基于光场成像的燃烧颗粒粒径与速度测量方法

为实现固体推进剂中金属燃料动态燃烧的精细化表征,提出一种基于光场成像的固体推进剂中燃烧颗粒粒径与速度三维动态同步测量方法。构建固体推进剂燃烧光场成像测量系统,获得金属颗粒动态燃烧过程的光场图像,通过重聚焦算法得到燃烧颗粒场的重聚焦图像;进一步开展光场相机标定实验,获取深度与最佳重聚焦参数的关系曲线;利用图像分割算法对重聚焦图像中的颗粒进行识别和定位,获取燃烧颗粒的粒径大小,并结合三维粒子跟踪技术对颗粒的轨迹和速度进行重构;开展推进剂药条燃烧实验验证研究。结果表明：光场成像技术能够获得不同深度的颗粒信息,跟踪颗粒的动态燃烧过程,并实现对燃烧金属颗粒粒径与三维速度的同步测量。     

聚焦光场成像三维粒子场重建方法

层析重建是层析粒子图像测速(Tomo-PIV)技术实现三维粒子位置和强度信息(三维粒子场)重构的核心步骤。相比于多相机的Tomo-PIV技术,单聚焦光场相机通过一次成像能够同时采集示踪粒子的散射光的方向和位置信息。因此,提出一种单聚焦光场相机的层析重建技术用于重构流场中的三维粒子场信息。为了验证本文方法的可行性及准确性,利用几何光学建立了示踪粒子的光场成像模型,利用光线追迹技术计算了粒子在聚焦光场相机中的成像,对比了被测流场中位于不同深度位置的粒子在聚焦光场相机中的成像差异;建立了基于单聚焦光场相机的层析重建数学模型,利用乘法代数重构技术(MART)对模拟所得的光场图像进行反演计算,实现了三维粒子场的重构,并利用归一化互相关系数来表征粒子的重建质量。结果表明,单个粒子在Z轴方向上的位置精度为±0.35 mm,初步证明了基于聚焦光场成像理论的三维粒子场重建方法的可行性。     

颗粒射流冲击材料行为研究

颗粒冲击材料现象广泛存在于自然界以及工业领域中。应用实验测量与数值计算相结合的方法研究了颗粒射流冲击材料(304不锈钢)的磨损行为。考虑了颗粒粒径、运动轨迹、颗粒-壁面撞击点分布以及所导致材料物相结构变化。实验测试包括材料质量损耗、材料元素X射线衍射(XRD)分析、表面微观结构扫描电镜(SEM)观察。对相应的颗粒射流冲击材料行为进行了数值计算,获得流场,颗粒场以及相应材料磨损。结果表明:颗粒射流冲击下颗粒运动轨迹与撞击点的分布不同,造成了材料样品表面磨损区域明显不同。颗粒-壁面碰撞不仅会导致材料损失而且会造成材料物相结构的变化。     

基于混沌的改进粒子群优化粒子滤波算法

针对基本粒子滤波(PF)算法存在的粒子退化和重采样引起的粒子多样性丧失,导致粒子样本无法精确表示状态概率密度函数真实分布,提出了一种基于混沌的改进粒子群优化(PSO)粒子滤波算法。通过引入混沌序列产生一组混沌变量,将产生的变量映射到优化变量的区间提高粒子质量,并利用混沌扰动克服粒子群优化局部最优问题。利用单变量非静态增长模型(UNGM)在高斯噪声和非高斯噪声环境下将该算法与基本粒子滤波和粒子群优化粒子滤波(PSO-PF)的性能进行仿真比较。结果表明:该算法的性能在有效粒子数和均方根误差(RMSE)等参数都优于基本粒子滤波和粒子群优化粒子滤波,改善了算法的精度和跟踪性能。      

基于OWRR-PF的机载图像中导弹跟踪方法

针对利用图像信息实现飞行器的导弹预警跟踪中导弹运动2D建模、运动模型非线性和目标干扰非高斯等问题,研究了比例导引下导弹在三维空间中的运动在成像面上的运动模式,建立了比例制导导弹的2D投影运动状态模型.由于模型中速度和加速度等主要物理量的非线性,并考虑导弹运动过程中受到的风向、风力、气旋和气流等随机干扰的非高斯性,采用粒子滤波方法实现导弹跟踪;并针对粒子滤波在跟踪过程中存在的粒子退化问题,提出有序权值残差重采样粒子滤波(OWRR-PF,Ordered Weight Residual Resampling Particle Filter)方法,该方法缓解了粒子退化问题,提高了跟踪的准确度.利用所建立的导弹运动模型进行连续视频试验,与标准粒子滤波相比跟踪精度提高了70%左右,与残差重采样粒子滤波方法相比跟踪精度提高了15%左右.     

基于改进粒子群优化算法的巡航导弹航路规划

粒子群优化(PSO, Particle Swarm Optimization)算法是继遗传算法、蚁群算法之后的又一种新的群体智能算法,经常用于复杂问题的求解.由于其迭代公式是面向连续空间的,因此更适合解决非网格拓扑的航路规划问题.标准的粒子群优化算法在寻优的过程中容易出现早熟现象,针对这种现象,提出了一种改进的粒子群优化算法.改进算法根据相应的代价函数选择精英粒子和较差粒子,对较差粒子采用了带有动能补偿的速度更新策略,从而避免了寻优过程中的早熟现象;在单个粒子的运动方面引入了最差粒子的失败经验,让群体中粒子有效避开最差解.仿真表明:改进算法在航路规划的应用中具有更强的搜索能力,获得的航路代价在进化代数相同的前提下更小.      

交互式多模型粒子滤波优化重采样算法

针对标准交互式多模型粒子滤波(IMMPF)算法中存在粒子退化及多样性匮乏问题,提出了交互式多模型粒子滤波优化重采样(IMMPFOR)算法,利用线性优化理论改善模型中具有小权值的粒子精度。该算法的新颖性体现在给定量测信息条件下,利用线性优化方法及模型交互概率将每个模型中拥有小权值的粒子替换成新的粒子。新的粒子既包含本模型中粒子信息,又包含了本模型与其他模型交互后的粒子信息。目标跟踪的仿真结果证明:每个模型新产生的粒子集合可以准确地近似真实状态后验概率密度函数,系统的估计精度与标准IMMPF算法相比有较大提升。     

基于波动光学的显微光场成像点扩散函数

光场Micro-PIV通过Lucy-Richardson（L-R）算法对光场图片进行反卷积重建,从而获得示踪粒子的三维坐标信息,准确的点扩散函数（PSF）是L-R算法完成重建的前提,而现有PSF模型不适用于光场Micro-PIV系统。为此,建立了基于波动光学的显微光场成像PSF模型,进行了数值仿真,获得了模拟PSF图像,并通过结构相似性算法计算了模拟PSF图像与实际PSF图像的相似度,进一步利用L-R算法结合PSF对单个粒子和不同浓度下示踪粒子的流场进行了三维重建。结果表明:模拟PSF图像与实际PSF图像相似度大于0.94,表明PSF模型具有较高的准确性;单个粒子的三维坐标误差在一个像素以内,并可准确地获得不同浓度下示踪粒子的三维坐标信息,进一步验证了模型的准确性,为光场Micro-PIV实现瞬时三维速度场测量奠定了基础。      

Global Hybrid Simulation of Magnetic Reconnection in the Magnetosheath

A three-dimensional (3-D) global hybrid simulation is carried out for the generation and structure of magnetic reconnection in the magnetosheath due to interaction of an interplanetary Tangential Discontinuity (TD) with the bow shock and magnetosphere. Runs are performed for solar wind TDs possessing different initial half-widths. As the TD propagates through the bow shock toward the magnetopause, it is greatly narrowed by a two-step compression processes, a "shock compression' followed by a subsequent ``convective compression'. In cases with a relatively thin solar wind TD, 3-D patchy reconnection is initiated in the transmitted TD, forming magnetosheath flux ropes. Multiple components of ion particles are present in the velocity distribution in the magnetosheath merging, accompanied by ion heating. For cases with a relatively wide initial TD, a dominant single X-line appears in the subsolar magnetosheath after the transmitted TD is narrowed. A shock analysis is performed for the detailed structure of magnetic reconnection in the magnetosheath. Rotational Discontinuity (RD)/Time-Dependent Intermediate Shock (TDIS) are found to dominate the reconnection layer, which and some weak slow shocks are responsible for the ion heating and acceleration.      

一种非合作目标模型快速测量方法

服务航天器跟踪、接近和捕获目标时,需要快速获取目标卫星局部模块的精密3D轮廓。文章研究了一种基于结构光的单目测量系统,能够同时满足三维测量速度快、精度高等需求。提出了一种黑白DeBruijn序列编码方法,使用单张相机图片就可以完成重建,采用黑白条纹,增强了对空间反射的抗干扰能力。相比较于双目测量方法,该方法认为投影装置模型和相机模型一致,省去了图像匹配步骤,有效减少了计算时间;采用迭代的方法对点云进行重建,不需要预先进行畸变校正。以卫星模型为目标,使用高速相机进行了重建试验,试验结果表明采用这种方法进行重建时,采集图像时间短,深度信息误差为0.0583mm,速度和精度都能满足非合作目标的三维测量要求。     

Transient effects of solar energetic particle flux enhancements on the inner magnetosphere of the earth

In one type of space weather, the sun emits intermittent enhancements of solar energetic particle (SEP) fluxes. A fraction of these fluxes that reach the envelope of geospace can be injected into the magnetospheric particle confinement region after transiting the geomagnetic tail domain, the polar cleft/cusp region, or directly through the front side magnetopause. Common for these processes is that they provide inward diffusive “leakage” whenever the immediate external flux environment is more intense than in the outer trapping region. Conversely, following injection events outward leakage can also occur whereby the confinement region becomes a source of Magnetosheath particles. Numerical modeling has been carried out to investigate the effects on the ambient fluxes in the Earth's radiation belts from this effect.     

Results of measurements of the response of a delta-doped CCD to neutral and charged particle beams

We report the measurements of the response of a delta-doped Charge Coupled Device (CCD) in imaging mode to beams of charged and neutral particles. That is, the detector imaged the incident beam over its 1024 × 1024 pixels, integrating the number of particles counted in each pixel during the exposure period. In order to count individual particles the exposure time would have had to be reduced considerably compared to the typical ?5 s used in these studies. Our CCD thus operated in a different manner than do conventional particle detectors such as the CEM and MCP that normally are used in a particle counting mode. The measurements were carried out over an energy range from 0.8 to 30 keV. The species investigated include H, H⁺, He⁺, N⁺, N₂⁺, and Ar⁺. The energy and ion mass covered wider ranges than previous measurements for the CCD. The results of these measurements show, as in the case of the previous measurement, for a given ion the CCD response increases with energy and for a given particle energy the response decreases with increasing mass of the particle. These results are in agreement with predictions of the theory of the range of ions in solids. The results also show the possibility for the application of the delta doped CCD as a detector for low energy particle measurements for space plasma physics applications.     

Phase transitions in a dusty plasma with two distinct particle sizes

In semiconductor manufacturing, contamination due to particulates significantly decreases the yield and quality of device fabrication, therefore increasing the cost of production. Dust particle clouds can be found in almost all plasma processing environments including both plasma etching devices and in plasma deposition processes. Dust particles suspended within such plasmas will acquire an electric charge from collisions with electrons and ions in the plasma. If the ratio of inter-particle potential energy to the average kinetic energy is sufficient, the particles will form either a “liquid” structure with short-range ordering or a crystalline structure with long-range ordering. Many experiments have been conducted over the past decade on such colloidal plasmas to discover the character of the systems formed, but more work is needed to fully understand these structures. The preponderance of previous experiments used monodisperse spheres to form complex plasma systems. However, most plasma processing environments contain more arbitrary distributions of particle size. In order to examine in more detail the effects of a size distribution, experiments were carried out in a GEC rf reference cell modified for use as a dusty plasma system. Using two monodisperse particle sizes, experiments were conducted to determine the manner in which phase transitions and other thermodynamic properties depended upon the overall dust grain size distribution. Plasma crystals were formed from different mixtures of 8.89 and 6.50 μm monodisperse particles in argon plasma. With the use of various optical techniques, the pair correlation function was determined at different pressures and powers and then compared to measurements obtained for monodisperse spheres.     

Effect of evaporation and solutocapillary-driven flow upon motion and resultant deposition of suspended particles in volatile droplet on solid substrate

Particle motion in a volatile droplet on a solid surface, especially the behavior of particles depositing in the vicinity of a solid–liquid–gas boundary line (contact line) is focused. This phenomenon is called the ‘coffee stain problem’. Motion and deposition of the particles suspended in distilled water droplets and distilled water–ethanol mixture droplets are discussed. The spatio-temporal particle motion is analyzed by the three-dimensional particle tracking velocimetry (3D PTV). A discussion of the morphology of the particles stuck to the solid surface after the dryout of the droplet is also given.     

基于混合粒子滤波的载波估计算法

针对粒子滤波载波估计算法的高复杂度、粒子退化及贫化问题,提出了一种基于混合粒子滤波的载波估计方法.该方法引入多阶马尔科夫模型,采用多个非零均值高斯分布的加权和来近似重要性函数的最佳选择,并根据最大后验概率准则规范粒子的迭代计算.仿真结果表明,在非高斯噪声环境下,低轨卫星通信TDMA/DEQPSK(Time Division Multiple Address/Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying)数据帧非合作接收载波估计时,与基于经典粒子滤波的载波估计算法相比,提高了粒子"效率",在误码性能相当的情况下,有效降低了计算复杂度.     

Effect of HF emission of the topside sounder transmitter aboard the COSMOS-1809 satellite on the ionospheric plasma

The experiment on investigation of effect of the HF emission (300 W) by the dipole antenna on the ionospheric plasma was carried out onboard the COSMOS-1809 satellite (1987). The sounder accelerated particles (SAP) at the electron cyclotron harmonics n · ω_cs and in the frequency region of antenna resonance were detected by the charged particle spectrometer.     

Operant responding following exposure to HZE particles and its relationship to particle energy and linear energy transfer

On exploratory class missions astronauts will be exposed to a variety of heavy particles (HZE particles) which differ in terms of particle energy and particle linear energy transfer. The present experiments were designed to evaluate how these physical characteristics of different particles affect cognitive performance, specifically operant responding. Following exposure to ²⁸Si, ⁴⁸Ti, ¹²C and ¹⁶O particles at the NASA Space Radiation Laboratory rats were tested for their ability to respond appropriately to changes in reinforcement schedules using an operant task. The results showed that the effectiveness of different particles in disrupting cognitive performance, defined as the lowest dose that produced a performance decrement, varied as a function of the energy of the specific particle: for comparisons between different energies of the same particle (e.g., ⁵⁶Fe) the effectiveness of the particle was directly proportional to particle linear energy transfer, whereas for comparisons between different particles (e.g., ⁵⁶Fe and ¹⁶O) effectiveness was inversely proportional to particle linear energy transfer. The results are discussed in terms of the mechanisms that influence the effectiveness of different particles and energies and in terms of their implications for analyzing the possible risks to astronauts of decrements in cognitive performance following exposure to HZE particles on long-duration exploratory class missions.     

Analysis of radiation risk from alpha particle component of solar particle events.

The solar particle events (SPE) will contain a primary alpha particle component, representing a possible increase in the potential risk to astronauts during an SPE over the often studied proton component. We discuss the physical interactions of alpha particles important in describing the transport of these particles through spacecraft and body shielding. Models of light ion reactions are presented and their effects on energy and linear energy transfer (LET) spectra in shielding discussed. We present predictions of particle spectra, dose, and dose equivalent in organs of interest for SPE spectra typical of those occurring in recent solar cycles. The large events of solar cycle 19 are found to have substantial increase in biological risk from alpha particles, including a large increase in secondary neutron production from alpha particle breakup.     

喷管两相流耦合数值模拟与粒子热增量预测

含有氧化铝粒子的两相流是固体火箭发动机喷管流场的重要特征.在有限体积方法框架下,采用基于热增量试验数据的粒子壁面反弹模型以及基于粒子轨道的单元内颗粒源(PSIC,Particle Source in Cell)两相流耦合算法,对喷管内两相流流场及粒子撞击产生的壁面热增量进行了计算和分析,研究了氧化铝粒子尺寸对粒子轨道分布和喷管壁面热增量分布的影响规律.研究结果表明:喷管扩张段内粒子稀疏区域范围随粒子直径增加而增大;粒子热增量只分布于喷管收缩段内,粒子直径越大,产生的壁面热增量越强.