长波传播时延特性及差分授时可行性分析

针对长波传播路径的复杂性以及气象条件的实时性变化导致长波传播时延难以精确预测,从而影响长波授时精度的问题。鉴于长波传播时延影响因素在一定空间范围内具有缓慢变化的特点,可以将差分方法应用于长波授时。利用标校过的长波接收机在不同传播距离上进行路径时延的静态测试,邻近测试点同时采集数据用于传播时延特性以及差分授时可行性的分析。实测数据表明,测试点测量的精确传播时延并不是恒定值,在一天各时段内会有些许波动,滤波后波动范围不超过60ns,这是由于传播路径上气象条件、传播介质的电参数等因素实时变化的结果;邻近测试点在相同时间段内具有相似的变化趋势,对两点测量数据Kalman滤波后的相关系数大于0.7,体现为高度的线性相关。综合分析可得:在一定范围内,气象条件、传播介质的电参数、地形起伏等因素近似相同,长波传播时延具有一定的时间空间相关性,可以利用差分方法消除传播路径上的实时变化,提高长波授时精度。     

长河二号授时监测接收机设计与实现

长波授时系统是目前国际上授时精度较高的大型地基无线电授时服务系统，其授时信号采用罗兰C信号发播体制，具有作用距离远、稳定性好、可靠性高、抗干扰能力强等优点。针对GNSS信号在某些特定区域易被干扰、易失锁的问题，设计并实现了一种长河二号授时监测接收机，采用信号完好性检测、ASF（附加二次相位因子）时延修正等技术，实现了高精度、高可靠长波授时与时差监测，可作为GNSS授时的重要补充手段。     

长河二号授时监测接收机设计与实现

长波授时系统是目前国际上授时精度较高的大型地基无线电授时服务系统,其授时信号采用罗兰C信号发播体制,具有作用距离远、稳定性好、可靠性高、抗干扰能力强等优点。针对GNSS信号在某些特定区域易被干扰、易失锁的问题,设计并实现了一种长河二号授时监测接收机,采用信号完好性检测、ASF(附加二次相位因子)时延修正等技术,实现了高精度、高可靠长波授时与时差监测,可作为GNSS授时的重要补充手段。     

GNSS实时动态授时精度分析

基于GNSS载波相位观测值的实时动态授时，可有效规避PPP授时对实时精密轨道和钟差产品的依赖问题，对短距离动、静态高精度时间用户具有重要意义。为了更好地验证GNSS实时动态授时性能，基于中国科学院国家授时中心时间频率资源和三个GNSS跟踪站长达2个月的观测数据，以GPS系统为例开展了授时试验。与事后PPP时间传递相比，实时动态授时结果差异STD优于0.15ns；与光纤双向时间传递结果相比，实时动态授时结果差异STD优于0.5ns。试验表明，GNSS实时动态授时精度能够达到亚纳秒量级，可为下一步推广应用提供重要参考。     

BPL长波附加二次相位因子采集与建模

分析了长波BPL授时传播误差,设计了一个定点附加二次相位因子(ASF)传播误差数据实时采集系统。对误差模型进行了系统辨识研究,研究结果表明定点附加二次相位因子(ASF)误差基本属于平稳随机过程。并运用时间序列分析方法对BPL长波传播中附加二次相位因子(ASF)进行研究,取得初步模型数据,得到一些有益的结论,为获得的模型数据为进行ASF误差的预测及扣除其对长波BPL授时影响,提高授时精度的研究提供了依据。     

GNSS电离层模型改正精度评估与分析

电离层时延误差是导航定位信号在空间传播路径上的主要误差源之一,因此全面了解GNSS电离层模型的改正精度具有一定现实意义.根据GPS,BDS和Galileo系统所采用的电离层修正模型,利用2014年电离层校正参数,以高精度全球电离层图为基准,评估分析了三大系统电离层时延的改正精度.结果表明:目前GNSS使用的几种电离层修正模型的改正率在65~75%左右;Galileo系统使用的第二版NeQuick模型与第一版NeQuick模型相比在修正精度上并无显著提高;GPS使用的Klobuchar 8参数模型在北半球25°-45°N的中纬度地区精度很高,但是在全球其他区域精度较低,分布性较差,而NeQuick模型全球改正率分布则较为平均且平滑.      

基于TDC和ARM的高精度北斗授时系统设计

针对已有的电力、通信等授时系统精度较低的问题,设计了一种基于TDC和ARM的高精度北斗授时系统。该系统以STM32F2xx/STM32F4xx芯片作为核心信号处理器,对比标准1PPS与1PPS的相位差,结合TDC对时间延时的高精度测量技术,采用PID算法调整本地OCXO压控值,使OCXO输出稳定的时钟频率,进而达到高精度授时目的。目前,北斗接收机授时精度一般优于50ns,而授时精度低于20ns即达到高精度授时标准。实验结果表明,该方法授时精度能达到13ns,能够实现北斗高精度授时。     

北斗/GNSS高精度时频终端测试方法探讨

基于虚拟仪器技术、网络技术和批量化测量技术,探讨北斗/GNSS高精度时频应用终端的测试手段;提出应用测试模块化和VXI/PXI/LXI总线技术的测试设计方案,该方案具有多路标准时间频率参考信号一致性设计和网络远程测试校准设计;同时,提出北斗/GNSS高精度时频终端测试校准系统的结构设计及其应用模式。这将能有效提高北斗/GNSS时频终端测试的集成化和智能化水平。     

机载GNSS海洋反射信号的建模与仿真

由于全球导航卫星系统反射(GNSS-R)机载试验耗费大和重复性差,需研制GNSS-R信号模拟器,但没有相应的反射信号模型。提出了一种基于数据拟合的机载GNSS海洋反射信号建模方法。首先,对复杂的GNSS海面反射信号进行近似简化。然后利用ZV模型生成的时延相关功率曲线,通过最小二乘拟合和非线性拟合,建立了多条等时延间隔的海洋反射信号功率衰减模型,从而得到机载GNSS海洋反射信号的时延、功率、多普勒频率参数。最后,对多条反射信号的合路信号进行相关的仿真验证。验证的结果表明模拟的14条反射信号的相关功率曲线与ZV模型理论曲线的相关系数优于0.99,能够有效地用于GNSS海洋反射信号的生成。该方法可根据海面风场、浪高、波高等海面信息,模拟不同海况的海洋反射信号,为GNSS-R信号模拟器的研制奠定基础。     

一种基于探测器下行信号融合处理的无线电干涉测量方法

针对深空探测器常用下行信号体制,结合无线电干涉测量特点,提出了一种基于探测器DOR信标信号和数传信号融合处理的干涉测量方法。该方法首先通过相关处理得到DOR信号和数传信号的差分相位,利用DOR信号进行带宽综合得到时延估计,并构建时延模型;然后,利用时延模型得到DOR信号与数传信号在数传载波处的相位差,并以此对数传信号差分相位进行补偿;最后,利用DOR信号差分相位和补偿后的数传信号差分相位进行带宽综合,实现高精度干涉测量。深空探测网数据处理结果表明融合处理后时延估计随机误差明显降低;但受介质时延误差影响,融合处理对系统时延精度的改善幅度有所减小。该方法仅通过改进干涉测量数据处理方法即实现了时延估计随机误差的改善,不仅提高了信号使用效率,而且增强了航天测控系统的鲁棒性,在应急测控背景下具有特殊意义。     

量子电压的发展及应用

本文通过对直流电压国家副基准、可编程约瑟夫森直流电压标准、可编程量子低频电压标准、宽量程量子化电压标准、脉冲驱动型量子电压标准及便携式免液氦量子电压标准的描述，主要介绍了我国量子电压副基准的历史、现状、今后的发展及应用前景。     

长河二号信号的准TOC及其时差改正

对于目前无TOC时刻的长河二号导航信号 ,提出如何自定义准TOC时刻、计算TOC历表 ,测定准TOC时刻导航信号参考脉冲与UTC整秒间的时刻差 ;以便在GPS技术测量长河二号地波传播时延、推求大地电导率的实验研究中应用。其思路和方法可供长波定时用户利用长河二号导航信号进行“长河二号与BPL”或“长河二号与GPS”组合定时应用参考。     

Deformation monitoring using GNSS-R technology

GNSS reflectometry (GNSS-R) has been widely studied in recent years for various applications, such as soil moisture monitoring, biomass analysis, and sea state monitoring. This paper presents the concept of a novel application of using GNSS-R technology for deformation monitoring. Instead of installing GNSS on the deformation body to sense the movement, GNSS-R deformation monitoring system estimates the deformation from receiving GNSS signal reflected by the deformation body remotely. A prototype of GNSS-R deformation monitoring system has been developed based on GNSS software receiver technology. A 3D geometrical model of GNSS signal reflection has been used to reveal the relationship between the change of carrier phase difference and deformation. After compensating the propagation path delay changes caused by satellite movement, the changes in the remaining carrier phase difference are linked to the deformation. Field tests have been carried using the GNSS-R system developed and the results show sub-centimeter level deformation can be observed with the new technology. Unlike other GNSS deformation monitoring methods, GNSS-R receivers are not installed on the slope which makes this new technology more attractive.     

Demonstration of a high sensitivity GNSS software receiver for indoor positioning

Advances in signal processing techniques contributed to the significant improvements of GNSS receiver performance in dense multipath environments and created the opportunities for a new category of high-sensitivity GNSS (HS-GNSS) receivers that can provide GNSS location services in indoor environments. The difficulties in improving the availability, reliability, and accuracy of these indoor capable GNSS receivers exceed those of the receivers designed for the most hostile urban canyon environments. The authors of this paper identified the vector tracking schemes, signal propagation statistics, and parallel processing techniques that are critical to a robust HS-GNSS receiver for indoor environments and successfully incorporated them into a fully functional high-sensitivity software receiver. A flexible vector-based receiver architecture is introduced to combine these key indoor signal processing technologies into GSNRx-hs™ – the high sensitivity software navigation receiver developed at the University of Calgary. The resulting receiver can perform multi-mode vector tracking in indoor environment at various levels of location and timing uncertainties. In addition to the obvious improvements in time-to-first-fix (TTFF) and signal sensitivity, the field test results in indoor environments surrounded by wood, glass, and concrete showed that the new techniques effectively improved the performance of indoor GNSS positioning. With fine GNSS timing, the proposed receiver can consistently deliver indoor navigation solution with the horizontal accuracy of 2–15 m depending on the satellite geometry and the indoor environments. If only the coarse GNSS timing is available, the horizontal accuracy of the indoor navigation solution from the proposed receiver is around 30 m depending on the coarse timing accuracy, the satellite geometry, and the indoor environments. From the preliminary field test results, it has been observed that the signal processing sensitivity is the dominant factor on the availability of the indoor navigation solution, while the GNSS timing accuracy is the dominant factor on the accuracy of the indoor navigation solution.     

艇载声波测量临近空间风场可行性分析

提出一种临近空间艇载原位测量大气风场的新方法,该方法利用声波传播时延差测量临近空间大气风场.介绍了该方法的原理,分析了测风误差来源和测风精度.通过分析声波在临近空间高度的衰减,对信号载波频率和传播距离进行了选择,并对不同信噪比条件下声波时延估计精度进行了仿真分析.结果表明:在临近空间20~50km高度,传播距离为2~5m,距离测量精度为1mm,平台测速精度为0.1m·s-1,信噪比优于-2dB条件下,时延估计精度优于1μs,利用该方法测风精度能达到0.2m·s-1的较高水平.      

基于信道复用方法的GNSS共视信号模拟

全球导航卫星系统（GNSS）共视（CV）技术应用中需要对GNSS共视信号进行模拟仿真,可以降低对共视接收机和共视算法进行测试过程中的成本。为此,提出了一种基于信道复用方法的GNSS共视信号的双路信号模拟方法。首先,对GNSS共视技术原理进行了分析。然后,根据GNSS直射信号的模拟思路,设计了基于GNSS直射信号模拟器的GNSS共视信号模拟方法,对共视信号传播过程中可能产生的误差进行了分析。最后,对零基线、短基线、长基线3种场景下仿真的共视信号,以及实场采集的试验数据进行了验证分析。验证的结果表明,仿真的GNSS共视信号定位准确,定位精度在米级;共视比对结果均方根值（RMS）精度优于12 ns,可以进行共视法时间传递,证明了提出的共视信号模拟方法能够有效地用于GNSS共视信号生成。对GNSS共视信号模拟器、共视接收机的研制和共视算法的研究具有一定的理论参考意义和实际应用价值。      

长波定时ASF修正的GIS软件

论述的长波定时ASF修正的GIS软件能快速数字化可视化显示和调用服务区域的地形地理信息、大地电参数和大气折射率等多种数据源。使用此软件可以非常方便容易地用不同模型计算在广阔区域接收到的多个长波信号在各种典型路径上的ASF和地波传播时间延迟,并提高定时精度。     

Study of long path VLF signal propagation characteristics as observed from Indian Antarctic station,Maitri

To examine the quality and propagation characteristics of the Very Low Frequency (VLF) radio waves in a very long propagation path, Indian Centre for Space Physics, Kolkata, participated in the 27th Indian scientific expedition to Antarctica during 2007–2008. One Stanford University made AWESOME VLF receiving system was installed at the Indian Antarctic station Maitri and about five weeks of data were recorded successfully from the Indian transmitter VTX and several other transmitting stations worldwide. The quality of the signal from the VTX transmitter was found to be very good, consistent and highly stable in day and night. The signal shows the evidences of the presence of the 24 h solar radiation in the Antarctic region during local summer. Here we report the both narrow band and broadband VLF observations from this site. The diurnal variations of VTX signal (18.2 kHz) are presented systematically for Antarctica path and also compared the same with the variations for a short propagation path (VTX-Kolkata). We compute the spatial distribution of the VTX signal along the VTX-Antarctica path using the most well-known LWPC model for an all-day and all-night propagation conditions. The calculated signal amplitudes corresponding to those conditions relatively corroborate the observations. We also present the attenuation rate of the dominant waveguide modes corresponding to those propagation conditions where the effects of the Antarctic polar ice on the attenuation of different propagating waveguide modes are visible.