导航卫星与经济安全

1引言□□随着卫星导航及其应用技术的不断发展,卫星导航已经与互联网、移动通信共同成为21世纪信息技术领域发展的三大支柱产业,在国防及国民经济各领域的应用已经形成不可逆转的发展趋势。全球卫星导航系统能提供24h不间断的全天候、高精度的导航、定位与授时服务,具有其他类型导航系统不可比拟的优势。美国将GPS系统定义为“重要的空间基础设施”,在美国国防科学委员会2005年11月23日向国防部提交的《未来GPS系统》报告中是这样描述GPS系统在美国国家安全与经济发展中的作用的:“作为基础性的信息系统,GPS对美国和国防部是至关重要…     

自适应卡尔曼滤波器在陆地车辆导航中的应用

建立了车载GPS(Global Positioning System)/DR(Dead-Reckoning)组合导航系统自适应扩展卡尔曼滤波模型及其算法,从而大大提高了车辆导航系统的定位精度.首次提出依据PDOP(位置误差系数)等GPS定位系统的输出参数,自动调整观测噪声协方差阵[WTHX]R和系统噪声协方差阵Q[WT]的大小,从而自适应地调整组合导航系统模型性能的方法,使得模型具有较强的适应性.计算机仿真及实验结果表明应用该模型具有良好的效果.      

车载GPS/DR组合导航系统的研究

介绍了车载GPS(Global Positioning System)/DR(Dead Reckoning)组合导航系统的设计,在对GPS/DR组合导航系统中主要误差来源分析的基础上,建立了表示这些误差的数学模型.根据组合系统的数据融合原理,提出一种基于对观测量进行误差补偿的迭代扩展组合卡尔曼滤波算法.对车载GPS/DR组合导航系统提供的实际数据的处理结果表明,该算法在提高GPS定位精度的情况下,能很好地修正DR系统的积累误差,大大提高了组合系统的完整性、可靠性.      

GPS/GLONASS/GALILEO多星座组合导航系统研究

通过对多星座组合导航系统的分析,对多星座组合导航定位算法进行了研究。由于GPS、GLONASS、GALILEO系统分别采用了不同的坐标系,文中利用坐标系变换将不同星座统一到同一个坐标系中,采用增加状态变量的方法实现了组合系统的时间统一,从而实现了多星座间的时空统一;针对多星座组合系统的可见卫星数目大大增加的特点,采用最小二乘的方法实现了用户的导航定位解算,提高了用户的定位精度。通过对GPS/GLONASS/GALILEO多星座组合导航系统的仿真研究,其结果表明:与GPS单星座相比,GPS/GLONASS/GALILEO多星座组合导航系统,同一时间内可见卫星数目大大增加,PDOP值明显减小,有效提高了导航定位精度,具有良好的定位性能和可靠性。     

国外卫星导航系统现状与发展趋势分析

1卫星导航系统现状
　　GPS系统大力推行现代化改造,确保世界领先地位
　　美国的“全球定位系统”（GPS）是目前部署最完善、卫星技术最先进、定位精度最高、普及最广的卫星导航系统。为了保持、增强美国在全球卫星导航领域的领先优势与主导地位,1999年美国提出GPS系统现代化计划,旨在全面提升GPS系统军事与民用服务的性能,增强GPS系统民用导航服务的竞争能力,增强对抗条件下GPS系统的军用导航服务能力。经此现代化改造, GPS系统空间段星座卫星数量、导航信号、卫星功能等均将出现重大变化,主要包括3个方面：其一,星座卫星数量增加至30颗以上,以改善星座几何分布,提升服务性能;其二,增加军用M码信号、3个民用信号,其中军用M码信号是美国增强GPS系统导航战能力的重要基础,包括星上信号功率增强、点波束等均需通过先进的M码军用信号实现;其三,增加星上功率可调、高速星间与星地链路、点波束、搜索与救。和被动激光测距能力等,这是增强GPS系统自主导航与导航战能力的关键措施。     

光纤陀螺/GPS组合导航系统中的信息融合技术

光纤陀螺捷联惯导系统用于导航定位具有自主性的优点,但系统误差随时间累积.全球定位系统(GPS,Global Position System)用于导航定位精度很高,误差不随时间积累,但抗干扰性能很差,没有自主性.运用信息融合技术将光纤陀螺捷联系统和GPS进行组合,将GPS的高度信息引入惯导高度反馈通道,设定反馈系数,抑制高度发散,将GPS经度、纬度、地速信息作为系统卡尔曼滤波器量测信息,消除惯导积累误差.提出的信息融合方案运用于某中精度光纤陀螺/GPS组合导航系统并进行路试,导航系统输出3个方向位置数据与定位基准相比,误差不随时间积累,路试结果表明此信息融合方案的有效性及工程的实用性.      

车辆导航系统中超前滞后校正方法

分析了车辆导航系统中超前滞后产生的原因,提出了利用地图匹配MM(Map Matching)进行GPS(Global Positioning System)/DRS(Dead Reckoning System)组合导航系统超前滞后校正的方法.该方法是将超前滞后误差归结为GPS误差,先利用GPS沿道路垂直方向上误差的可观测性进行GPS误差校正,再将校正的GPS信息与DRS信息进行卡尔曼滤波,从而减少组合导航系统超前滞后误差.仿真结果表明上述方法是行之有效的.      

如何提升导航战能力——美国PNT体系中的环境因素、使能要素及基础设施

在GPS系统取得了广泛而成功应用的基础上,美国于1999年提出了GPS现代化计划,对GPS进行全面改进.其改进的动力来源于导航战能力严重不足、应用需求不断提高和多个卫星导航系统之间的竞争加剧.此后,俄罗斯全面恢复和提升GLONASS的优先发展计划、欧洲建设中的伽利略等,均提出了与GPS现代化计划相似的发展目标,包括进一步提高系统性能,大幅度增强导航战能力,和在国家PNT体系结构框架下发展卫星导航系统.     

SINS／GPS／EMC组合导航系统信息融合技术研究

基于无复位(No-Reset)联邦Kalman滤波信息融合算法,提出并且探讨了组合导航应用过程中的信息融合问题.在建立的相关误差模型基础上,对所设计的采用联邦Kalman滤波技术的SINS/GPS/EMC组合导航系统进行了计算机仿真.结果表明,采用无复位联邦滤波结构的SINS/GPS/EMC组合导航系统能充分融合系统各种导航传感器的信息,能发挥它们各自的优点,互相取长补短,有效地提高导航系统准确度和可靠性.     

卫星不足情况下低成本MEMS-INS/GPS伪松组合导航

为了解决GPS可观测卫星不足情况下低成本微电子机械-惯性导航系统/全球定位系统（MEMS-INS/GPS）组合导航精度维持问题,提出基于灰色模型和自适应卡尔曼滤波的MEMS-INS/GPS伪松组合导航方法。以MEMS-INS/GPS松组合导航模式为框架,建立了伪松组合导航系统的状态空间模型。基于MEMS-INS/GPS的历史观测数据,使用灰色模型对MEMSINS/GPS观测差值进行预测,称为系统伪观测量。当GPS可观测卫星充分时,使用噪声自适应估计卡尔曼滤波对MEMS-INS/GPS进行松组合导航;当GPS可观测卫星不足时,使用噪声自适应估计卡尔曼滤波依据系统伪观测量,将MEMS-INS/GPS进行伪松组合导航。以车载低成本MEMSINS/GPS组合导航系统为例进行仿真和实验验证,结果表明：当GPS可观测卫星不足时,传统的MEMS-INS/GPS松组合导航精度迅速下降并发散,而MEMS-INS/GPS伪松组合导航精度与GPS正常工作时的导航精度相差不大,维持了较高精度的导航状态。     

GPS/GLONASS定位仿真器的设计与实现

GPS(Global Positioning System)、GLONASS(Global Navigation Satellite System)作为两种实时卫星定位导航系统,得到广泛应用.为满足离线试验研究的要求,设计开发了GPS/GLONASS卫星定位仿真器.该仿真器分析GPS和GLONASS星座的运动轨迹,并模拟卫星接收器的解算,以纯软件的方式实现卫星定位.仿真计算表明此仿真器定位精度与实际接收机相当,可以模拟真实的卫星定位,为仿真调试等研究工作带来便利.      

GPS自主式完整性检测技术研究

证明了GPS(Global Positioning System) RAIM(Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring)两种算法:奇偶空间法和残差最小二乘法在数学上是等价的.提出了一种新的GPS RAIM算法,并进行了仿真实验.研究结果表明,该算法具有可用性高、漏警率低,故障检测灵敏等优点,满足了高精度、高可靠性的制导要求.研究了可见星较少时,采用气压高度表辅助、接收GLONASS(GLObal NAvigation Satellite System)信号等实现RAIM的方法,并进行了仿真验证.      

Multi-GNSS contributions to differential code biases determination and regional ionospheric modeling in China

Due to the limited number and uneven distribution globally of Beidou Satellite System (BDS) stations, the contributions of BDS to global ionosphere modeling is still not significant. In order to give a more realistic evaluation of the ability for BDS in ionosphere monitoring and multi-GNSS contributions to the performance of Differential Code Biases (DCBs) determination and ionosphere modeling, we select 22 stations from Crustal Movement Observation Network of China (CMONOC) to assess the result of regional ionospheric model and DCBs estimates over China where the visible satellites and monitoring stations for BDS are comparable to those of GPS/GLONASS. Note that all the 22 stations can track the dual- and triple-frequency GPS, GLONASS, and BDS observations. In this study, seven solutions, i.e., GPS-only (G), GLONASS-only (R), BDS-only (C), GPS + BDS (GC), GPS + GLONASS (GR), GLONASS + BDS (RC), GPS + GLONASS + BDS (GRC), are used to test the regional ionosphere modeling over the experimental area. Moreover, the performances of them using single-frequency precise point positioning (SF-PPP) method are presented. The experimental results indicate that BDS has the same ionospheric monitoring capability as GPS and GLONASS. Meanwhile, multi-GNSS observations can significantly improve the accuracy of the regional ionospheric models compared with that of GPS-only or GLONASS-only or BDS-only, especially over the edge of the tested region which the accuracy of the model is improved by reducing the RMS of the maximum differences from 5–15 to 2–3 TECu. For satellite DCBs estimates of different systems, the accuracy of them can be improved significantly after combining different system observations, which is improved by reducing the STD of GPS satellite DCB from 0.243 to 0.213, 0.172, and 0.165 ns after adding R, C, and RC observations respectively, with an increment of about 12.3%, 29.4%, and 32.2%. The STD of GLONASS satellite DCB improved from 0.353 to 0.304, 0.271, and 0.243 ns after adding G, C, and GC observations, respectively. The STD of BDS satellite DCB reduced from 0.265 to 0.237, 0.237 and 0.229 ns with the addition of G, R and GR systems respectively, and increased by 10.6%, 10.4%, and 13.6%. From the experimental positioning result, it can be seen that the regional ionospheric models with multi-GNSS observations are better than that with a single satellite system model.     

Geocenter coordinates estimated from GNSS data as viewed by perturbation theory

Time series of geocenter coordinates were determined with data of two global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs), namely the U.S. GPS (Global Positioning System) and the Russian GLONASS (Global’naya Nawigatsionnaya Sputnikowaya Sistema). The data was recorded in the years 2008–2011 by a global network of 92 permanently observing GPS/GLONASS receivers. Two types of daily solutions were generated independently for each GNSS, one including the estimation of geocenter coordinates and one without these parameters.     

The investigation of the ionospheric variability by the radiotranslucence method

To provide a continuous single-point sounding of a large-scale region of the ionosphere the translucence method of studying the ionosphere utilizing satellite navigation system signals has been used. Simultaneous receiving the signals of GPS Navstar and GLONASS from different azimuths gives information on variations of the ionosphere in almost real time. Using measured data the reconstruction of the electron density profiles in the regions of intersection of a sounding ray with the ionosphere has been carried out. The translucence method was used to investigate the ionosphere effects of a partial solar eclipse (PSE) that occurred on 11.08 1999 by probing of the ionosphere with different GPS system signals in the Zwenigorod region.     

精密进近阶段的多系统GNSS组合RAIM可用性算法及分析

给出了多系统全球卫星导航系统（GNSS）组合接收机自主完好性监测（ReceiverAutonomousIntegrityMonitoring,RAIM）可用性计算方法,在此基础上利用GPS、GLONASS实测数据与BDS、Galileo全星座仿真数据,分析了BDS、GPS、GLONASS和Galileo不同组合在精密进近阶段的RAIM可用性。通过试验分析发现,BDS的5颗地球同步轨道卫星和3颗倾斜地球同步轨道卫星对亚洲、非洲和欧洲大部分地区的RAIM可用性有很大的贡献。这些地区站星间几何观测结构得到改善,使得RAIM可用性相对于其他地区有很大幅度的提升。在亚太地区APV-I阶段单系统导航情况下,北斗导航系统RAIM可用性达到99.5%,高于其他三个导航系统。在精密进近阶段（APV-I、APV-II和CAT-I）,BDS与其他导航系统（GPS、GLONASS和Galileo）的组合导航可以满足全球大部分区域的RAIM可用性需求,大多可达到100%。     

Performance assessment of RTPPP positioning with SSR corrections and PPP-AR positioning with FCB for multi-GNSS from MADOCA products

The state-space representation (SSR) product of satellite orbit and clock is one of the most essential corrections for real-time precise point positioning (RTPPP). When it comes to PPP ambiguity resolution (PPP-AR), the fractional cycle bias (FCB) matters. The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) has developed a multi-GNSS (i.e., global navigation satellite system) advanced demonstration tool for orbit and clock analysis (MADOCA), providing free and precise orbit and clock products. Because of the shortage of relevant studies on performance evaluation, this paper focuses on the performance assessment of RTPPP and PPP-AR by real-time and offline MADOCA products. To begin with, the real-time MADOCA products are evaluated by comparing orbit and clock with JAXA final products, which gives an objective impression of the correction. Second, PPP tests in static and simulated kinematic mode are conducted to further verify the quality of real-time MADOCA products. Finally, the offline MADOCA products are assessed by PPP and PPP-AR comparisons. The results are as follows: (1) Orbit comparisons produced an average error of about 0.04–0.13 m for the global positioning system (GPS), 0.14–0.16 m for the global navigation satellite system (GLONASS), and 0.07–0.08 m for the quasi-zenith satellite system (QZSS). The G15 satellite had the most accurate orbit, with a difference of 0.04 m between the JAXA orbit products and MADOCA’s counterpart, while the R07 satellite had the least accurate orbit with a difference of 0.16 m. Clock products had an accuracy of 0.4–1.3 ns for GPS, 1.4–1.6 ns for GLONASS, and 0.7–0.8 ns for QZSS in general. The G15 satellite had the most accurate clock with a difference of only 0.40 ns between the JAXA clock products and MADOCA products, and the R07 satellite had the least accurate clock with a difference of 1.55 ns. The orbit and clock products for GLONASS performed worse than those of GPS and QZSS. (2) After convergence, the positioning accuracy was 3.0–8.1 cm for static PPP and 8.1–13.7 cm for kinematic PPP when using multi-GNSS observations and precise orbit and clock products. The PFRR station performed the good performance both in static and kinematic mode with an accuracy of 2.99 cm and 8.08 cm, respectively, whereas the CPNM station produced the worst static performance with an error of 8.09 cm, and the ANMG station produced the worst kinematic performance with a counterpart of 13.69 cm. (3) The PPP-AR solution was superior to the PPP solution, given that, with respect to PPP, post-processing PPP-AR improved the positioning accuracy and convergence time by 13–32 % (3–89 %) in GPS-only mode by 2–15 % (5–60 %) in GPS/QZSS mode. Thus, we conclude that the current MADOCA products can provide SSR corrections and FCB products with positioning accuracy at the decimeter or even centimeter level, which could meet the demands of the RTPPP and PPP-AR solutions.     

一种自主式陆地导航系统的研究

为实现车辆在不依赖卫星定位的条件下能长时间、长距离、高精度导航,研究了一种激光陀螺捷联式惯导系统（LSINS）/里程仪/地理信息系统（GIS）陆地组合导航系统。在建立误差估计模型的基础上,充分利用GIS位置信息和可能出现的临时停车状态,提出了用GIS标定里程仪参数并修正方位角误差以及自动零速校准的方法。通过野外跑车试验,对系统的实时定位和定向精度进行了考核,证明上述方法可有效降低导航主要误差源的发散速度。     

GLONASS-based precise point positioning and performance analysis

Current precise point positioning (PPP) techniques are mainly based on GPS which has been extensively investigated. With the increase of available GLONASS satellites during its revitalization, GLONASS observations were increasingly integrated into GPS-based PPP. Now that GLONASS has reached its full constellation, there will be a wide interest in PPP systems based on only GLONASS since it provides a PPP implementation independent of GPS. An investigation of GLONASS-based PPP will also help the development of GPS and GLONASS combined PPP techniques for improved precision and reliability. This paper presents an observation model for GLONASS-based PPP in which the GLONASS hardware delay biases are addressed. In view of frequently changed frequency channel number (FCN) for GLONASS satellites, an algorithm has been developed to compute the FCN for GLONASS satellites using code and phase observations, which avoids the need to provide the GLONASS frequency channel information during data processing. The observation residuals from GLONASS-based PPP are analyzed and compared to those from GPS-based PPP. The performance of GLONASS-based PPP is assessed using data from 15 globally distributed stations.