空间材料出气筛选装置的研制与试验

叙述了总质量损失(TML)、收集到的可凝挥发物(CVCM)和水蒸汽回吸量(WVR),它们是空间材料出气的三项密不可分的指标,提供了材料在空间热真空环境中的耐受性和对航天器敏感表面形成污染的基本信息。ASTM(美国材料试验协会)E595-90标准适合批量测试,数据可靠,测试速度快,成本低,是空间材料出气筛选的唯一标准,为世界各国所公认。我们制定了相应的部标准QJ1558-88,并研制了与之相应的Micro-VCM 测试装置,全面达到了ASTME595-90标准的要求,其中控温精度、天平灵敏度和交叉污染控制方面优于上述标准。     

航天器表面充电模型研究Ⅰ—空间电环境模型研究

航天器表面充电研究表明充电状态与空间电环境和航天器自身情况有着极为密切的关系。空间电环境是导致航天器表面充电的直接客观原因,它受太阳活动和地磁活动的强烈影响。研究空间电环境状态是认识航天器表面充电原因的基础。本文对已提出的许多空间电环境模型作了较为全面的综述和讨论     

真空羽流污染的数值模拟

姿控发动机真空环境下工作产生的喷流对航天器造成的污染非常严重.根据污染的性质,羽流污染又分为机械污染、热污染、沉积污染和化学污染.用直接模拟的蒙特卡罗(DSMC)法数值求解真空羽流场,在此基础上计算热污染和沉积污染,将对空间飞行器的设计和科学实验有参考价值.      

空间激光干涉引力波探测器轨道修正方法

针对空间激光干涉引力波探测器轨道修正问题，提出一种基于虚拟编队构型设计的航天器轨道修正方法。空间激光干涉引力波探测器由3颗航天器组成等边三角形构型。由于入轨误差和摄动的影响，探测器的构型不稳定。假设名义轨道上运行着一颗理想航天器，实际轨道上的真实航天器与之组成虚拟编队，探测器的3颗真实航天器分别与对应的理想航天器组成3个虚拟编队。考虑探测器构型稳定性要求和摄动的影响，对虚拟编队的构型进行设计，进而求解航天器平均轨道要素修正量。求解得到的航天器平均轨道要素修正量小于偏差量，轨道修正通过四脉冲控制实现。数值仿真结果表明，该方法通过部分轨道修正满足了探测器的构型稳定性要求，具有减少燃料消耗、延长任务寿命的潜力。      

姿态角幅值约束下的太阳帆Lissajous轨道保持控制

太阳帆航天器以两姿态角作为轨道控制输入时, 其轨道动力学方程具有非仿射非线性特性. 通过人工平动点处线性化获得的线性系统可完成太阳帆航天器轨道保持控制器的分析与设计. 由于线性近似模型为有误差模型, 存在近似有效范围约束, 表现为轨道高度约束和姿态角幅值约束. 本文研究了姿态角幅值约束对线性近似模型有效性的影响, 通过计算给出满足近似误差要求的姿态角幅值约束. 当控制输入存在幅值约束时, 控制器轨道修正能力受到束缚. 通过研究姿态角幅值约束下的最大允许入轨误差, 设计了最大允许入轨误差下线性二次型调节器(LQR)用于轨道保持控制, 并将控制器应用于太阳帆日地三体系统非线性模型中, 实现了日地人工L₁点Lissajous轨道最大允许入轨误差的控制收敛和良好精度下的轨道保持控制.      

航天器两种常用涂层的电导性能实验研究

航天器表面在轨道运行中会出现电荷积累现象,尤其高轨道航天器这种现象更为严重。改善航天器表面的导电能力是解决这一问题的有效途径之一。据此,本文对两种常用的航天器表面涂层在模拟空间亚暴环境下电导性能的变化及其规律作了实验研究。     

空间中子辐射及其测量技术

空间辐射环境包含大量高能带电粒子,其与航天器的结构材料相互作用会产生次级中子辐射,由于这些中子的平均品质因子是带电粒子的约4~5倍,因而对生物组织的剂量当量相对贡献更大。由于中子与物质的作用机制更为复杂,测量难度大,使得准确测量空间中子注量及其剂量当量贡献成为空间辐射剂量学中最具挑战性的工作之一。主要介绍了空间中子辐射的产生机制以及国外相关测量方法及其相关校准技术的研究状况。     

基于随机森林的月球表面软着陆实时最优控制

针对传统月球表面软着陆在处理入轨偏差或降落过程轨迹偏离实时性差,文章提出一种通过监督学习离线训练随机森林结构,使得着陆器在降落过程中根据其状态,通过训练的随机森林结构在线计算其控制量,从而达到实时控制的目的。文章还提出一种基于随机森林的模型对月球着陆过程轨迹重规划技术,通过动力学建模将月球着陆过程分成制动段、接近段和着陆段共3个阶段,利用离线训练好的模型根据航天器状态在线计算其控制量,并通过三段下降过程逐渐降低航天器位置速度误差。仿真结果表明,针对入轨偏离500m的情况,通过第一阶段将位置误差缩短至50m,保证了航天器状态位于第二阶段训练集内,经过接近段后再将位置误差缩小至10m范围内,速度误差降至0.01m/s量级,满足着陆误差要求,且控制量计算时间短,达到了轨迹实时重规划的目的。     

朗缪尔探针在轨快速除污染技术研究

讨论了一种朗缪尔球形探针在轨快速去除表面污染的技术方法. 朗缪尔探针是空间等离子体原位探测的一项重要手段, 广泛应用于各种航天器. 探针传感器表面被污染时, 会造成探针I-V特性曲线失真, 从而导致探测获得的等离子体参数产生偏差. 通过试验验证了采用探针传感器加载高压的技术, 其可快速有效清除传感器表面污染, 确保朗缪尔探针在轨探测获得实时、准确的空间等离子体信息.      

原子氧对航天器表面材料作用的数值模拟

对低地球轨道环境对航天器表面材料的影响和航天器表面材料的低地球轨道环境寿命评定方法进行了介绍,并对低地球轨道环境和地面试验环境下,有无保护涂层的聚酰亚胺所受冲蚀作用进行了成功的数值模拟,获得了具有工程应用价值的数值计算结果.该项工作对太空航天器的设计具有重要的指导意义.      

Applications of PVDF dust sensor systems in space

The advantages of ruggedness, no bias requirement, ease of large area sensor construction, high counting rate capability, and space reliability inherent in the Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) dust sensors which have been under development at the University of Chicago over the last decade have led to PVDF flux/mass/velocity/trajectory systems which have advantages over other systems and are well suited for a variety of dust studies in space. The thermal stability characteristics and flux/mass/velocity/trajectory determining characteristics of PVDF and Vinylidene Fluoride/Trifluoroethylene (PVDF copolymer) dust sensors are described. We summarize the objectives and designs of our earlier VEGA- comet Halley instruments, a PVDF velocity/trajectory dust instrument for launch on the Advanced Research and Global Observation Satellite (ARGOS) in January 1996, and a PVDF high flux dust instrument for launch on the CASSINI spacecraft to Saturn in October 1997.     

Dust modelling of fast-flyby missions: Implications of in situ measurements

Using the Divine approach to modelling of cometary dust distributions within the dust envelope, together with the Reference Model parameters established by the Comet Halley Environment Working Group, predicted flux and fluence values are presented for each of the Giotto Dust Impact Detection System (DIDSY) subsystems. Implications for returned DIDSY data is discussed with particular reference to mass-size distribution and particle fluence as a fuction of time. It is also shown that the first particle impact event recorded by any of the DIDSY subsystems is likely to be of sufficient mass to penetrate the front shield of the Giotto spacecraft.     

Ulysses charged particle measurements between 1 and 5 AU from the sun.

Proton fluxes obtained by two instruments carried on the ESA/NASA Ulysses spacecraft are reported for the period from launch in October 1990 till Jupiter encounter in February 1992. Proton energy ranges are 24-59, 71-99, 130-320, 320-2100 and > 2100 MeV. The Sun was very active during this period, the events of March 1991 being some of the largest of the solar cycle. The relationship between events on the Sun and the observed proton flux is discussed.     

Comptel measurements of the omnidirectional high-energy neutron flux in near-earth orbit

On four occasions, twice in 1991 (near solar maximum) and twice in 1994 (near solar minimum), one COMPTEL D1 detector module was used as an omnidirectional detector to measure the high-energy (>12.8 MeV) neutron flux near an altitude of 450 km. The Dl modules are cylindrical, with radius 13.8 cm and depth 8 cm, and are filled with liquid scintillator (NE213A). The combined flux measurements can be fit reasonably well by a product of the Mt. Washington neutron monitor rate, a linear function in the spacecraft geocenter zenith angle, and an exponential function of the vertical geomagnetic cutoff rigidity in which the coefficient of the rigidity is a linear function of the neutron monitor rate. When pointed at the nadir, the flux is consistent with that expected from the atmospheric neutron albedo alone. When pointed at the zenith the flux is reduced by a factor of about 0.54. Thus the production of secondary neutrons in the massive (16000 kg) Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory spacecraft is negligible. Rather, the mass of the spacecraft provides shielding from the earth albedo.     

Maps of hydrogen isotopes at low altitudes in the inner zone from sampex observations

The PET instrument aboard the SAMPEX satellite has provided us with long-term intra-calibrated observations of geomagnetically trapped protons and deuterons in the inner zone, suitable for use in constraining the low-altitude portions of radiation belt models being developed as successors to AP-8. These observations have been summarized elsewhere (Looper et al., 1996). Here we report a detection of geomagnetically-trapped tritium at energies from 14 to 35 MeV/nuc below L = 1.2, at about 1/8 the flux of deuterium previously reported at that location and at similar energy per nucleon. We also demonstrate the utility of the SAMPEX/PET observations for measuring the east-west anisotropy in the trapped particle flux at low altitudes, which is due to displacement of particle gyrocenters from the position of observation in a region of strong flux gradients. This anisotropy is implicitly ignored in omnidirectional radiation-flux models, but it can be important to mission planners considering how to distribute shielding over the surface of oriented spacecraft in low Earth orbit.     

Enhancement of solar wind low-energy energetic particles as precursor of geomagnetic disturbance in operational geomagnetic forecast

A study of the relationship between solar wind low-energy energetic particles using data from the Electron, Proton, and Alpha Monitor (EPAM) onboard the Advanced Compositional Explorer spacecraft (ACE) and geomagnetic activity using data from Canadian magnetic observatories in Canada’s polar cap, auroral zone, and subauroral zone was carried out for a period spanning 1997–2005. Full halo coronal mass ejections (CMEs) were used to gauge the initial particle enhancements and the subsequent geomagnetic activity. It was found that maximum geomagnetic activity is related to maximum particle enhancements in a non-linear fashion. Quadratic fit of the data results in expressions that can be easily used in an operational space weather setting to forecast geomagnetic disturbance quantitatively. A superposed epoch analysis shows increase in particle flux level starts hours before geomagnetic activity attains its peak, affirming the precursory nature of EPAM particles for the impending geomagnetic impact of CME. This can supplement the decision process in formulating geomagnetic warning after the launch of CME from the Sun but before the arrival of shock at Earth. The empirical relationships between solar wind low-energy energetic particles and geomagnetic activity revealed in this statistical study can be easily codified, and thus utilized in operational space weather forecast to appraise the geoeffectiveness of the CME and to provide a quantitative forecast for maximum geomagnetic activity in Canada’s polar cap, auroral zone, and subauroral zone after the occurrence of a CME.     

有关出气加速测试的两种实验设计

阐述了空间材料出气加速测试的概念、出气加速系数的定义;给出了加速系数与不同温度出气状态出气速率之间的关系,以及与不同温度出气状态出气时间之间的关系;提出了出气加速测试的两种实验设计,跃变温度测试法和常规测试法,并采用跃变法对近年所用某些星上材料做了加速出气测试;为验证实验设计的可行性,就同种材料同时做了6500余小时的非加速实际出气测试。测试结果表明:在1000余小时内加速与非加速测试的平均相对偏差为1.0%,在2000余小时内平均相对偏差为5.3%。从而肯定了加速测试实验设计的可行性。文中开列了有关实验过程和结果的图表。     

The SOHO CELIAS/SEM EUV database from SC23 minimum to the present

The SOHO Solar EUV Monitor has been in operation since December 1995 onboard the SOHO spacecraft. This instrument is a highly stable transmission grating solar extreme ultraviolet spectrometer. It has made nearly continuous full disk solar irradiance measurements both within an 8 nm bandpass centered at 30.4 nm and throughout the 0.1 to 50 nm solar flux region since launch. The 30.4 nm flux, the 0.1 to 50 nm flux and the extracted soft X-ray (0.1 to 5 nm) flux are presented and compared with the behavior of solar proxies.     

The statistical treatment implemented to obtain the planetary protection bioburdens for the Mars Science Laboratory mission

NASA Planetary Protection Policy requires that Category IV missions such as those going to the surface of Mars include detailed assessment and documentation of the bioburden on the spacecraft at launch. In the prior missions to Mars, the approaches used to estimate the bioburden could easily be conservative without penalizing the project because spacecraft elements such as the descent and landing stages had relatively small surface areas and volumes. With the advent of a large spacecraft such as Mars Science Laboratory (MSL), it became necessary for a modified—still conservative but more pragmatic—statistical treatment be used to obtain the standard deviations and the bioburden densities at about the 99.9% confidence limits. This article describes both the Gaussian and Poisson statistics that were implemented to analyze the bioburden data from the MSL spacecraft prior to launch. The standard deviations were weighted by the areas sampled with each swab or wipe. Some typical cases are given and discussed.     

太阳帆航天器编队维持和重构的方法研究

针对高面质比航天器可以利用太阳光压进行轨道控制的特点,本文提出一种太阳帆航天器编队构型维持和重构的方法.该方法通过控制主从航天器太阳帆姿态角和反射系数,调整主从航天器之间的光压差,产生抵消编队成员间相对运动受到摄动差或进行轨道机动时所需的连续小推力,从而实现编队构型的维持和重构.仿真结果表明,在主航天器太阳帆的姿态角和反射系数相对固定的条件下,对于太阳同步轨道上的高面质比太阳帆航天器编队,使用滑模控制方法,能够调整编队中从航天器太阳帆的姿态角和反射系数产生推力抵消摄动力影响,达到长期维持太阳帆航天器编队构型的目的;通过开环控制方法,能够调整编队中从航天器太阳帆的姿态角和反射系数产生连续小推力,在较长时间周期内实现编队重构.