顺利实施。     

Web服务组合处理系统的研究与实现

单个Web服务难以满足实际应用的需求,为了解决互联网应用的集成和协作问题,需要把独立的Web服务组合起来以实现复杂的业务逻辑功能.通过分析服务组合的处理机制,基于传统工作流技术,使用IBM的WSFL语言作为服务组合描述语言,设计并实现了一个面向Web服务组合语言的通用的Web服务组合处理系统.这是一个多层结构的系统,它由Web服务平台、服务组合处理引擎、JMX注册管理中心、远程管理控制台以及处理引擎配置工具五部分构成;它为WSFL语言所描述的服务组合流程提供了一个运行引擎,同时提供了一个基于JMX的管理控制台,通过它可以对正在运行的流程实例以及历史数据进行控制和管理.该系统为基于Web服务的应用集成和协作提供了一个统一的运行管理环境.     

面向服务的空战仿真协调逻辑集成

系统的敏捷性是仿真建模的重要目标,它反映了系统适应需求变化的能力.然而当前普遍采用集中式的单层架构建模空战仿真系统中各组件模型之间大量的协调逻辑,这导致系统结构呈现刚性化特征,难于灵活适应不断变化的仿真需求.提出并实现了一种面向服务的空战仿真协调逻辑集成方案.系统中的协调逻辑被有机抽取并封装为一系列协调代理,将协调过程中被动的组件模型扩展为自协调的服务,服务是一种高度可重用的资源并且被机器可处理的描述契约文档完全定义;根据特定的仿真需求在运行时动态组合相关服务即可完成空战仿真系统中协调逻辑的绑定,从而提升了系统的敏捷性.     

空间高等植物培养装置

空间高等植物培养装置用于中国天宫二号空间实验室开展微重力条件下高等植物生长机理研究.该装置由高等植物培养模块、生命保障模块、实时在线检测模块和返回单元等功能单元组成,可实现高等植物空间长周期培养,在轨启动生物实验,实时在线观察和荧光监测,水分循环利用及营养供给,模拟太阳长短日照周期控制与检测,环境温度测量与控制,CO₂浓度调节,有害气体去除及航天员回收部分样品等功能.      

基于DSP和FPGA技术的细胞图像采集系统设计

细胞学研究领域中需要对大量细胞的生长情况进行长期的在线跟踪、记录和分析,针对细胞图像采集和处理中的数据量大、采样频率高、运算复杂等问题,设计了一种新颖的细胞图像采集系统,讨论了DSP(Digital Signal Processor)处理系统和FPGA(Field Programmable Gate Arrays)逻辑控制系统设计中的关键技术问题,以及JPEG图像压缩算法的实现问题.系统主要由视频解码芯片、FPGA以及DSP等组成,具有功能集成、结构简单、编程灵活的特点,能够实现对大量细胞进行长期观测记录的图像采集,以及后期图像数据处理的功能.      

敏捷制造数据源及其实现技术

为满足产品全生命周期管理对制造数据敏捷性的需求,提出一种敏捷制造数据源的数据管理方法.分析了敏捷制造数据的应用需求,将敏捷数据源定义为一种面向产品生命周期不断变化应用需求的数据定义和管理架构,该架构包括核心对象与本体层、元数据元模型层、服务组件层以及实施层等4个层次,对该架构的特点进行了分析.提出了实现敏捷制造数据源的3个实现技术,分别是抽象元建模技术、基于规则的数据视图快速生成技术以及基于服务技术的组件重用与快速重构技术.所提出的敏捷制造数据源为支持产品生命周期内制造数据的敏捷管理、应用以及提升应用信息系统敏捷性提供了新的途径.     

基于凯恩方程的无人机伞降回收动力学建模与仿真

在无人机的伞降回收过程中,无人机与降落伞一直都处于实时的动平衡状态,两者在伞降回收过程中的耦合关系及其复杂,因此很难建立精准的无人机伞降回收动力学模型。针对该问题,将伞降回收系统划分为降落伞和无人机分别进行处理。针对时变对象降落伞,通过阻力面积随充气时间的变化关系建立其动力学模型。针对无人机,首先,基于多体动力学思路,将其划分为左右机翼和机身的多体系统,通过平板绕流系数优化其伞降过程中的大迎角动力学模型;然后,通过偏速度矩阵将各体的动力学模型引入伞降回收系统质心;最终,基于凯恩方程推导并建立了伞降回收系统六自由度模型,并引入海拔高度和风力对无人机伞降回收的影响。通过数值仿真与实验数据的对比,可以发现两者具有较好的一致性,该动力学模型能够为无人机的伞降回收提供指导。      

中小型无人机伞降精确回收方法研究

传统的无人机伞降回收由于受风向风速、地理环境等因素限制,常常使回收失败。基于此,探索充分利用风向和无人机回收时随风水平漂移距离,在不改变原回收区基础上而相对有效扩大回收区域、改进无人机飞控控制律的算法,从而实现精确回收的方法措施。     

卫星姿态控制系统在轨实时健康评估

面向航天器在轨智能自主管控的技术需求,提出一种基于多级模糊综合评价架构的卫星姿态控制系统的在轨实时健康评估方法.根据卫星姿态控制系统的性能特点,按实际功能将其划分为姿态测量、控制器和执行机构3个部分.在确定各部分单元部件健康信息的基础上,基于模糊综合评价算法对各部分的健康度分别进行评估.基于评估所得到的姿态测量、控制器和执行机构3部分健康信息,根据各部分对系统健康的影响情况结合变权综合原理确定健康影响权重,采用模糊综合评价算法实现对姿态控制系统整体健康性能的综合评估.仿真实验结果表明,所提出的方法能够有效实现卫星姿态控制系统的在轨实时健康评估.     

Studies on urine treatment by biological purification using Azolla and UV photocatalytic oxidation

The amount of water consumed in space station operations is very large. In order to reduce the amount of water which must be resupplied from Earth, the space station needs to resolve the problems of water supply. For this reason, the recovery, regeneration and utilization of urine of astronauts are of key importance. Many investigations on this subject have been reported. Our research is based on biological absorption and, purification using UV photocatalytic oxidation techniques to achieve comprehensive treatment for urine. In the treatment apparatus we created, the urine solution is used as part of the nutrient solution for the biological components in our bioregenerative life support system. After being absorbed, the nutrients from the urine were then decomposed, metabolized and purified which creates a favorable condition for the follow-up oxidation treatment by UV photocatalytic oxidation. After these two processes, the treated urine solution reached Chinese national standards for drinking water quality (GB5749-1985).     

Spaceflight hardware for conducting plant growth experiments in space: the early years 1960-2000.

The best strategy for supporting long-duration space missions is believed to be bioregenerative life support systems (BLSS). An integral part of a BLSS is a chamber supporting the growth of higher plants that would provide food, water, and atmosphere regeneration for the human crew. Such a chamber will have to be a complete plant growth system, capable of providing lighting, water, and nutrients to plants in microgravity. Other capabilities include temperature, humidity, and atmospheric gas composition controls. Many spaceflight experiments to date have utilized incomplete growth systems (typically having a hydration system but lacking lighting) to study tropic and metabolic changes in germinating seedlings and young plants. American, European, and Russian scientists have also developed a number of small complete plant growth systems for use in spaceflight research. Currently we are entering a new era of experimentation and hardware development as a result of long-term spaceflight opportunities available on the International Space Station. This is already impacting development of plant growth hardware. To take full advantage of these new opportunities and construct innovative systems, we must understand the results of past spaceflight experiments and the basic capabilities of the diverse plant growth systems that were used to conduct these experiments. The objective of this paper is to describe the most influential pieces of plant growth hardware that have been used for the purpose of conducting scientific experiments during the first 40 years of research.     

Aquaculture in bio-regenerative life support systems (BLSS): Considerations

A significant amount of research has been invested into understanding the effects of including fish culture in bio-regenerative life support systems (BLSS) for long duration space habitation. While the benefits of fish culture as a sub-process for waste treatment and food production continue to be identified, other pressing issues arise that affect the overall equivalent system mass associated with fish culture in a BLSS. This paper is meant to provide insight into several issues affecting fish culture in a BLSS that will require attention in the future if fish meant for consumption are to be cultured in a BLSS.     

Effect of salt stress on growth and physiology in amaranth and lettuce: Implications for bioregenerative life support system

Growing plants can be used to clean waste water in bioregenerative life support system (BLSS). However, NaCl contained in the human urine always restricts plant growth and further reduces the degree of mass cycle closure of the system (i.e. salt stress). This work determined the effect of NaCl stress on physiological characteristics of plants for the life support system. Amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor L. var. Huahong) and leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Luoma) were cultivated at nutrient solutions with different NaCl contents (0, 1000, 5000 and 10,000 ppm, respectively) for 10 to 18 days after planted in the Controlled Ecological Life Support System Experimental Facility in China. Results showed that the two plants have different responses to the salt stress. The amaranth showed higher salt-tolerance with NaCl stress. If NaCl content in the solution is below 5000 ppm, the salt stress effect is insignificant on above-ground biomass output, leaf photosynthesis rate, Fv/Fm, photosynthesis pigment contents, activities of antioxidant enzymes, and inducing lipid peroxidation. On the other hand, the lettuce is sensitive to NaCl which significantly decreases those indices of growth and physiology. Notably, the lettuce remains high productivity of edible biomass in low NaCl stress, although its salt-tolerant limitation is lower than amaranth. Therefore, we recommended that amaranth could be cultivated under a higher NaCl stress condition (<5000 ppm) for NaCl recycle while lettuce should be under a lower NaCl stress (<1000 ppm) for water cleaning in future BLSS.     

Accumulation and effect of volatile organic compounds in closed life support systems.

Bioregenerative life support systems (BLSS) being considered for long duration space missions will operate with limited resupply and utilize biological systems to revitalize the atmosphere, purify water, and produce food. The presence of man-made materials, plant and microbial communities, and human activities will result in the production of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). A database of VOC production from potential BLSS crops is being developed by the Breadboard Project at Kennedy Space Center. Most research to date has focused on the development of air revitalization systems that minimize the concentration of atmospheric contaminants in a closed environment. Similar approaches are being pursued in the design of atmospheric revitalization systems in bioregenerative life support systems. in a BLSS one must consider the effect of VOC concentration on the performance of plants being used for water and atmospheric purification processes. In addition to phytotoxic responses, the impact of removing biogenic compounds from the atmosphere on BLSS function needs to be assessed. This paper provides a synopsis of criteria for setting exposure limits, gives an overview of existing information, and discusses production of biogenic compounds from plants grown in the Biomass Production Chamber at Kennedy Space Center.     

Potential of salt-accumulating and salt-secreting halophytic plants for recycling sodium chloride in human urine in bioregenerative life support systems

This study addresses the possibility of growing different halophytic plants on mineralized human urine as a way to recycle NaCl from human wastes in a bioregenerative life support system (BLSS). Two halophytic plant species were studied: the salt-accumulating Salicornia europaea and the salt-secreting Limonium gmelinii. During the first two weeks, plants were grown on Knop’s solution, then an average daily amount of urine produced by one human, which had been preliminarily mineralized, was gradually added to the experimental solutions. Nutrient solutions simulating urine mineral composition were gradually added to control solutions. NaCl concentrations in the stock solutions added to the experimental and control solutions were 9 g/L in the first treatment and 20 g/L in the second treatment. The mineralized human urine showed some inhibitory effects on S. europaea and L. gmelinii. The biomass yield of experimental plants was lower than that of control ones. If calculated for the same time period (120 d) and area (1 m²), the amount of sodium chloride taken up by S. europaea plants would be 11.7 times larger than the amount taken up by L. gmelinii plants (486 g/m² vs. 41 g/m²). Thus, S. europaea is the better choice of halophyte for recycling sodium chloride from human wastes in BLSS.     

Use of halophytic plants for recycling NaCl in human liquid waste in a bioregenerative life support system

The purpose of this work was to develop technology for recycling NaCl containing in human liquid waste as intrasystem matter in a bioregenerative life support system (BLSS). The circulation of Na⁺ and Cl⁻ excreted in urine is achieved by inclusion of halophytes, i.e. plants that naturally inhabit salt-rich soils and accumulate NaCl in their organs. A model of Na⁺ and Cl⁻ recycling in a BLSS was designed, based on the NaCl turnover in the human–urine–nutrient solution–halophytic plant–human cycle. The study consisted of (i) selecting a halophyte suitable for inclusion in a BLSS, and (ii) determining growth conditions supporting maximal Na⁺ and Cl⁻ accumulation in the shoots of the halophyte growing in a nutrient solution simulating mineralized urine. For the selected halophytic plant, Salicornia europaea, growth rate under optimal conditions, biomass production and quantities of Na⁺ and Cl⁻ absorbed were determined. Characteristics of a plant production conveyor consisting of S.europaea at various ages, and allowing continuity of Na⁺ and Cl⁻ turnover, were estimated. It was shown that closure of the NaCl cycle in a BLSS can be attained if the daily ration of fresh Salicornia biomass for a BLSS inhabitant is approximately 360 g.     

BLSS: A contribution to future life support

For extended duration missions in space the supply of basic life-supporting ingredients represents a formidable logistics problem. Storage volume and launch weight of water, oxygen and food in a conventional non-regenerable life support system are directly proportional to the crew size and the length of the mission. In view of spacecraft payload limitations this will require that the carbon, or food, recycling loop, the third and final part in the life support system, be closed to further reduce logistics cost. This will be practical only if advanced life support systems can be developed in which metabolic waste products are regenerated and food is produced.

Biological Life Support Systems (BLSS) satisfy the space station environmental control functions and close the food cycle. A Biological Life Support System has to be a balanced ecological system, biotechnical in nature and consisting of some combination of human beings, animals, plants and microorganisms integrated with mechanical and physico-chemical hardware.

Numerous scientific space experiments have been delineated in recent years, the results of which are applicable to the support of BLSS concepts. Furthermore ecological life support systems have become subject to intensified studies and experiments both in the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. The Japanese have also conducted detailed preliminary studies.

Dornier System has in recent years undertaken an effort to define requirements and concepts and to analyse the feasibility of BLSS for space applications. Analyses of the BLSS energy-mass relation have been performed, and the possibilities to influence it to achieve advantages for the BLSS (compared with physico-chemical systems) have been determined. The major problem areas which need immediate attention have been defined, and a programme for the development of BLSS has been proposed.     

Mass balances for a biological life support system simulation model.

Design decisions to aid the development of future space-based biological life support systems (BLSS) can be made with simulation models. Here we develop the biochemical stoichiometry for 1) protein, carbohydrate, fat, fiber, and lignin production in the edible and inedible parts of plants; 2) food consumption and production of organic solids in urine, feces, and wash water by the humans; and 3) operation of the waste processor. Flux values for all components are derived for a steady-state system with wheat as the sole food source. The large-scale dynamics of a materially-closed (BLSS) computer model is described in a companion paper. An extension of this methodology can explore multi-food systems and more complex biochemical dynamics while maintaining whole-system closure as a focus.     

Integration of crop production with CELSS waste management.

Lettuce plants were grown utilizing water, inorganic elements, and CO2 inputs recovered from waste streams. The impact of these waste-derived inputs on the growth of lettuce was quantified and compared with results obtained when reagent grade inputs were used. Phytotoxicity was evident in both the untreated wastewater stream and the recovered CO2 stream. The toxicity of surfactants in wastewater was removed using several treatment systems. Harmful effects of gaseous products resulting from incineration of inedible biomass on crop growth were observed. No phytotoxicity was observed when inorganic elements recovered from incinerated biomass ash were used to prepare the hydroponic solution, but the balance of nutrients had to be modified to achieve near optimal growth. The results were used to evaluate closure potential of water and inorganic elemental loops for integrated plant growth and human requirements.