H2O对空间站5A分子筛CO2去除性能影响

为进一步研究分子筛CO2去除系统应用于空间站的工作可靠性和鲁棒性,针对空间站4床分子筛(4-BMS)系统中可能出现的湿度失效保护问题展开了实验研究.测试了两种载人航天分子筛材料TC-5A与PSA-5A,研究了不同相对湿度对CO2吸附性能的影响;比较了相同湿度条件下,进口气体CO2浓度、粒径及吸附温度的变化对分子筛吸附CO2性能的影响,采用不同实验方法探究了H2O和CO2在两种分子筛材料中的竞争吸附关系.结果表明:PSA-5A吸附CO2性能优于TC-5A,但对H2O的吸附率略低于TC-5A.H2O的存在对分子筛吸附CO2影响非常大,空气中相对湿度达到60%时,分子筛基本失去了吸附CO2的能力.此外,温度升高会造成CO2的吸附量显著下降,但对H2O的吸附量影响相对较小,尤其是当相对湿度较高时.这对中国未来长期运行的空间站分子筛CO2去除系统工作有效性与工作鲁棒性的评价具有指导意义.     

空间低温溶液晶体生长的地基实验

首次使用疏水型聚四氟乙烯微孔滤膜,利用其透气不透水的特性,密封晶体生长容器,采用恒温蒸发法进行晶体生长.溶剂通过蒸发离开生长容器后,被生长容器外的吸附剂吸附,使得溶液维持一定过饱和度,以实现单晶的连续生长.在此基础上研制出一套空间低温溶液晶体生长地基模拟装置.利用此装置进行了一系列地基模拟实验,获得一批高质量α-LiIO₃单晶,证实了该生长装置的溶剂蒸发量和容器密封性能够满足空间低温溶液晶体生长需要,为未来空间低温溶液晶体生长实验奠定了基础.      

制备生物航煤山苍子果核油预处理工艺

山苍子果核油主要成分为月桂酸等,碳原子数主要分布于8~16,目前仅用于制备烷醇酰胺等低端产品,却是生物航煤的优良原料之一.通过双氧水脱色、复合吸附脱色及酶法脱胶等对山苍子果核油原料油进行预处理及参数最优化设计,脱色率可以达到 97.33%,磷脂含量由1.036 mg/g降低为0.036 mg/g.并确定双氧水脱色的最优实验参数为双氧水加入量15%,反应时间80 min,反应温度110℃;活性炭/改性活性白土复合吸附最优实验参数为活性炭用量W₁与改性活性白土用量W₂重量比W₁/W₂=1/15,反应时间40 min,反应温度80℃,吸附剂加入量4%;酶法脱胶最优实验参数为加酶量40 mg/kg,pH5.1,反应时间 2.5 h,反应温度48℃.该方法成本低、简单易行、原料油损耗率低,对山苍子果核油成分及性质影响较小,满足后续加氢实验要求,为得到高转化率生物航煤奠定了基础.     

电镀法制备超疏水性铜表面

在对天然荷叶表面观察的基础上,通过改变电流密度控制电镀层表面的形貌,制备出了仿荷叶结构的铜表面.随着电镀电流密度的逐渐增大,接触角先增大后减小,当电流密度为0.08 A/cm2时,镀层的表面结构与荷叶表面最接近,其疏水效果最好,接触角最大,达到了153.5°,滚动角为7.9°(小于10°).这种表面未经任何修饰就产生了超疏水性.这是处于Cassie模型的一种亚稳定状态,只要表面形貌特征满足一定条件,就可使水滴在亲水基体上处于Cassie模型的亚稳态,从而有可能产生疏水性甚至超疏水性.对亲水材料的疏水机理进行了探讨,这些结果对亲水基体上超疏水性表面的制备和现有疏水理论的理解具有一定的意义.      

分子筛氧气浓缩器产氧性能实验分析

根据"变压-吸附-解吸附" 压力交变原理,研制了分子筛氧气浓缩器样机.通过不同入口压力、输出流量、高空压力和温度环境实验,测试了分子筛浓缩器样机的制氧性能.结果表明,分子筛氧气浓缩器样机产氧浓度随入口压力和上升高度的增加而增加;随输出流量的增加而减少;升降速度、环境温度影响不大.系统产氧性能基本满足系统工程生理学防护要求,其性能与国外产品有可比性.     

释放不同化学物质对电离层扰动的比较

在电离层F区释放氢（H₂）、水（H₂O）、二氧化碳（CO₂）、六氟化硫（SF₆）、三氟溴甲烷（CF₃Br）、羰基镍（Ni（CO）₄）可以损耗局域等离子体电子密度,形成电子空洞,电离层电子密度的改变主要取决于释放物质的气态分子与电离层之间的离子化学反应.在电离层人工主动扰动实验中,应根据发射成本和扰动效果对释放物质进行选择.通过热力学原理和有限元模拟方法计算比较了上述6种物质对电离层的扰动影响.计算结果表明,6种物质中水的气化率最低,约为19%,其余5种物质都在60%以上,选择密度小的物质,例如H₂和CO₂,可以有效降低发射成本.另外,扩散较慢且化学反应较快的物质,例如SF₆和Ni（CO）₄,能够使得电离层电子密度减少得更多,并且受扰动区域更广、持续时间更长.     

二甲醚部分氧化重整制氢热力学分析及实验

用元素势能法对二甲醚(DME)部分氧化重整制氢进行了热力学分析与计算,在定压绝热条件下计算了产物中各组分的体积分数随空醚比(0.5~4)和压强(0.1~0.5MPa)的变化关系.结果表明:H₂的体积分数随压强的增大而减小;在标准大气压和空醚比为3的条件下,由二甲醚部分氧化反应得到的氢气体积分数最大,约为35%;H₂的体积分数随空醚比的增大先增后减,CO的体积分数变化不明显,CO₂和CH₄的体积分数随空醚比的增大而减小.最后,在自制实验台上进行二甲醚等离子体重整制氢的实验,将该实验结果与热力学分析结果进行了对比分析,结果证明用元素势能法分析得到的H₂,CO,CH₄和CO₂的体积分数随空醚比的变化趋势与实验结果较为一致.      

新型聚乙烯醇/聚乙二醇水凝胶热沉性能研究

为研究水凝胶作为热管理技术的可行性和潜力，采用物理循环冷冻法制备一种力学和经济性良好的新型聚乙烯醇（PVA）/聚乙二醇（PEG）复合水凝胶热沉，热沉尺寸为60 mm×60 mm×2 mm,通过表面的水分蒸发来实现自冷。在2 712 W/m2热流下进行散热性能探究实验，得到了升温特性、蒸发对流强度变化关系和溶胀变化规律。发现加入2.5%质量分数的PEG减小了随循环冷冻次数增加造成的制备变形，减小了75.53%的含水量衰减，同时使芯片表面控温下降7.53%。根据实验结果计算得到了蒸发换热系数，并研究了热流、厚度和湿度对蒸发散热的影响。通过对水凝胶不同温度和使用情况（4 h连续使用及120 d常温储存）下溶胀率的测定，证明水凝胶具备一定的短时使用可靠性，但对温度的敏感响应并不显著。     

三床机载制氧系统性能仿真及影响因素分析

建立了三床机载分子筛制氧系统的数学模型,对系统性能进行仿真.仿真结果与实验值进行了对比,两者吻合较好,验证了模型和求解的正确性.在此基础上,对不同飞行高度和工作条件下系统的性能进行仿真预测,研究了产品气流量、吸附压力、冲洗定径孔大小和循环时间对系统工作性能的影响,为三床机载分子筛制氧系统的设计和优化提供了依据.      

分子筛氧浓缩器非等温吸附模型

介绍了机载分子筛产氧系统OBMSOGS(OnBoard Molecular Sieve Oxygen Generating system)的工作原理和变压吸附PSA(Pressure Swing Adsorption)的基本理论,建立了分子筛氧浓缩器MSOC(Molecular Sieve Oxygen Concentrator)的数学模型.模型考虑了筛床的传热传质、压力变化和吸附热引起的吸附等温梯度的变化等因素对吸附性能的影响.动力方程采用线性推动力方程,采用混合Langmuir吸附等温理论计算吸附量.用所建立的数学模型对MSOC的吸附过程进行了模拟并对结果进行了分析.     

The atmosphere of the primitive earth and the prebiotic synthesis of organic compounds.

The prebiotic synthesis of organic compounds using a spark discharge on various simulated prebiotic atmospheres at 25 degrees has been studied. Methane mixtures contained H2 + CH4 + H2O + N2 + NH3 with H2/CH4 molar ratios from 0 to 4 and pNH3 = 0.1 torr. A similar set of experiments without added NH3 was performed. The yields of amino acids (1.2 to 4.7% based on the carbon) are approximately independent of the H2/CH4 ratio and the presence of added NH3, and a wide variety of amino acids are obtained. Mixtures of H2 + CO + H2O + N2 and H2 + CO2 + H2O + N2, with and without added NH3, all give about 2% yields of amino acids at H2/CO and H2/CO2 ratios of 2 to 4. For the H2/CO and H2/CO2 ratios less than 1, the yields fall off drastically to as low as 10(-3)%. Glycine is almost the only amino acid produced from CO and CO2 atmospheres. These results show that the maximum yield is about the same for the three carbon sources at high H2/carbon ratios, but that CH4 is superior at low H2/carbon ratios. In addition, CH4 gives a much greater variety of amino acids than either CO or CO2. If it is assumed that amino acids more complex than glycine were required for the origin of life, then these results indicate the need for CH4 in the primitive atmosphere. The yields of cyanide and formaldehyde parallel the amino acid results, with yields of HCN and H2CO as high as 13% based on the carbon. Ammonia is also produced from N2 in experiments with no added NH3 in yields as high as 4.9%. These results show that large amounts of NH3 would have been synthesized on the primitive earth by electric discharges. The amount of ammonia formed by hydrolysis of HCN and various nitriles may have exceeded that formed directly in electric discharges.     

Rocket observation of the ultraviolet spectrum of comet Halley

An ultraviolet sounding rocket telescope/spectrograph experiment observed Comet Halley on 26 February 1986, 17 days after perihelion. From the long-slit spectra, the production rates of O, C, and CO are calculated. The derived water production rate is a lower limit of 5.0 × 10²⁹ s⁻¹ and the volume mixing ratio of CO to H₂O is 21%. The predicted brightness distribution from a radial outflow model with H₂O and CO as parent molecules are in accordance with the measured spatial profiles of OI and CO emissions. The ratio of the production rates of CO to C is 2.7 which is consistent with the carbon source being the photodissociation of CO. However, the radial outflow model which best fits the CO data predicts significantly weaker CI emissions than was observed. A better fit to the carbon data is found when an inner coma source of C at a rate of 3% of the water production rate is included in the model.     

Complex organics in laboratory simulations of interstellar/cometary ices.

We present the photochemical and thermal evolution of both non-polar and polar ices representative of interstellar and pre-cometary grains. Ultraviolet photolysis of the non-polar ices comprised of O2, N2, and CO produces CO2, N2O, O3, CO3, HCO, H2CO, and possibly NO and NO2. When polar ice analogs (comprised of H2O, CH3OH, CO, and NH3) are exposed to UV radiation, simple molecules are formed including: H2, H2CO, CO2, CO, CH4, and HCO (the formyl radical). Warming produces moderately complex species such as CH3CH2OH (ethanol), HC(=O)NH2 (formamide), CH3C(=O)NH2 (acetamide), R-CN and/or R-NC (nitriles and/or isonitriles). Several of these are already known to be in the interstellar medium, and their presence indicates the importance of grain processing. Infrared spectroscopy, 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry demonstrate that after warming to room temperature what remains is an organic residue composed primarily of hexamethylenetetramine (HMT, C6H12N4) and other complex organics including the amides above and polyoxymethylene (POM) and its derivatives. The formation of these organic species from simple starting mixtures under conditions germane to astrochemistry may have important implications for the organic chemistry of interstellar ice grains, comets and the origins of life.     

The CO2 greenhouse effect and the thermal history of the atmosphere.

The influence of the expected rise of CO2 content in our atmosphere upon terrestrial temperature is uncertain. A significant increase in temperature could be threatening to certain aspects of terrestrial biology. On the other hand, it is a general consensus among paleobiologists that the Earth possessed a CO2 atmosphere in the past billion years, without dramatic temperature variations endangering the continuity of life. In order to clarify this problem, and to contribute to the understanding of the CO2 greenhouse effect on Venus we have computed the absorption spectrum of CO2 for a wide range of atmospheric concentrations. More than 2500 spectral lines of the 15 micron band were taken into account in our line-by-line calculation. We have used an empirical exponential line-shape function at the line edges. Our results agree with the experimental data of F. W. Taylor. The estimated increase in surface temperature does not reach the boiling point of water even for CO2 concentrations thousands of times larger than the present concentrations. Higher energy (>666 cm-1) CO2 bands and/or an increase in atmospheric H2O may, however, amplify the greenhouse effect.     

Trace constituents measurements deduced from spectrometric observations on-board spacelab

The observation of infrared absorption lines by means of a grille spectrometer on board Spacelab 1 allows the determination of Co₂ and CO in the low thermosphere and in the middle atmosphere. Equal abundances of CO and CO₂ are found at 115 ± 5 km altitude. CO₂ is observed to depart from its homospheric volume mixing ratio near 100 km, dropping by a factor of 10,15 km higher. The CO largest number density is observed near 70 km altitude, close to the H Lyman alpha photoproduction peak.The analysis of one run dedicated to the observation of water vapor shows a middle atmospheric mixing ratio of this species within the limits : 3 to 8 ppmv up to 70 km altitude, with the indication of an increase from 30 to 50 km altitude. The H₂O mixing ratio drops very rapidly above 70 km.The comparison of the results from strong and weak H₂O and CO₂ lines shows the need to refine the line profile model.     

Effects of temperature, CO2/O2 concentrations and light intensity on cellular multiplication of microalgae, Euglena gracilis.

Microalgae culture is likely to play an important role in aquatic food production modules in bioregenerative systems for producing feeds for fish, converting CO2 to O2 and remedying water quality as well as aquatic higher plants. In the present study, the effects of culture conditions on the cellular multiplication of microalgae, Euglena gracilis, was investigated as a fundamental study to determine the optimum culture conditions for microalgae production in aquatic food production modules including both microalgae culture and fish culture systems. E. gracilis was cultured under conditions with five levels of temperatures (25-33 degrees C), three levels of CO2 concentrations (2-6%), five levels of O2 concentrations (10-30%), and six levels of photosynthetic photon flux (20-200 micromoles m-2 s-1). The number of Euglena cells in a certain volume of solution was monitored with a microscope under each environmental condition. The multiplication rate of the cells was highest at temperatures of 27-31 degrees C, CO2 concentration of 4%, O2 concentration of 20% and photosynthetic photon flux of about 100 micromoles m-2 s-1. The results demonstrate that E. gracilis could efficiently produce biomass and convert CO2 to O2 under relatively low light intensities in aquatic food production modules.     

贫燃型汽车尾气NOx的催化净化

用溶胶-凝胶混合法制备了Al₂O₃,Ag/Al₂O₃,Sn/Al₂O₃,Ga/Al₂O₃,Co/Al₂O₃和Pt/Al₂O₃等催化剂.在相同实验条件下,比较了C₃H₆在这些催化剂上还原NO的活性,并考察了反应条件对C₃H₆和CH₃OH在Ag/Al₂O₃上还原NO性能的影响.结果表明,Ag/Al₂O₃的还原NO活性优于其它催化剂.H₂O对Ag/Al₂O₃催化剂的NO还原具有可逆抑制作用,SO₂降低C₃H₆在Ag/Al₂O₃上还原NO的活性,但会显著提高CH₃OH还原NO的活性.     

Neutral upper atmospheres of Venus and Mars

Numerous measurements of the neutral upper atmosphere above 100 km have been made from spacecraft over Venus and over Mars. The Venus exospheric temperatures are unexpectedly low (less than 300°K near noon and less than 130°K near midnight). These very low temperatures may be partially caused by collisional excitation of CO₂ vibrational states by atomic oxygen and partially by eddy cooling. The Venus atmosphere is unexpectedly insensitive to solar EUV variability. On the other hand, the Martian dayside exospheric temperature varies from 150°K to 400°K over the 11-year solar cycle, where CO₂ 15-μm cooling may be less effective because of lower atomic oxygen mixing ratios. On Venus, temperature increases with altitude on the dayside (thermosphere), but decreases with altitude from 100 to 150 km on the nightside (cryosphere). However, dayside Martian temperatures near solar minimum for maximum planet-sun distance and low solar activity are essentially isothermal from 40 km to 200 km. During high solar activity, the thermospheric temperatures of Mars sharply increase. The Venus neutral upper atmosphere contains CO₂, O, CO, C, N₂, N, He, H, D and hot nonthermal H, O, C, and N, while the dayside Mars neutral upper atmosphere contains CO₂, O, O₂, CO, C, N₂, He, H, and Ar. There is evidence on Venus for inhibited day-to-night transport as well as superrotation of the upper atmosphere. Both atmospheres have substantial wave activity. Various theoretical models used to interpret the planetary atmospheric data are discussed.     

Effects of CO2 concentration and light intensity on photosynthesis of a rootless submerged plant, Ceratophyllum demersum L., used for aquatic food production in bioregenerative life support systems.

In addition to green microalgae, aquatic higher plants are likely to play an important role in aquatic food production modules in bioregenerative systems for producing feed for fish, converting CO2 to O2 and remedying water quality. In the present study, the effects of culture conditions on the net photosynthetic rate of a rootless submerged plant, Ceratophyllum demersum L., was investigated to determine the optimum culture conditions for maximal function of plants in food production modules including both aquatic plant culture and fish culture systems. The net photosynthetic rate in plants was determined by the increase in dissolved O2 concentrations in a closed vessel containing a plantlet and water. The water in the vessel was aerated sufficiently with a gas containing a known concentration of CO2 gas mixed with N2 gas before closing the vessel. The CO2 concentrations in the aerating gas ranged from 0.3 to 10 mmol mol-1. Photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) in the vessel ranged from 0 (dark) to 1.0 mmol m-2 s-1, which was controlled with a metal halide lamp. Temperature was kept at 28 degrees C. The net photosynthetic rate increased with increasing PPFD levels and was saturated at 0.2 and 0.5 mmol m-2 s-1 PPFD under CO2 levels of 1.0 and 3.0 mmol mol-1, respectively. The net photosynthetic rate increased with increasing CO2 levels from 0.3 to 3.0 mmol mol-1 showing the maximum value, 75 nmol O2 gDW-1 s-1, at 2-3 mmol mol-1 CO2 and gradually decreased with increasing CO2 levels from 3.0 to 10 mmol mol-1. The results demonstrate that C. demersum could be an efficient CO2 to O2 converter under a 2.0 mmol mol-1 CO2 level and relatively low PPFD levels in aquatic food production modules.     

Carbon dioxide exchange of lettuce plants under hypobaric conditions.

Growth of plants in a Controlled Ecological Life Support System (CELSS) may involve the use of hypobaric pressures enabling lower mass requirements for atmospheres and possible enhancement of crop productivity. A controlled environment plant growth chamber with hypobaric capability designed and built at Ames Research Center was used to determine if reduced pressures influence the rates of photosynthesis (Ps) and dark respiration (DR) of hydroponically grown lettuce plants. The chamber, referred to as a plant volatiles chamber (PVC), has a growing area of about 0.2 m2, a total gas volume of about 0.7 m3, and a leak rate at 50 kPa of <0.1%/day. When the pressure in the chamber was reduced from ambient to 51 kPa, the rate of net Ps increased by 25% and the rate of DR decreased by 40%. The rate of Ps increased linearly with decreasing pressure. There was a greater effect of reduced pressure at 41 Pa CO2 than at 81 Pa CO2. This is consistent with reports showing greater inhibition of photorespiration (Pr) in reduced O2 at low CO2 concentrations. When the partial pressure of O2 was held constant but the total pressure was varied between 51 and 101 kPa, the rate of CO2 uptake was nearly constant, suggesting that low pressure enhancement of Ps may be mainly attributable to lowered partial pressure of O2 and the accompanying reduction in Pr. The effects of lowered partial pressure of O2 on Ps and DR could result in substantial increases in the rates of biomass production, enabling rapid throughput of crops or allowing flexibility in the use of mass and energy resources for a CELSS.