卫星观测台风重力波数值模拟与直接对比验证

以ECMWF的T799资料作为WRF-ARW（V3.5）初始场,对卫星高光谱红外大气垂直探测器AIRS观测的2013年超强台风苏力激发平流层重力波过程进行数值模拟,并利用卫星观测对数值模拟结果进行了直接对比验证.数值模拟表明,该台风诱发的重力波在20~40km高度逆着东风背景流向东向上传播,在水平方向呈半圆弧状;大气的垂直扰动随着高度的增加而增强,在40km高度上达到0.5m·s-1.基于三维傅里叶变换的波谱分析表明,平流层重力波水平波长中心值在500km附近,周期为3~5h,垂直波长主要为10~26km.分析表明,在18~40km高度的净纬向动量通量为6.7×10-4~1.89×10-3Pa,背景流强迫计算值为-0.23~1.21m·s-1·d-1,且在18km和40km高度的数值较大.最后,基于辐射传输模式计算的直接对比表明,卫星观测与数值模拟同时揭示了激发的平流层波动可传至40km以上高度及距台风中心2000km以外的区域,且不同资料得到的波动形态、方位以及水平尺度具有较好的一致性.      

急流与低层大气重力波能量的相关性研究

通过分析武汉(30.5oN, 114oE)上空2000至2004年的Radiosonde常规观测数据, 对当地对流层(1~10 km)与低平流层(18~25km)的某些惯性重力波特征进行了研究, 发现重力波能量与急流强度变化之间存在显著的相关. 同时分析了海口(20oN, 114oE)(2000至2004年)、北京(40oN, 116oE)(2001年12月至2003年2 月)的Radiosonde观测数据并进行了比较, 发现较高纬度地区的相关性明显大于低纬度地区. 通过对武汉地区2006年1月5天Radiosonde加密观测数据的分析, 讨论了重力波动能与势能的高度变化, 进一步发现纬向风的垂直剪切与急流中心的分布分别与重力波势能和动能的强弱分布相对应.      

一种用于波长测量的数字式干涉仪

本文介绍了一种用来测量激光波长的简单的条纹计数式干涉仪,给出了几种激光谱线波长的测定值.它们是氦—氖、氩和氪激光谱线,由饱和吸收的碘蒸气所稳定,不准确性为2×10~(-8)(可信度99%)。     

1989年8月5日太阳边缘活动区之上的绿日冕线

我们观测了1989年8月5日博尔德编号5629号黑子群上方的、具有激发连续谱和明亮节点的绿日冕光谱线。根据连续谱强度估算其电子密度为3×10~9—10~(11)cm~(-3)。半宽达1.2A。不考虑湍流速度求得电子的运动温度为4—5×10~6K。沿视线方向辐射较强区域的大小是0.5×10~9cm。     

基于MST雷达数据的中纬对流层和低平流层大气行星波研究

通过分析中国河北香河站MST (Mesosphere-Stratosphere-Troposphere)雷达 2012-2014年的水平风场数据, 研究了北半球中纬地区对流层和低平流层 (Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere, TLS)区域大气行星波的特性. 谱分 析发现, 在这一区域准16天波和准10天波占据主导地位, 准16天波更为显著. 在 对流层区域, 行星波具有丰富的频谱成分, 活动具有间断性, 持续时间一般不 超过三个月, 并没有明显的季节性变化特征, 其中纬向分量的振幅大于经向分量. 在 平流层区域(高度17km以上), 行星波一般出现在冬季, 并且主要在纬向分量中. 通常平流层区域的振幅要小于对流层区域. 结合MERRA再分析资料分 析了强行星波传播特性, 结果表明: 2014年2-3月纬向分量中的准16天波垂 直向上传播, 垂直波长约为64km, 纬圈波数约为2, 纬向传播方向自西向东, 水平波长约为15324.7km, 对应的相速度为11.1m·s-1 (向东为正); 2014年5月纬向分量中的准10天波在10~18km高度范围内向下传播, 垂直波长约为50km, 纬圈波数约为1, 传播方向自西向东, 水平波长约为 30649.4km, 对应相速为35.5m·s-1.      

高稳氢钟锁相接收机

为了提高我所现有两台国产氢钟的频率稳定性,采用国内外新技术、新器件,重新研制了高稳定锁相接收机,介绍了锁相接收机的总体设计分析、锁相环路的设计计算,以及环路相位噪声的定量估算。实测结果表明,该锁相接收机的灵敏度优于—120dBm,噪声系数小于2dB。使用这种接收机后,在常温下测试的频率稳定性σ_y(1s)优于5×10~(-13),σ_y(10s)优于6×10~(-14),σ_y(100s)优于2×10~(-14)。     

AlGaAs激光器的频率稳定

本文主要报道AlGaAs激光器谱线宽度的测定及频率稳定方面现已完成的工作,并相应说明其有关的应用。实验证明,谱线宽度可以减窄至1MHz。曾采用法布里一珀罗(Fabry-Perot)干涉仪,水及铷~(85)吸收谱线作为参考标准,以改善长期(τ≥ls)频率稳定度,相应所达到的阿仑方差σ~2方根值的最小值分别为:2.0×10~(-11),1.1×10~(11)和1.4×10~(-12)(在τ=100s时)。采用外光栅的激光器,最佳σ为3.2×10~(-12)(在τ=100s时)。经多项试验已完成了改进短期频率稳定度(τ相似文献   

温度补偿晶体振荡器的调查和试验结果

为了评定中精密和高精密温度补偿晶体振荡器的使用价值和质量,购买了各种类型的振荡器并进行了试验。试验包括频率一温度稳定度和老化。我们发现,在稳定度为1—5×10~(-6)范围内的振荡器符合技术条件,只是老化特性的差别很大。在0.5×10~(-6)和1×10~(-6)之间的振荡器却不太顺利,有相当百分比的数量不满足技术条件要求。这些振荡器的老化比较好,但在很多情况下仍使人失望。没有发现价格和性能之间的相关性。用户已知道,在计划将振荡器用于系统之前,要对备用的振荡器仔细地加以测定和试验。     

基于SABER的平流层顶温度的时空特征分析

利用SABER探测器2002—2017年超过一个太阳活动周的数据,以大气垂直方向上40～60km的最大温度作为平流层顶温度（T_sp）,分析50°S—50°N T_sp的时空分布特征.结果表明:T_sp具有明显的纬度特征和季节特征,在赤道和南北半球夏季温度较高,而在南北半球冬季的40°—50°纬度附近温度有最低值.再利用EOF方法分析T_sp,发现其第一模态的解释率达91%,且时间系数与平流层顶高度相关性最大,为-0.75,与平流层顶臭氧体积混合比相关性约0.49,与日地距离相关性为0.44,与太阳活动性（太阳活动指数,太阳黑子数）的相关性约0.33.依据该相关关系,进一步分析各变量原始场,发现T_sp和平流层顶臭氧体积混合比的纬度变化近似相反;与日地距离的季节变化有明显的负相关,约-0.81,且这种相关性与日地距离有弱的正相关关系;年平均T_sp在2002—2017年的变化约为2K,与F_10.7的相关系数为0.6,在南北纬20°附近与太阳活动指数F_10.7的相关性最大,约0.74.      

用激光致冷的精确的~9Be+原子钟

在原子频标中采用激光致冷储存离子,因其大大地抑制了多普勒效应,将有可能达到非常高的准确度。利用~(201)Hg~+基态超精细跃迁的原子钟,其准确度与稳定度都可能超过1×10~(-15)量级。但用激光致冷的~9Be~+离子更易于用实验方法获得。所以,研究~9Be~+频标是为了研究离子储存频标中激光致冷的一般性问题。实验中约有300个~9Be~+离子储存在一彭宁陷阱(PenningTrap)中,用激光对其致冷。在～0.82T磁场时,观测到频率为303MHz的基态(MI,MJ)=(-3/2,1/2)→(-1/2,1/2)核自旋翻转超精细跃迁,其跃迁频率与一阶磁场无关。用时域Ramsey询问法测得线宽为25MHz。被锁定到该跃迁频率上的振荡器的稳定度达:采样时间间隔为400s<τ<3200s时(τ)≌2×10~(-11)。用测量离子速度分布的方法测定二阶多普勒频移约在5×10~(-14)量级。在本实验中,磁场不稳定性影响约在3×10~(-14)量级。所有其它系统误差估计皆小于3×10~(-14)。     

Learning in an immersive digital theater

The Houston Museum of Natural Science, in collaboration with Rice University has an outreach program taking portable digital theaters to schools and community sites for over five years and has conducted research on student learning in this immersive environment. By using an external independent evaluator, the effectiveness of NASA-funded Education and Public Outreach (EPO) projects can be assessed. This paper documents interactive techniques and learning strategies in full-dome digital theaters. The presentation is divided into Evaluation Strategies and Results and Interactivity Strategies and Results. All learners from grades 3–12 showed statistically significant short-term increase in knowledge of basic Earth science concepts after a single 22-min show. Improvements were more significant on items that were taught using more than one modality of instruction: hearing, seeing, discussion, and immersion. Thus immersive theater can be an effective as well as engaging teaching method for Earth and Space science concepts, particularly those that are intrinsically three-dimensional and thus most effectively taught in an immersive environment. The portable system allows taking the educational experience to rural and tribal sites where the underserved students could not afford the time or expense to travel to museums.     

Scaling analysis and model estimation of solar corona index

A monthly average solar green coronal index time series for the period from January 1939 to December 2008 collected from NOAA (The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) has been analysed in this paper in perspective of scaling analysis and modelling. Smoothed and de-noising have been done using suitable mother wavelet as a pre-requisite. The Finite Variance Scaling Method (FVSM), Higuchi method, rescaled range (R/S) and a generalized method have been applied to calculate the scaling exponents and fractal dimensions of the time series. Autocorrelation function (ACF) is used to find autoregressive (AR) process and Partial autocorrelation function (PACF) has been used to get the order of AR model. Finally a best fit model has been proposed using Yule-Walker Method with supporting results of goodness of fit and wavelet spectrum. The results reveal an anti-persistent, Short Range Dependent (SRD), self-similar property with signatures of non-causality, non-stationarity and nonlinearity in the data series. The model shows the best fit to the data under observation.     

Stochastic particle acceleration by the forced interaction of relativistic current sheets

We address the problem of interacting relativistic current sheets in self-consistent kinetic plasma simulations within the framework of the Particle-In-Cell model. The interaction is enforced in head-on collisions of up to 10 current sheets at relativistic bulk speeds. The simulations are motivated by the general problem of Poynting flux dissipation in ‘striped wind’ configurations presumably governing the relativistic outflows pervasive in pulsar winds and gamma-ray bursts. We identify the generation of non-thermal particles and formation of a stable power-law shape in the particle energy distributions f(γ) dγ ∝ γ^−s dγ. In 1D, a spectral index s ∼ 2 is observed and attributed to a stochastic Fermi-type acceleration mechanism. In 2D, the generic index of s ∼ 3–4 is retained as in previous simulations of individual current sheets. Whereas in 2D the high energy cut-off is constrained by the limited dissipation of magnetic energy, in 1D the process converts the bulk motion of current sheets towards directed particle momentum of an exclusive class of non-thermal particles.     

Development of a gas chromatography compatible Sample Processing System (SPS) for the in-situ analysis of refractory organic matter in martian soil: preliminary results

In the frame of the 2009 Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission a new sample preparation system (SPS) compatible with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) has been developed for the in situ analysis of complex organic molecules in the Martian soil. The goal is to detect, if they exist, some of the key compounds that play an important role in life on Earth including carboxylic acids, amino acids and nucleobases.     

Concept options for the aerial survey of Titan

Various aerial platforms intended for long endurance survey of the Titan surface are presented. A few novel concepts are introduced, including a heated methane balloon and a balloon with a tethered wind turbine. All the concept options are predicted to have lower scientific payload fractions than the Huygens probe. It is concluded that the selection of the best aerial platform option depends on more accurate mass estimates and a clear decision on whether, or not, in situ surface composition measurements are required in conjunction with aerial remote sensing.     

Heterogeneous solid/gas chemistry of organic compounds related to comets,meteorites, Titan,and Mars: Laboratory and in lower Earth orbit experiments

To understand the evolution of organic molecules involved in extraterrestrial environments and with exobiological implications, many experimental programs in the laboratory are devoted to photochemical studies in the gaseous phase as well as in the solid state. The validity of such studies and their applications to extraterrestrial environments can be questioned as long as experiments conducted in space conditions, with the full solar spectrum, especially in the short wavelength domain, have not been implemented. The experiments that are described here will be carried out on a FOTON capsule, using the BIOPAN facility, and on the International Space Station, using the EXPOSE facility. Vented and sealed exposition cells will be used, which will allow us to study the chemical evolution in the gaseous phase as well as heterogeneous processes, such as the degradation of solid compounds and the release of gaseous fragments.     

基于LuGre模型的电液加载系统摩擦补偿

为了提高电液加载系统控制精度,针对摩擦问题提出了基于LuGre摩擦模型的前馈补偿方法.建立了用于摩擦仿真分析和补偿器设计的电液加载系统数学模型;通过实验获取并分析了相关的摩擦数据;基于实验数据进行LuGre模型参数辨识,把LuGre模型和辨识结果引入电液加载系统数学模型,并进行仿真结果与实际摩擦数据的对照,证明了LuGre摩擦模型的准确性.设计前馈补偿器,进行了实验对比,实验结果表明前馈补偿器可将摩擦产生的控制误差有效地降至未补偿时的30%左右.      

CoRoT and Kepler results: Solar-like oscillators

The space-borne observatories CoRoT (Convection Rotation and planetary Transits) and Kepler have provided photometric time series data of unprecedented precision for large numbers of stars. These data have revolutionized the fields of transiting exoplanets and asteroseismology. In this review some important asteroseismic results obtained using data from the CoRoT and Kepler space missions concerning stars that show solar-like oscillations are discussed. These results comprise, among others, measurements of the location of the base of the convection zone and helium second-ionization zone in main-sequence stars, the presence (or not) of core-helium burning in red-giant stars, as well as differential rotation in these stars.     

The ESA scientific programme

The ESA scientific programme has, so far, provided several significant astrophysics experiments and further important missions are scheduled for execution during the next decade. These missions are briefly summarised together with several astrophysics investigations presently under study.     

Return to Europa: Overview of the Jupiter Europa orbiter mission

Missions to explore Europa have been imagined ever since the Voyager mission first suggested that Europa was geologically very young. Subsequently, the Galileo spacecraft supplied fascinating new insights into this satellite of Jupiter. Now, an international team is proposing a return to the Jupiter system and Europa with the Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM). Currently, NASA and ESA are designing two orbiters that would explore the Jovian system and then each would settle into orbit around one of Jupiter’s icy satellites, Europa and Ganymede. In addition, the Japanese Aerospace eXploration Agency (JAXA) is considering a Jupiter magnetospheric orbiter and the Russian Space Agency is investigating a Europa lander.