北斗卫星导航系统实时定轨与钟差处理策略

目前鲜有对北斗卫星导航系统（BeiDouNavigationSatelliteSystem,BDS）实时精密定轨与钟差确定的研究,文章提出了BDS实时轨道与实时钟差处理策略,包括了观测与动力学模型、实时轨道与实时钟差处理流程与评估方法。尤其对于实时钟差,为了提高计算效率,联合使用两个独立并行的线程估计非差绝对钟差和历元间相对钟差。利用多模全球卫星导航系统试验(MGEX)与全球连续检测评估系统（iGMAS）实测数据进行了北斗实时轨道与钟差解算,BDS实时轨道径向平均精度对于GEO卫星优于20cm,对于IGSO与MEO一般优于10cm;钟差精度对于GEO卫星为0.5~4.5ns,对于IGSO／MEO为0.2~2.0ns。基于目前的轨道与钟差结果,实时精密单点定位（PrecisePointPositioning,PPP）结果可以达到分米量级。     

脉冲星方位误差估计的两步卡尔曼滤波算法

为了克服钟差和卫星位置误差对脉冲星方位误差估计的影响，设计了两步卡尔曼滤波（TSKF）算法。首先，介绍了脉冲星方位误差估计的传统模型，并通过分析和仿真验证了钟差、卫星位置误差以及2种误差同时存在时会使脉冲星方位误差估计结果产生较大偏差。其次，在传统的估计模型中加入了钟差和卫星位置误差，并将钟差和钟差变化率增广为新的状态量，从而推导出包含2种误差的新模型，并证明了该模型的完全可观测性；根据该模型并按照两步卡尔曼滤波原理，得到了TSKF算法的步骤。最后，通过仿真表明:在钟差和卫星位置误差同时影响下，传统脉冲星方位误差估计算法偏差较大且发散；TSKF算法则能够有效隔离2种误差的影响，使赤经和赤纬误差估计达到0.2 mas之内的精度。      

LEO卫星轨道误差对无线电掩星反演大气参数的影响

采用数值方法估计了LEO卫星轨道误差对无线电掩星反演大气参数的影响。并将其应用于1995年10月11日的某次掩星事件的观测资料处理和分析，得到了LEO卫星轨道误差对无线电掩星反演大气参数影响的定量结果。     

一种小卫星绕飞编队的运动学设计新方法研究

在用运动学方法进行小卫星绕飞编队的相对运动分析和轨道设计时，一般假设环绕卫星和参考卫星的升交点赤经差、轨道倾角差和纬度幅角差均为小量，从而对相对运动方程进行近似和简化．但是当参考卫星的轨道倾角等于零或较小时，环绕卫星和参考卫星的升交点赤经差和纬度幅角差并不是小量，此时由于假设条件不成立而无法得到合理的轨道设计结果．针对这种情况，本文提出了一种小卫星绕飞编队的运动学设计新方法．首先对零轨道倾角卫星编队的卫星相对运动方程进行近似简化，得到了以轨道根数差为参数的相对运动方程和卫星编队设计方法，然后通过转移矩阵变换来进行任意轨道倾角的卫星绕飞编队设计，最后通过实例验证了方法的正确性．     

基于Bayes统计模型的卫星融合定轨方法研究

根据目前天基导航系统现状,结合中国对低、中轨卫星精密定轨的要求,给出了天地基信息融合定轨的原理;结合卫星待估融合参数的先验信息,提出了基于Bayes统计模型的卫星精密定轨方法;在卫星观测的线性化融合模型中引入观测噪声,利用概率估计融合模型,根据Bayes理论进行卫星状态改进量的最大后验估计,并分析了Bayes估计方法的定轨精度;依据期望融合的待估改进量方差最小规则建立了相应的参数求解算法;最后以导航融合测控系统中测距和测速数据的融合定轨为例进行了仿真实验,表明该融合方法能够得到很好的定轨效果。     

北斗星基增强系统性能评估

以实际广播星历、精密星历和北斗星基增强系统(BDSBAS)增强报文为实验数据，通过计算BDSBAS轨道误差、卫星钟差、空间信号测距误差和BDSBAS格网电离层有效点、播发时间和电离层延迟误差6个指标，评估分析了BDSBAS空间信号的性能。结果显示：BDSBAS增强后的GPS卫星轨道误差在切向、法向、径向分别降低了34.57%,40.57%,30.90%；卫星钟差均方根降低了24.31%，卫星钟差标准差降低了16.8%；空间信号测距误差相比增强前降低了32.75%;BDSBAS格网电离层有效点覆盖了中国及周边地区；BDSBAS各点电离层延迟播发间隔均达到ICAO对精确差分定位的要求；电离层延迟在0°-5°N范围内误差在0.4 m以上，可信度均达到99.9%，在5°-55°N范围内误差小于0.4 m，可信度均为100%;BDSBAS水平定位误差提升超过25%，垂直定位误差提升超过50%，完好性均在99.9%以上。     

卫星与测站钟差支持条件下的GEO卫星精密定轨

在基于伪距的GEO卫星精密定轨中, GEO卫星的静地特性导致定轨解算无法对星地组合钟差进行有效估计, 需要独立的时间同步支持. 本文讨论了卫星和测站钟差支持条件下的GEO卫星定轨原理, 利用仿真数据系统地分析了中国区域网跟踪条件下GEO卫星的定轨精度, 从定性和定量角度分析了钟差二次项、星地时间同步精度、站间时间同步精度及系统差等因素对定轨精度的影响.      

导航卫星的地面站定轨算法

导航星座轨道的长期保持是星座导航系统运营管理的重要组成部分,而现有的导航卫星地面定轨算法又存在精度不高或计算量大不适合工程应用的问题。为此,研究了单向、被动测量模式的导航卫星地面定轨算法。基于单向伪距观测,将导航卫星钟差参数作为状态量,推导了滤波算法的状态方程、测量方程,并最终建立了滤波器模型。以不同轨道面的4颗GPS导航卫星为例进行了2天的仿真试验,考虑卫星的可见性仿真中加入了测量中断,并设计在测量恢复后重启滤波算法。仿真结果表明,4颗卫星的轨道位置估计精度可以达到米级,钟差随机偏差的估计精度可以达到纳秒级,并且在滤波中断后重启滤波器,仍然可以达到此估计精度,表明此定轨算法具有收敛性和稳定性。     

一种适用于星间测距网的抗差方案设计

主要讨论了利用星间测距进行星座自主导航的导航算法设计,考虑系统的自主性,算法必须具有检测错误节点和抵抗粗差的能力。为此,文章通过分析星间测距网的特殊性,提出一种以抗差最小二乘为基础,适用于星间测距网的抗差方案。根据失效节点和观测粗差对残差影响的差异,提出分步处理的方法。通过算例比较几种常见抗差方案,验证了文中设计的抗差方案的有效性。     

北斗首颗备份卫星性能初步分析

主要从卫星钟差预报、轨道测定精度、伪距波动情况等角度分析了I6卫星与北斗卫星导航系统（BDS）其他现役倾斜地球同步轨道（IGSO）卫星的异同,并从位置精度因子（PDOP）和格网可用性评估了I6卫星入网对BDS的贡献。利用星地双向时频传递设备观测的星地钟差数据,评估了I6卫星星载原子钟的预报性能,结果表明,I6卫星发播的卫星钟参数外推5h预报误差的均方根误差（RMS）为232ns,外推1h预报误差的RMS为073ns,与现役IGSO卫星钟差预报水平相当;对多星联合精密定轨结果分析表明,与北斗现役I3卫星相比,姿态控制方式优化后的I6卫星在地影期间的轨道精度并未发生明显衰减,克服了现有北斗二号卫星在地影期间轨道精度下降,从而影响北斗服务的连续性、可用性问题;利用大口径抛物面天线采集到的数据对I6卫星的伪距波动进行了分析,结果表明I6卫星单个观测弧段内其伪距波动峰峰差约为1m,与其他IGSO卫星一致;进行PDOP仿真计算,结果表明I6卫星的加入使得喀什地区的PDOP最大值由1282下降为726,PDOP大于6的时段所占百分比由2911%下降为1721%;对格网电离层产品实施解算,结果表明I6卫星的加入使得6个电离层格网点的可用度提升至95%以上。     

Precise orbit determination using the batch filter based on particle filtering with genetic resampling approach

In this study, genetic resampling (GRS) approach is utilized for precise orbit determination (POD) using the batch filter based on particle filtering (PF). Two genetic operations, which are arithmetic crossover and residual mutation, are used for GRS of the batch filter based on PF (PF batch filter). For POD, Laser-ranging Precise Orbit Determination System (LPODS) and satellite laser ranging (SLR) observations of the CHAMP satellite are used. Monte Carlo trials for POD are performed by one hundred times. The characteristics of the POD results by PF batch filter with GRS are compared with those of a PF batch filter with minimum residual resampling (MRRS). The post-fit residual, 3D error by external orbit comparison, and POD repeatability are analyzed for orbit quality assessments. The POD results are externally checked by NASA JPL’s orbits using totally different software, measurements, and techniques. For post-fit residuals and 3D errors, both MRRS and GRS give accurate estimation results whose mean root mean square (RMS) values are at a level of 5 cm and 10–13 cm, respectively. The mean radial orbit errors of both methods are at a level of 5 cm. For POD repeatability represented as the standard deviations of post-fit residuals and 3D errors by repetitive PODs, however, GRS yields 25% and 13% more robust estimation results than MRRS for post-fit residual and 3D error, respectively. This study shows that PF batch filter with GRS approach using genetic operations is superior to PF batch filter with MRRS in terms of robustness in POD with SLR observations.     

Orbit determination of BDS-3 satellite based on regional ground tracking station and inter-satellite link observations

The BeiDou global navigation satellite system (BDS-3) has established the Ka-band inter-satellite link (ISL) to realize a two-way ranging function between satellites, which provides a new observation technology for the orbit determination of BDS-3 satellites. Therefore, this study presents a BDS satellite orbit determination model based on ground tracking station (GTS) observations and ISL ranging observations firstly to analyze the impact of the ISL ranging observations on the orbit determination of BDS-3 satellites. Subsequently, considering the data fusion processing, the variance component estimation (VCE) algorithm is applied to the parameter estimation process of the satellite orbit determination. Finally, using the measured data from China’s regional GTS observations and BDS-3 ISL ranging observations, the effects of ISL ranging observations on the orbit determination accuracy of BDS-3 satellites are analyzed. Moreover, the impact of the VCE algorithm on the fusion data processing is evaluated from the aspects of orbit determination accuracy, Ka-band hardware delay parameter stability, and ISL ranging observation residuals. The results show that for China’s regional GTSs, the addition of BDS-3 ISL ranging observations can significantly improve the orbit determination accuracy of BDS-3 satellites. The observed orbit determination accuracy of satellite radial component is improved from 48 cm to 4.1 cm. In addition, when the initial weight ratio between GTS observations and ISL ranging observations is not appropriate, the various indicators which include orbit determination accuracy, ISL hardware delay, and ISL observation residuals were observed to have improved after the adjustment of the VCE algorithm. These results validate the effectiveness of the VCE algorithm for the fusion data processing of the GTS observations and ISL ranging observations.     

星载GPS几何法实时定轨有关问题的研究

首先讨论了星载GPS几何法实时定轨的绝对定位方法和各种差分技术。由于伪距差技术能克服GPS卫星的星历误差、卫星钟误差，特别是SA误差的影响，而且实现难度不大，所以应用它来实时定轨。实测数据的处理表明，它能明显提高定轨的精度。然后分析了星载GPS所受扰动影响的情况，对应用抗差估计削弱GPS卫星信号扰动的影响进行了试验，试验的结果说明抗差估计能进一步提高星载GPS几何法定轨的精度。     

基于多模型最优融合的双星定位系统一体化精密定轨方法

针对卫星动力学模型复杂且不准,考虑到卫星定轨中待估参数在时间和空间上的相关性,提出了一种基于多模型最优融合的双星定位系统一体化参数建模的近地卫星精密定轨新方法.利用节点自由分布B样条描述卫星运动,实现了对卫星粗略动力学模型的抑制作用;同时结合双星观测模型,使该方法转化为关于求解卫星轨道样条表示参数和定轨系统误差的多模型融合的非线性优化问题;通过引入模型结构确定最优融合权值的选取准则,在最小二乘准则下,采用非线性最优化方法搜寻样条的最优节点分布,得到了待估参数的最优估计,完成了近地卫星的精密定轨.理论分析和仿真计算表明,该方法确实有效,不仅提高了卫星的定轨精度,而且使状态估计的结构更加稳定.      

基于伪距和观测量的地球同步卫星动力学定轨研究

利用伪距和观测量对同步卫星进行了动力学定轨的研究，给出了伪距和观测量的测量方程和修正方法，采用国内4个监测站的模拟数据进行了仿真计算．结果表明，采用7天弧长伪距和数据进行轨道改进及轨道外推的精度，与5天弧长数据的计算结果相当，但远优于3天数据的计算结果．在观测随机误差为3m时，7天弧长数据定轨精度约为5m，预报7天径向精度优于20m．     

Estimation of differential code biases with Jason-2/3 onboard GPS observations

With the continuous deployment of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites, the estimation of differential code biases (DCBs) based on GNSS observations from LEO has gained increasing attention. Previous studies on LEO-based DCB estimation are usually using the spherical symmetry ionosphere assumption (SSIA), in which a uniform electron density is assumed in a thick shell. In this study, we propose an approach (named the SHLEO method) to simultaneously estimate the satellite and LEO onboard receiver DCBs by modeling the distribution of the global plasmaspheric total electron content (PTEC) above the satellite orbit with a spherical harmonic (SH) function. Compared to the commonly used SSIA method, the SHLEO model improves the GPS satellite DCB estimation accuracy by 13.46% and the stability by 22.34%, respectively. Compared to the GPS satellite DCBs estimated based on the Jason-3-only observations, the accuracy and monthly stability of the satellite DCBs can be improved by 14.42% and 26.8% when both Jason-2 and Jason-3 onboard observations are jointly processed. Compared with the Jason-2 solutions, the GPS satellite DCB estimates based on the fusion of Jason-2 and Jason-3 observations have an improved consistency of better than 18.26% and 9.71% with the products provided by the Center for Orbit Determination in Europe (CODE) and Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). Taking the DCB products provided by the German Aerospace Center (DLR) as references, there is no improvement in accuracy of the GPS satellite DCB estimates based on the fusion of Jason-2 and Jason-3 observations than the Jason-2 solutions alone. A periodic variation is found in the time series of both the Jason-3 and Jason-2 onboard receiver DCB estimates. Preliminary analysis of the PTEC distribution based on the estimated SH coefficients are also presented.     

微小卫星鲁棒自适应姿态确定算法

基于磁强计测量的微小卫星姿态确定系统中,由于状态方程和测量方程均为轨道参数的函数,因此在轨道估计存在误差的情况下,标准的扩展卡尔曼滤波算法（ExtendedKalmanFilter,EKF）并不能获得姿态的最优解。针对轨道确定误差对姿态确定的影响,基于自适应滤波及鲁棒估计原理,提出了鲁棒自适应卡尔曼滤波（RobustAdaptiveKalman Filter,RAKF）算法。该算法通过构建合理的膨胀因子和自适应因子,自动调节观测噪声方差矩阵和一步预测方差矩阵的大小,从而改变旧有数据及观测信息在滤波中的权重,获得更合理的卡尔曼增益,使滤波器获得近似最优结果。基于标准卡尔曼滤波的稳定性理论,证明了若系统一致完全可控并且一致完全可观,该滤波器是一致渐近稳定的。数学仿真表明,与EKF相比,RAKF能够将欧拉角估计精度从0.3°提高到0.2°,从而证明了该算法的有效性。     

Differential code bias estimation based on uncombined PPP with LEO onboard GPS observations

Differential Code Bias (DCB) is an essential correction that must be provided to the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) users for precise position determination. With the continuous deployment of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites, DCB estimation using observations from GNSS receivers onboard the LEO satellites is drawing increasing interests in order to meet the growing demands on high-quality DCB products from LEO-based applications, such as LEO-based GNSS signal augmentation and space weather research. Previous studies on LEO-based DCB estimation are usually using the geometry-free combination of GNSS observations, and it may suffer from significant leveling errors due to non-zero mean of multipath errors and short-term variations of receiver code and phase biases. In this study, we utilize the uncombined Precise Point Positioning (PPP) model for LEO DCB estimation. The models for uncombined PPP-based LEO DCB estimation are presented and GPS observations acquired from receivers onboard three identical Swarm satellites from February 1 to 28, 2019 are used for the validation. The results show that the average Root Mean Square errors (RMS) of the GPS satellite DCBs estimated with onboard data from each of the three Swarm satellites using the uncombined PPP model are less than 0.18 ns when compared to the GPS satellite DCBs obtained from IGS final daily Global Ionospheric Map (GIM) products. Meanwhile, the corresponding average RMS of GPS satellite DCBs estimated with the conventional geometry-free model are 0.290, 0.210, 0.281 ns, respectively, which are significantly larger than those obtained with the uncombined PPP model. It is also noted that the estimated GPS satellite DCBs by Swarm A and C satellites are highly correlated, likely attributed to their similar orbit type and space environment. On the other hand, the Swarm receiver DCBs estimated with uncombined PPP model, with Standard Deviation (STD) of 0.065, 0.037 and 0.071 ns, are more stable than those obtained from the official Swarm Level 2 products with corresponding STD values of 0.115, 0.101, and 0.109 ns, respectively. The above indicates that high-quality DCB products can be estimated based on uncombined PPP with LEO onboard observations.     

Orbit determination and prediction of GEO satellite of BeiDou during repositioning maneuver

In order to establish a continuous GEO satellite orbit during repositioning maneuvers, a suitable maneuver force model has been established associated with an optimal orbit determination method and strategy. A continuous increasing acceleration is established by constructing a constant force that is equivalent to the pulse force, with the mass of the satellite decreasing throughout maneuver. This acceleration can be added to other accelerations, such as solar radiation, to obtain the continuous acceleration of the satellite. The orbit determination method and strategy are illuminated, with subsequent assessment of the orbit being determined and predicted accordingly. The orbit of the GEO satellite during repositioning maneuver can be determined and predicted by using C-Band pseudo-range observations of the BeiDou GEO satellite with COSPAR ID 2010-001A in 2011 and 2012. The results indicate that observations before maneuver do affect orbit determination and prediction, and should therefore be selected appropriately. A more precise orbit and prediction can be obtained compared to common short arc methods when observations starting 1 day prior the maneuver and 2 h after the maneuver are adopted in POD (Precise Orbit Determination). The achieved URE (User Range Error) under non-consideration of satellite clock errors is better than 2 m within the first 2 h after maneuver, and less than 3 m for further 2 h of orbit prediction.