遗传算法在编队卫星群轨道机动中的应用分析

卫星群机动是航天器发展的一个方向.针对编队卫星群的Lambert机动问题,采用Gim-Alfriend矩阵建立了包含中心轨道根数和摄动项的群卫星的相对运动模型,设计了转移轨道上的卫星群队形协同保持的脉冲控制策略.应用遗传算法对编队卫星群轨道机动问题进行了优化,优化指标分别为卫星群协同变轨过程中总燃料消耗最少或燃料均衡分配最小.分析了群机动过程中燃料消耗的影响因素.算例结果表明遗传算法可以很好地应用于编队卫星群机动问题.     

单个航天器对Walker星座中多卫星的近距离接近

通过设计航天器轨道,可使航天器发射入轨后无需机动即实现对Walker星座中非共轨的多颗卫星的快速、近距离接近.给出了该轨道的搜索方法以及基于星座特性的代换法,并给出了仿真示例.      

航天器轨道交会迭代制导算法

针对航天器轨道交会的脉冲推力模型与实际发动机连续推力模型不相符的问题,研究一种脉冲变轨策略的工程实现方法,使脉冲变轨策略可应用于工程实际.基于Lambert飞行时间定理和遗传算法,研究航天器最优脉冲变轨策略.根据脉冲变轨优化的结果,采用迭代制导算法研究脉冲变轨工程化问题.仿真结果验证了迭代制导算法在航天器轨道交会中的有效性.     

轨道维持与调相的综合优化策略研究

在交会对接飞行任务设计研究中必须首先确定目标航天器的轨道设计策略,研究了一种将目标航天器轨道维持和调相两种任务进行综合优化的策略.轨道维持的任务是使得目标航天器轨道的形状和位置符合交会要求,调相的任务是使目标航天器在轨道中的初始相位角符合交会要求.在考虑了交会对接发射窗口、交会终端约束条件下,将目标航天器轨道设计问题转化为一个非线性规划问题,应用序列二次规划方法对其进行了求解.仿真计算表明,这种方法既能以较少变轨次数满足交会对接任务要求,又能节省燃料,为空间交会对接任务规划提供了重要参考.     

基于引导型人工免疫算法的最优Lambert变轨

主要研究了燃料最省的Lambert双脉冲变轨问题.首先对普适变量法进行改进以避免奇异,并将其用于Lambert双脉冲变轨问题的求解.然后针对只给定初始时刻追踪航天器和目标航天器的轨道要素及总时间约束的交会问题,引入调相时间的概念,并将其和转移时间作为Lambert变轨的优化变量.最后采用引导型人工免疫算法GAIA(Guiding Artificial Im-mune Algorithm)对该优化问题进行寻优.仿真算例表明,与自适应遗传算法AGA(Adaptive Ge-netic Algorithm)相比,GAIA具有更强的寻优能力和更快的寻优速度,从而验证了GAIA用于最优Lambert变轨的有效性.     

区域覆盖特殊椭圆轨道星座优化设计

分析了椭圆轨道的优良特性,它可集中覆盖地面上某一指定纬度带或区域.阐述了临界倾角太阳同步回归轨道这种特殊椭圆轨道的设计方法,总结了其轨道要素的计算步骤.探讨了临界倾角太阳同步回归轨道星座的设计思路,指出了影响星座对目标覆盖性能的关键参数是各个卫星通过目标上空的时刻.介绍了用遗传算法进行星座优化设计的数学模型,利用遗传算法进行了优化设计.讨论了优化结果的统计规律,符合该规律的星座就是本文所研究的特殊椭圆轨道星座,星座性能分析结果表明这种星座适用于区域覆盖.      

应急轨道机动变轨方案快速设计算法

为了满足应急轨道机动过程中测控约束和时间、燃料资源等各方面的要求 ,提出了一种变轨方案快速设计算法.给出了适用于变量搜索的轨道机动变轨模式,将变轨 方案快速设计问题转化成了约束优化问题;建立了完整的测控约束数学模型和对测控约束的 处理算法;然后利用遗传算法搜索出了同时满足测控约束条件和优化目标的变轨方案.算例 表明,利用此算法设计得到的变轨方案,能够满足应急轨道机动任务的需要.      

基于自适应模拟退火遗传算法的最优Lambert转移

主要研究了航天器采用Lambert二脉冲变轨的优化问题。对于初始位置、目标位置和转移时间都不固定的Lambert二脉冲转移,由于多变量以及方程本身的复杂性,采用传统的优化方法效率低甚至无法求解.采用了自适应遗传算法(AGA),寻求多变量的最优解.同时结合模拟退火算法,得到了自适应模拟退火遗传算法(ASAGA),该算法既具有全局搜索能力,又改善了一般遗传算法的局部寻优能力.通过仿真,比较了遗传算法和自适应模拟退火遗传算法的寻优结果,表明两者寻求最优转移的有效性,以及自适应模拟退火算法具有更强的寻优能力.      

航天器交会远程快速自主制导方法

针对近地近圆轨道航天器交会任务,设计了基于经典轨道要素的远程快速自主制导算法.对于任意初始纬度幅角偏差的远程导引,通过建立纬度幅角偏差与半长轴偏差的关系,将远程导引段分为初始轨道飞行、调相轨道飞行和调整轨道飞行3个阶段.初始轨道飞行进行轨道共面修正和调相机动;在调相轨道飞行期间,进行自然调相以及调相轨道到调整轨道的机动;调整轨道飞行阶段进行追踪航天器的远地点高度和近地点高度的修正,以及再次共面修正.所有变轨机动都以制导脉冲的形式给出,并都在轨道特殊点执行.精确轨道仿真验证了远程快速自主接近制导算法的可行性.     

基于电推进卫星飞往Halo轨道的转移轨道研究

利用电推进及轨道力学的特性实现节能优化,将限制性三体问题中的稳定不变流形与小推力轨道优化相结合,研究全电推进卫星从地球停泊轨道飞向日地拉格朗日L2点Halo轨道的低消耗转移轨道.航天器的转移轨道分为逃逸段、拼接段与无动力滑行段.在逃逸段卫星沿速度方向加速脱离地球引力,拼接段采用Radau伪谱法进行优化,使航天器以最短时间到达目标Halo轨道的稳定不变流形上,随后航天器电推进系统关机,沿稳定不变流形无动力滑行至目标轨道.基于雅克比积分常数给出拼接段轨道初始猜测值,以先提高切向方向航天器能量避免了全程优化离散点过多难以求解的问题.仿真结果表明,该方法收敛速度较快,对平动点工程任务的初期轨道特性计算具有实际意义.      

中轨道Walker导航星座在轨备份方案优化设计

针对中轨道Walker导航星座在轨备份方案的优化问题，首先提出了在轨备份星轨位优化设计方法，考虑星座运行期间在轨备份星与工作卫星存在共同提供服务的情况，选取PDOP值和可见卫星数作为轨位优化指标，建立了轨位优化模型，并基于NSGA-Ⅱ算法对不同轨位下在轨备份星对导航星座服务性能的提升效果进行仿真分析；然后，基于在轨备份星轨位的优化结果，建立在轨备份星替换的轨道机动模型，并综合考虑速度增量和替换时间，确定了以替换时间最少为优化目标的在轨备份星替换方案。结果表明，提出的在轨备份方案能有效满足备份星的设计需求，增强导航星座的服务性能，实现故障卫星的快速替换，可为导航星座备份星的建设提供借鉴。     

Orbit determination of BeiDou navigation satellite system maneuvered satellites based on instantaneous velocity pulses parameters

The BeiDou navigation satellite system (BDS) comprises geostationary earth orbit (GEO) satellites as well as inclined geosynchronous orbit (IGSO) and medium earth orbit (MEO) satellites. Owing to their special orbital characteristics, GEO satellites require frequent orbital maneuvers to ensure that they operate in a specific orbital window. The availability of the entire system is affected during the maneuver period because service cannot be provided before the ephemeris is restored. In this study, based on the conventional dynamic orbit determination method for navigation satellites, multiple sets of instantaneous velocity pulses parameters which belong to one of pseudo-stochastic parameters were used to simulate the orbital maneuver process in the orbital maneuver arc and establish the observed and predicted orbits of the maneuvered and non-maneuvered satellites of BeiDou regional navigation satellite system (BDS-2) and BeiDou global navigation satellite system (BDS-3). Finally, the single point positioning (SPP) technology was used to verify the accuracy of the observed and predicted orbits. The orbit determination accuracy of maneuvered satellites can be greatly improved by using the orbit determination method proposed in this paper. The overlapping orbit determination accuracy of maneuvered GEO satellites of BDS-2 and BDS-3 can improve 2–3 orders of magnitude. Among them, the radial orbit determination accuracy of each maneuvered satellite is basically better than 1 m. simultaneously, the combined orbit determination of the maneuvered and non-maneuvered satellites does not have a great impact on the orbit determination accuracy of the non-maneuvered satellites. Compared with the multi GNSS products (indicated by GBM) from the German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ), the impact of adding the maneuvered satellites on the orbit determination accuracy of BDS-2 satellites is less than 9 %. Furthermore, the orbital recovery time and the service availability period are significantly improved. When the node of the predicted orbit is traversed approximately 3 h after the maneuver, the accuracy of the predicted orbit of the maneuvered satellite can reach that of the observed orbit. The SPP results for the BDS reached a normal level when the node of the predicted orbit was 2 h after the maneuver.     

多约束多星快响巡察任务规划方法

多星快响巡察任务是指多个目标卫星出现不明状况,巡察服务平台在短时间内进行轨道转移,携带多个子航天器对目标进行飞越巡察。对于该问题的任务规划,首先基于共面机动给出了平台调相策略并建立了满足光照和机动能力等约束的巡察窗口筛选计算模型;其次提出了一种贪婪搜索和多轮规划的方法,用于确定任务分配方案和巡察次序;最后在高精度轨道模型下验证了方法的有效性并将该方法与混合编码遗传算法进行了对比。在算例中,该方法的优化效果稍优于混合编码遗传算法,而且求解效率是后者的约227倍,表明贪婪搜索和多轮规划方法更适用该问题的高效求解。     

The influence of orbital maneuver on autonomous orbit determination of an extended satellite navigation constellation

The right ascension of the ascending node is unobservable if only the inter-satellite ranging is used for autonomous orbit determination (AOD) of an Earth navigation constellation. However, if an Earth-Moon libration point satellite is added to the Earth navigation constellation to construct an extended navigation constellation, all the orbital elements can be determined with only the inter-satellite ranging. Furthermore, the extended navigation constellation can provide navigation information for interplanetary probes. For such an extended navigation constellation, orbital control needs to be considered due to the instability of the libration-point satellite orbit. This study concerns the influence of satellite orbital maneuver on the AOD of the extended navigation constellation. An AOD method under orbital maneuver is proposed. A low thrust controller is designed to achieve libration point satellite autonomous orbit maintenance by using AOD results. A navigation constellation consisting of three GPS satellites and one libration point satellite are designed for simulation. The simulation results show that libration point satellites can achieve autonomous navigation and autonomous orbit maintenance by only using inter-satellite ranging information. The rotation drift error of the Earth navigation constellation is also suppressed.     

基于差分进化算法的导航星座在轨重构构型设计

针对有卫星失效下的导航星座,提出了对在轨卫星进行相位机动的方法来对星座的空间构型进行重构,以实现修复和改善星座性能的目的。首先,利用共面高轨和共面低轨变相的方式来对在轨卫星的相位进行调整,建立共面轨道相位机动的数学模型;其次,提出了除重构时间和重构能量外的其他重构指标,包括重构能量均衡度和重构构型恢复性,并建立了各重构指标的数学模型;然后,建立了重构构型的优化模型,并对优化问题中个体的评价手段与编码方式进行设计;最后,以北斗中MEO卫星失效为例,利用差分进化算法对优化模型进行求解,得到以不同重构指标为目标函数下的Pareto前沿。从结果中可以看出该重构方法对星座性能的提升最大可以达到41.2%,同时Pareto前沿中对应的所有重构策略中,重构能量、重构构型的均衡度、重构构型的健壮性的数量级均维持在-1、-3和0的水平。     

基于GNSS的高轨卫星定位技术研究

利用全球卫星导航系统(GNSS)进行导航定位具有全球、全天候、实时和高精度的优点,应用于高地球轨道(HEO)卫星的定位,能够提供精确的轨道和姿态确定,并且可以克服目前主要利用地面测控系统对HEO卫星进行定位的设备复杂、投资高等缺点,使得自主导航成为可能.本文对利用GNSS的高轨卫星定位相关技术进行了研究,分析了单一GNSS系统和多个GNSS组合系统的卫星可见性、动态性和几何精度因子(GDOP).通过仿真分析表明,利用组合GNSS系统并通过提高GNSS接收机灵敏度的方法,可以解决GNSS进行HEO卫星定位的相关问题,并能保证HEO卫星定位精度的要求.      

Analysis of the orbit lifetime of CubeSats in low Earth orbits including periodic variation in drag due to attitude motion

It is estimated that more than 22,300 human-made objects are in orbit around the Earth, with a total mass above 8,400,000 kg. Around 89% of these objects are non-operational and without control, which makes them to be considered orbital debris. These numbers consider only objects with dimensions larger than 10 cm. Besides those numbers, there are also about 2000 operational satellites in orbit nowadays. The space debris represents a hazard to operational satellites and to the space operations. A major concern is that this number is growing, due to new launches and particles generated by collisions. Another important point is that the development of CubeSats has increased exponentially in the last years, increasing the number of objects in space, mainly in the Low Earth Orbits (LEO). Due to the short operational time, CubeSats boost the debris population. One of the requirements for space debris mitigation in LEO is the limitation of the orbital lifetime of the satellites, which needs to be lower than 25 years. However, there are space debris with longer estimated decay time. In LEÓs, the influence of the atmospheric drag is the main orbital perturbation, and is used in maneuvers to increment the losses in the satellite orbital energy, to locate satellites in constellations and to accelerate the decay.The goal of the present research is to study the influence of aerodynamic rotational maneuver in the CubeSat?s orbital lifetime. The rotational axis is orthogonal to the orbital plane of the CubeSat, which generates variations in the ballistic coefficient along the trajectory. The maneuver is proposed to accelerate the decay and to mitigate orbital debris generated by non-operational CubeSats. The panel method is selected to determine the drag coefficient as a function of the flow incident angle and the spinning rate. The pressure distribution is integrated from the satellite faces at hypersonic rarefied flow to calculate the drag coefficient. The mathematical model considers the gravitational potential of the Earth and the deceleration due to drag. To analyze the effects of the rotation during the decay, multiple trajectories were propagated, comparing the results obtained assuming a constant drag coefficient with trajectories where the drag coefficient changes periodically. The initial perigees selected were lower than 400 km of altitude with eccentricities ranging from 0.00 to 0.02. Six values for the angular velocity were applied in the maneuver. The technique of rotating the spacecraft is an interesting solution to increase the orbit decay of a CubeSat without implementing additional de-orbit devices. Significant changes in the decay time are presented due to the increase of the mean drag coefficient calculated by the panel method, when the maneuver is applied, reducing the orbital lifetime, however the results are independent of the angular velocity of the satellite.     

太阳帆航天器行星际轨道转移优化算法

研究基于遗传算法的太阳帆行星际转移轨道的全局优化问题.通过极小值原理推导了太阳帆全局优化控制律,并以太阳帆飞行时间最短为优化目标函数,运用遗传算法对发射时间、到达时间和协态变量初值进行参数优化设计.为了解决轨道转移这一多约束优化问题,在遗传算法中加入动态罚函数.在此理论基础上作了从地球同步轨道出发到火星同步轨道转移和从地球出发与火星交会两个算例,仿真结果表明了该方法在太阳帆转移轨道全局优化中的有效性.