电离层Es电波传播模型研究

考虑大气折射的影响,对不同高度Es层条件下大圆路径传播距离与仰角的关系进行计算.基于电离层Es电子密度时空分布特点,建立高阶Es反射模型;运用高阶修正贝塞尔函数表示电离层Es电子密度扰动的自相关函数,综合考虑电离层Es各向异性结构的尺度关系,建立高阶Es散射模型.仿真计算Es层VHF斜入射传播衰减与频率、距离的关系.对于反射模型,Es层厚度越厚,电波衰减越大.对于散射模型,Es层不规则体水平尺度相同,垂直水平漂移的尺度越大,衰减越大;而垂直水平漂移的尺度相同,水平尺度越大,衰减越小.无论反射模型还是散射模型,f₀E_s越高,衰减越小;电波工作频率越高,衰减越大.对比建立的模型与VHF链路的测量结果,明确不同强度的电离层Es反射/散射机制,证明了建立模型的正确性.      

电离层Es离子分布数值建模

从离子连续性方程和动量方程出发,比较全面地考虑了太阳光电离、星光电离、地冕电离、星际背景电离和流星离子流等电离源,综合分析Es层的主要动力学过程和光化学过程,以风剪切理论为基础,研究中性成分碰撞、电场作用、金属离子作用和分子离子作用等机制对离子分布的影响,建立了一维时变电离层Es物理模型.对离子产生率、垂直方向的离子速度在高度和时间上的变化进行仿真和计算,得到了在电场及风剪切作用下的离子密度剖面24h内的变化规律.根据建立的模型,以昆明相干散射雷达观测的径向风结果作为模型输入参考,仿真并得到了电离层Es电子密度的时空分布,据此反演出电离层Es临界频率f₀E_s.与昆明站电离层测高仪同时间观测的情况进行对比,结果比较一致,验证了建立的Es层物理模型正确性.      

卡尔曼滤波和自相关分析方法短期预报电离层f0F2的比较

电离层参数f₀F₂的预报是电离层研究的一个重要方向.本文选取2011年北京、长春、青岛和苏州四个常规观测站的f₀F₂数据,分别采用卡尔曼滤波、自相关分析法和国际参考电离层模型（IRI）对f₀F₂实施短期预报（提前1h预报）,并通过与实际观测数据的对比,对三种方法预报f₀F₂的性能进行了比较.研究结果表明,在磁平静时期,采用卡尔曼滤波方法进行f₀F₂预报的均方误差为0.532MHz,相对误差8.11%,比国际电离层参考模型的均方误差和相对误差分别降低1.47MHz和14.58%;采用自相关分析方法进行f₀F₂预报的均方根误差为0.967MHz,相对误差11.46%,比国际电离层参考模型的均方误差和相对误差分别降低1.035MHz和11.23%.比较结果说明二者对f₀F₂短期预报的精度相对于国际电离层参考模型均有大幅提升.对磁暴期间三种方法的预测性能做了进一步比较,试验结果表明卡尔曼滤波短期预报性能总体上优于自相关分析法,这为f₀F₂短期预报的方法选择提供了一定指导.      

东亚地区Es特性研究

Es是发生在电离层E层高度上的偶发不规则结构,其电子密度最高可达E层背景电子密度的100倍以上. 远东地区是全球Es的高发区,其相关研究具有独特性和典型性,该地区Es形态学特性的深入研究对于探索Es成因及揭示其本质具有重要意义. 本文利用中国电离层垂测网50余年的垂测数据,结合日本垂测网数据对东亚地区Es的强度特性、空间分布特性、日变化、季节变化以及长期变化趋势进行了深入分析,得到一些有意义的结论.      

曲靖地区电离层多参数变化特征

利用电波环境观测网曲靖站电离层垂直探测仪数据（2008－2018）,分析了该站电离层多参数（包括f_min,f₀E_s,h'E_s,f₀E,f₀F₁,f₀F₂,h'F,MUF(3000)F₂等）随太阳活动、季节、地方时的变化特征。结果表明,f_min,f₀E_s,h'E_s随太阳活动变化不明显,f₀E,f₀F₁,f₀F₂,h'F,MUF(3000)F₂与太阳活动变化具有相关性,f₀F₂经常发生日落增强现象,同时各自具有独立性;与拉萨、乌鲁木齐地区f₀F₂,h'F,f₀E_s变化特征对比,发现地方时与月份变化趋势相同,但是极值出现的位置有所不同,这可能与各地区的地理纬度和地形等因素有关;h'F夜间大于白天,在日出日落时段有突然上升现象,冬季的h'F一般都小于其他季节;MUF(3000)F₂与f₀F₂的变化特征相似,白天值高于夜晚值,春秋分季高于夏冬季,太阳活动高年日落后MUF(3000)F₂一直维持较高值并持续到03:00－04:00 LT。      

Galileo卫星导航系统广播Nequick模型及其参数拟合

提出了基于IGRF模型的Galileo广播Nequick模型及其参数拟合算法, 解决了Galileo信号仿真中地理场景映射与地磁坐标下的电离层延时修正参数拟合问题. 应用IGRF模型, 可计算出任意给定位置和时间点的地磁参数以及E层、 F₁层、F₂层的电子密度, 从而计算出Galileo电离层修正参数. 仿真结果表明, 该算法拟合的全球电离层延时与IGS提供的实际观测值基本一致, 仿真精度高于一般的经验电离层模型, 实现了Galileo卫星信号的电离层延时修正参数的精确仿真.      

TIEGCM集合卡尔曼滤波同化模型设计及初步试验

选择参数化的电离层热层理论模型TIEGCM作为背景模型,基于COSMIC掩星观测的电子密度廓线数据,应用集合卡尔曼滤波方法建立全球电离层电子密度同化模型,实现了全球电离层的电子密度同化.同化结果表明,该同化模型能将观测资料有效同化到背景模式中,获得全球三维电离层电子密度.与背景模式相比,同化得到的电子密度相对于观测值的偏差显著下降.对于有同化和无同化参与的试验,N_mF₂的标准偏差分别降低约60%和20%.此外,分组同化与同时同化的结果对比显示,平均偏差改善基本一致,同时同化后的标准偏差在峰值高度以上略有减小.      

基于最大似然估计的远紫外遥感反演电离层电子密度算法

原子氧135.6 nm夜气辉主要由氧离子O+与电子的辐射复合反应生成,一些星载远紫外遥感观测任务证实135.6 nm夜气辉可用于反演电离层电子密度。针对远紫外临边遥感观测反演电离层电子密度,分析了135.6 nm夜气辉辐射强度与电子密度之间的非线型前向模型,基于离散反演理论设计了从夜间135.6 nm临边观测数据反演电子密度高度分布的反演算法,算法应用最大似然估计通过迭代求解电离层参数的最佳拟合值。通过仿真计算了TIMED卫星上全球紫外成像仪GUVI观测的反演结果,验证了本反演算法的可行性。对GUVI的实际观测数据进行反演,获得了电子密度高度分布。通过与GUVI数据的电离层参数对比分析得出,本文建立的反演模型使N_mF₂被高估,同时使h_mF₂被低估。对于不同的太阳活动强度,N_mF₂和 h_mF₂的系统误差分别在10%和5%以内,能较精确地获得电离层参数。精确获得电离层电子密度信息对于提高空间天气预报及电离层模型的修正具有重要意义。      

一种电离层场向不规则体各向异性散射模型

电离层场向不规则体散射具有很强的方向性, 利用电离层场向不规则体散 射进行VHF频段超视距通信时, 需要准确可靠地确定其散射分布特性及路径损 耗等参数. 基于电离层不规则体场向散射的特点, 以地球地磁场为坐标系统, 提出了一种电离层场向不规则体各向异性散射模型, 该模型能够计算前向和后 向散射链路的路径损耗分布、时延展宽和相干带宽等参数, 同时运用该模型对 雷达横向截面的计算结果与已有文献的数据结果进行对比, 证明了该模型的准确性. 该模型能够计算电离层场向不规则体VHF频段的散射分布及路径损耗等参数, 为VHF散射通信链路的设计、布站提供依据和技术指导.      

夜间135.6 nm气辉反演的电离层f0F2与测高仪观测比较研究

在夜间电离层，气辉135.6 nm谱线主要由F层的O⁺和电子的辐射复合过程以及O⁺和O^–的中性复合过程激发，该谱线强度和电离层峰值电子密度Nm F₂存在很强的相关性。利用夜气辉135.6 nm辐射强度与F₂层峰值电子密度Nm F₂的平方成正比的物理模型，建立了在不同经纬度、地方时、季节和太阳活动下均适用的反演算法。通过DMSP卫星上搭载的紫外光谱成像仪(SSUSI)实际观测的135.6 nm气辉辐射强度来反演相应时空的电离层F₂层临界频率f₀F₂，并将其与地基测高仪探测结果做了综合对比。结果表明，在太阳活动高年(2013年)，相对误差小于等于20%的数据占比93.0%，平均相对误差约为7.08%；在太阳活动低年(2017年)，相对误差小于等于20%的数据占比80.8%，平均相对误差约为12.64%。最后，对该算法在太阳活动高低年的反演精度差异进行了分析。     

Fading in the HF ionospheric channel and the role of irregularities

It is well known that the ionosphere affects radio wave propagation especially in the high frequency (HF) range. HF radio waves reflected by the ionosphere can reach considerable distances, often with changes in amplitude, phase, and frequency. The ionosphere is a dispersive in frequency and time, bi-refractive, absorbing medium, in which multipath propagation due to traveling irregularities is very frequent. The traveling irregularities undulate the reflecting ionospheric layer, introducing variations in signal amplitude (fading). In this multipath time variant channel fading is mainly considered, even though it is not the sole effect. Echo signals from a single reflection, as in ionospheric vertical sounding (VIS) techniques, are affected by a certain degree of variability even in quiet ionospheric conditions. In this work the behavior of the ionospheric channel is studied and characterized by observing the power variation of received echoes using the VIS technique. Multipath fading was analyzed quantifying the power variation of the signal echo due to irregularities on a temporal scale from 0.5 to 256 s. An experimental set-up derived from an ionosonde was implemented and the analysis was performed employing a special numerical algorithm operating off-line on the acquired time sequence of the signal. The gain-loss of the irregularity shapes are determined in some special cases.     

Impact of heliogeophysical disturbances on ionospheric HF channels

The article presents the results of the observation of a strong magnetic storm and two X-ray flares during the summer solstice in 2015, and their impact on the HF signals characteristics in ionospheric oblique sounding. It was found that the negative phase of the magnetic storm led to a strong degradation of the ionospheric channel, ultimately causing a long blackout on paths adjacent to subauroral latitudes. On mid-latitude paths, the decrease in 1FMOF reached ～50% relative to the average values for the quiet ionosphere. It is shown that the propagation conditions via the sporadic Es layer during the magnetic storm on a subauroral path are substantially better than those for F-mode propagation via the upper ionosphere. The delay of the sharp decrease in 1FMOF during the main phase of the magnetic storm allowed us to determine the propagation velocity of the negative phase disturbances (～100 m/s) from subauroral to mid-latitude ionosphere along two paths: Lovozero – Yoshkar-Ola and Cyprus – Nizhny Novgorod. It is shown that both the LOF and the signal/noise ratio averaged over the frequency band corresponding to the propagation mode via the sporadic Es layer correlate well with the auroral AE index. Using an over-the-horizon chirp radar with a bistatic configuration on the Cyprus – Rostov-on-Don path, we located small-scale scattering irregularities responsible for abnormal signals in the region of the equatorial boundary of the auroral oval.     

月球电离层掩星探测研究

日本SELENE/KAGUYA探测任务提供了研究月球电离层的机会。采用无线电掩星探测技术和趋势外推算法,消除地球电离层和行星际等离子体的干扰影响,残余的信号相位信息的变化反映了月球电离层的信息,估算出月球周围附近近似对称分布的稀薄电离层中电子总含量(TEC)约为每立方米10-14个。     

Research on the disturbance of ballistic missile to ionosphere by using 3D ray tracing method

This study uses the 3D ray tracing to analyse ionospheric disturbance generated by a ballistic missile plume (which was simulated in our previous work). Ray tracing results show that the 6 MHz radio waves are completely reflected by the ionosphere and cannot reach the ionospheric disturbance zone. The 8 MHz radio waves partially penetrate the ionospheric disturbance zone, producing a focusing effect. Most of the 10 MHz radio waves pass through the ionosphere and the disturbance zone. The focusing effect and focus height are reduced. In the height range 65̃400 km, the ray absorption loss of reflection is greater than the transmitted ray. When the ray is reflected multiple times in the cavity formed by the plume, ray absorption loss greatly increases.     

大功率高频无线电波对赤道E区双流不稳定性的影响--PIC静电粒子模拟研究

地面入射的大功率高频无线电波(泵波)和电离层等离子体之间的参数相互作用，能够引起静电波的激发，在一定条件下，产生不稳定性．本文用PIC静电粒子模拟方法，研究泵波与赤道电离层E区等离子体的相互作用．研究结果表明，泵波能够控制双流不稳定性的发生，在不同条件下，泵波对双流不稳定性起着稳定与不稳作用，模拟结果定性地与理论研究结果相符合，这为我们对不规则体产生的地面人工控制提供了依据．     

An experiment to study solar flare effects on radio-communication signals

The occurrence of radio signal fading events caused by ionospheric absorption plays an important role in the performance of radio-communication systems. It is necessary to know the magnitude and time-scale of such events in order to specify technical parameters of the communication system to be used. Generally, fading events are associated with solar flares, which are characterized by sudden increase in the solar X-ray flux that causes an increase in the ionization in the lower ionosphere. The abrupt increase of ionization causes the absorption of radio waves propagating in the Earth–ionosphere wave-guide and is reported as radio signal fading events. A simple experiment to monitor the behavior of lower ionosphere has been carried out at the Southern Space Observatory-SSO/INPE (29.43°S, 53.8°W), located in southern Brazil. The experiment is basically a computer controlled radio receiver that records the received signal strength of Amplitude Modulated (AM) radio signals in the HF (High Frequencies) range. We analyzed data of the 6 MHz beacon signal that has been transmitted by a broadcasting radio station located about 400 km from the observation site. In this work we present initial results of daily variation of the received signal strength and fading events associated with solar flares observed in the 6 MHz signal monitored by the experiment during 2001. X-ray solar flux data from the GOES-8 satellite were used to identify X-ray solar bursts associated with solar flares. Based on the one-year data collected by the experiment, a statistical summary of fading occurrences and their correlation with solar flares, as well as the distributions of time-scales and magnitudes of such events are presented.     

Lower ionosphere response to external forcing: A brief review

There are two ways of external forcing of the lower ionosphere, the region below an altitude of about 100 km: (1) From above, which is directly or indirectly of solar origin. (2) From below, which is directly or indirectly of atmospheric origin. The external forcing of solar origin consists of two general factors – solar ionizing radiation variability and space weather. The solar ionization variability consist mainly from the 11-year solar cycle, the 27-day solar rotation and solar flares, strong flares being very important phenomenon in the daytime lower ionosphere due to the enormous increase of the solar X-ray flux resulting in temporal terminating of MF and partly LF and HF radio wave propagation due to heavy absorption of radio waves. Monitoring of the sudden ionospheric disturbances (SIDs – effects of solar flares in the lower ionosphere) served in the past as an important tool of monitoring the solar activity and its impacts on the ionosphere. Space weather effects on the lower ionosphere consist of many different but often inter-related phenomena, which govern the lower ionosphere variability at high latitudes, particularly at night. The most important space weather phenomenon for the lower ionosphere is strong geomagnetic storms, which affect substantially both the high- and mid-latitude lower ionosphere. As for forcing from below, it is caused mainly by waves in the neutral atmosphere, i.e. planetary, tidal, gravity and infrasonic waves. The most important and most studied waves are planetary and gravity waves. Another channel of the troposphere coupling to the lower ionosphere is through lightning-related processes leading to sprites, blue jets etc. and their ionospheric counterparts. These phenomena occur on very short time scales. The external forcing of the lower ionosphere has observationally been studied using predominantly ground-based methods exploiting in various ways the radio wave propagation, and by sporadic rocket soundings. All the above phenomena are briefly mentioned and some of them are treated in more detail.     

Physical and model interpretation of HF radio propagation on the St. Petersburg–Longyearbyen (Svalbard) path

HF radio wave observations have been carried out with an oblique ionospheric sounding (OIS) method on the radio path from St. Petersburg to Longyearbyen (Svalbard), and experimental ionograms were obtained for December 2001. These ionograms have been analysed to investigate the impact of the main ionospheric trough (MIT) and magnetic disturbances on the signals on this path. The observations during weakly disturbed (K_р = 2) magnetic conditions on 14–15 December 2001 were compared with predictions from ray-tracing through a numerical model of the ionosphere. The ray-tracing computer program synthesizes the OIS ionograms by means of the “shooting method”. This method calculates trajectories of HF radio waves for different values of elevation angle and transmission frequency. There was a variety of calculated trajectories, from which we choose those which reach the receiver, and the selected paths provide a synthesis of the oblique ionograms. To simulate HF radio wave propagation, we apply a three-dimensional distribution of the electron density calculated with the mathematical model of the high-latitude ionosphere developed in the Polar Geophysical Institute (PGI). These numerical simulations permit us to interpret specific peculiarities of the OIS data such as abnormal propagation modes, increased delays of signals, enhanced MOF (maximum observed frequency) values etc. New results of the study are summarised as follows. (1) An unusual feature of the propagation along the path is the change of propagation mechanism during substorms on entering a path midpoint (or 1-hop reflection point) to the MIT. (2) Even weak substorms, having the distinguished intensities, lead to the appearance of different types of irregularities observed by the CUTLASS radar and therefore to the different propagation modes and F2MOF values. (3) The PGI model of the ionosphere was first used for ray-tracing at high latitudes. The model results are basically in a good qualitative agreement with experimental observations. This model provides the satisfactory agreement between the calculated and experimental F2MOF values while not correctly representing the fine structure of the experimental OIS ionograms at night. An agreement between the calculated and experimental data is better for day and evening hours than at night.     

关于甚低频无线电波在电离层中衰减的计算

对甚低频无线电波在电离层中由碰撞引起的衰减进行了分析计算．利用二维傅里叶变换的方法,导出了衰减量随电子的碰撞频率、波的工作频率和地磁场的方向变化的解析表达式．给出了不同地磁场方向下衰减量随工作频率变化的数值结果．