Zn-Cr2AlC复合材料的制备与摩擦磨损性能

为改善金属Zn的摩擦磨损性能,采用热压法制备Cr₂AlC陶瓷颗粒增强Zn基复合材料,并研究了Cr₂AlC质量分数对复合材料的金相组织、维氏硬度、相对密度及摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果表明,复合材料的硬度随着Cr₂AlC质量分数的适量增加而明显升高。当Cr₂AlC的质量分数达到20%时,复合材料的硬度是纯Zn的1.52倍。摩擦磨损实验表明,Cr₂AlC颗粒的引入,可显著改善复合材料的摩擦磨损性能,摩擦系数由纯Zn的0.75降到Zn-20%Cr₂AlC的0.65,Zn-30%Cr₂AlC的磨损率相比纯Zn下降了80.54%。分析磨损表面形貌,得出其磨损类型为磨粒磨损和剥层磨损。     

离心力场中TiC/FeNiCr复合材料 涂层的原位反应合成

以Fe₂O₃,Cr₂O₃,CrO₃,NiO,Al,Ti粉和C粉为原料,在离心力场中在碳钢基体表面原位反应合成了TiC-FeNiCr复合材料涂层.利用X射线衍射、金相照相、扫描电镜、X射线能谱分析等手段对涂层的显微结构和组织形貌进行了研究.测试了涂层的显微硬度及干滑动磨损条件下的耐磨性能.结果表明,涂层和碳钢基体能形成冶金结合.涂层由FeNiCr奥氏体和其中弥散分布的TiC硬质相组成.TiC颗粒晶粒尺寸小于3μm,形状呈多边形或花瓣状.涂层显微硬度约为Hv 500~Hv 800,TiC含量增加,涂层的显微硬度提高.涂层较碳钢具有优异的耐磨性能.      

Nb离子注入γ-TiAl的高温循环氧化行为

研究了Nb离子注入的γ-TiAl合金在1123K和1173K空气中的高温循环氧化行为,用配有能谱仪的扫描电子显微镜对氧化层的形貌、显微结构进行了分析,用俄歇谱仪分析了注入元素和氧化层中各元素的分布.结果表明:Nb离子注入可以提高γ-TiAl合金的抗循环氧化性能.提高其抗氧化性能的主要原因归结于Nb离子在TiO₂中的掺杂作用.高价Nb的掺杂,降低了TiO₂的缺陷浓度,使TiO₂的生长受到抑制,在氧化初期形成了Al₂O₃保护层,从而推迟了氧化层的剥落时间.但Nb离子注入的γ-TiAl合金不具有长期的抗循环氧化性能.      

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研究了Nb离子注入的γ-TiAl合金在1123K和1173K空气中的高温循环氧化行为,用配有能谱仪的扫描电子显微镜对氧化层的形貌、显微结构进行了分析,用俄歇谱仪分析了注入元素和氧化层中各元素的分布.结果表明:Nb离子注入可以提高γ-TiAl合金的抗循环氧化性能.提高其抗氧化性能的主要原因归结于Nb离子在TiO₂中的掺杂作用.高价Nb的掺杂,降低了TiO₂的缺陷浓度,使TiO₂的生长受到抑制,在氧化初期形成了Al₂O₃保护层,从而推迟了氧化层的剥落时间.但Nb离子注入的γ-TiAl合金不具有长期的抗循环氧化性能.     

AZ91D镁合金表面热扩散渗锌膜层研究

为了提高AZ91D镁合金的耐腐蚀性能和表面硬度,对其进行了表面热处理扩散渗锌处理,并对其得到的膜层表面和断面形貌、结构组成、耐腐蚀性能、显微硬度等性能进行了探讨,测量了该合金热扩散渗锌前后试样的阳极极化曲线和交流阻抗图,这些试验结果都表明在AZ91D镁合金材料表面进行热扩散渗锌获得的表面膜层均匀细致,膜层由Mg₇Zn₃、Mg和Zn构成,而且该膜层与基体相比耐腐蚀性和对镁合金基体的防护性能有了显著提高,并具有较高的表面显微硬度.     

钛合金TB6侧铣表面完整性实验

使用表面完整性基本评价方法对TB6钛合金侧铣后试件的表面完整性（表面形貌、表面粗糙度、加工硬化）进行研究.结果表明,对表面形貌影响最明显的因素是每齿进给量f_z,过大的f_z会使已加工表面出现鳞刺现象.f_z是影响已加工表面进给方向粗糙度的最主要因素,随着f_z从0.06 mm/z增大到0.12 mm/z,表面粗糙度R_a会由0.283 μm显著增加到0.964 μm.线速度v_c,f_z和径向切深a_e的变化对刀轴方向粗糙度影响很小.而刀具的后刀面磨损是影响已加工表面刀轴方向粗糙度的主要因素,极轻微的后刀面磨损都会导致刀轴方向粗糙度明显增加,随着后刀面磨损量V_B由0增加到0.025 mm,刀轴方向粗糙度由0.22 μm剧烈增加到0.686 μm.侧铣过程中TB6的加工硬化现象不严重,表层组织没有明显变质层产生,晶粒也没有出现明显的拉伸、扭曲或破裂.      

TC9激光熔覆TiN涂层的组织与耐磨性的研究

通过SEM观察,EDX、XRD分析,以及显微硬度测试和干滑动摩擦磨损试验,研究了TC9表面激光熔覆TiN涂层的显微组织、硬度分布及耐磨性.结果表明:激光熔覆TiN涂层与基材结合紧密,熔覆层的显微组织中弥散分布着大量的大大小小的枝晶TiN和未熔TiN 等硬质点相,TC9表面激光熔覆TiN 涂层具有比基材TC9高得多的耐磨性.     

钛合金焊接件疲劳特性评估的当量Kt法

针对先进飞机结构广泛采用的钛合金焊接结构,提出了描述焊接件疲劳特性的当量理论应力集中系数Kt(K_te)的概念;建立了以钛合金材料疲劳性能为基础,通过一组谱载下钛合金焊接件疲劳试验来确定K_te的技术途径.以TC4钛合金氧弧焊试件为例给出了确定K_te的具体方法和结果.     

纳秒脉冲电子束冲击强化金属表面的研究

讨论了纳秒强脉冲电子束(功率密度为10⁹W/cm²)辐射金属表面后产生的强化作用.纳秒脉冲电子束瞬间在材料表面局部区域注入巨大能量,使金属表面微区瞬间产生高温高压和冲击作用,并产生骤热急冷过程,使材料表面硬度、耐腐蚀性和其他物化性能发生明显变化.文中讨论了脉冲电子束导致快速熔凝的热传导过程,并分析了从扫描电镜照片观察到的金属急冷过程的显微结构.纳秒强脉冲电子束注入是金属材料表面改性的新手段.     

纳米改性环氧树脂固化反应及表面与摩擦性能

利用纳米粉末橡胶结合无机纳米氧化铝以改善环氧树脂的表面强度性能和摩擦性能.采用差示扫描量热法(DSC,Differential Scanning Calorimeter)研究了纳米改性环氧树脂的固化反应动力学; 采用动态超微硬度表征了纳米复合材料的表面强度; 评价了纳米改性环氧树脂复合材料的摩擦系数.结果表明, 纳米复合材料与环氧树脂具有相同的固化反应机理, 单一纳米粒子的加入降低了固化反应的表观活化能, 两种纳米粒子的复配使用增加了固化反应的表观活化能.纳米粒子使固化反应程度下降, 导致固化反应热显著下降.复配使用纳米氧化铝和纳米粉末橡胶能够改善环氧树脂复合材料的摩擦系数、表面硬度和弹性模量, 实现了对表面强度性能和摩擦性能的优化.     

Temporal and spatial variations observed in the ionospheric composition of Venus: Implications for empirical modelling

In situ measurements of the thermal ion composition of the ionosphere of Venus have been obtained for a period of two Venus years from the Bennett rf ion mass spectrometer on the Pioneer Venus Orbiter. Ion measurements within an altitude interval of 160 to 300 kilometers, corresponding to an overall latitude interval of about ?4° to 34°N, are assembled from the interval December 1978 to March 1980. This time interval corresponds to two revolutions of Venus about the Sun, designated as two “diurnal cycles”. The distributions of several ion species in this data base have been sorted to identify temporal and spatial variations, and to determine the feasibility of an analytical representation of the experimental results. The first results from the sorting of several prominent ions including O⁺, O₂⁺, and H⁺ and several minor ions including CO₂⁺, C⁺, and H₂⁺ reveal significant diurnal variations, with superimposed modulation associated with solar activity and solar wind variations. The diurnal variation consists of strong day to night contrast in the ion concentrations, with differences of one to two orders of magnitude, depending upon ion mass and altitude. The concentrations of O₂⁺, O⁺, CO₂⁺ and C⁺ peak throughout the dayside decreasing sharply at the terminators to nightside levels, lower by one to two orders of magnitude relative to the dayside. The diurnal variations of the light ions H⁺ and H₂⁺ peak during the night, exhibiting asymmetric nightside bulges favoring the pre-dawn sector, near 0400 solar hour angle. Superimposed upon the diurnal distributions are modulation signatures which correlate well with modulation in the F_10.7 index, indicating a strong influence of solar variability on the ion production and distribution. The influence of solar wind perturbations upon the ion distributions are also indicated, by a significant increase in the scatter of the observations with increasing altitude as higher altitudes, approaching 300 kilometers, are sampled. Together, these temporal and spatial variations make the task of modelling the ionosphere of Venus both very interesting and challenging.     

Model calculations of the dayside ionosphere of Venus

Model calculations of the dayside ionosphere of Venus are presented. The coupled continuity and momentum equations were solved for O₂⁺, O⁺, CO₂⁺, C⁺, N⁺, He⁺, and H⁺ density distributions, which are compared with measurements from the Pioneer Venus ion mass spectrometer. The agreement between the model results and the measurements is good for some species, such as O⁺, and rather poor for others, such as N⁺, indicating that our understanding of the dayside ion composition of Venus is incomplete. The coupled heat conduction equations for ions and electrons were solved and the calculated temperatures compared with Pioneer Venus measurements. It is shown that fluctuations in the magnetic field have a significant effect on the energy balance of the ionosphere.     

Rotational constants of linear and/or bent Cn+1H and CnN(n = 1–6): A DFT study

The geometries, dipole moments, and rotational constants for the linear and/or bent cations, C_n+1H⁺ and C_nN⁺(n = 1–6), were studied by the B3LYP method with the modest basis sets. For C_nH⁺(n = odd; 3, 5, 7) and C_nN⁺(n = even; 2, 4, 6), the theoretical rotational constants (B_es) of closed-shell singlet C₃H⁺, C₅H⁺, C₇H⁺, CCN⁺, C₄N⁺, and C₆N⁺ were calculated to be about 11,244, 2420, 885.2, 11,970, 2439, and 880.8 MHz, respectively. By contrast, the triplets are stable than the corresponding singlets for C_nH⁺(n = odd; 2, 4, 6) and C_nN⁺(n = even; 3, 5) except CN⁺.     

F-Region ion composition modeling

Measurements of the principal ion species of the F₁- and F₂- regions have been used to develop an empirical model of the ion composition for altitudes between 150 and 500 km. The species measured by the S3-1 satellite include N⁺, O⁺, N₂⁺, NO⁺ and O₂⁺. The data were obtained near the minimum of the solar cycle, thus limited information on the ionospheric variation with solar flux is available. However, the range of latitude, altitude, local time and geomagnetic activity does provide a useful basis for modeling the F-region. The ion composition measurements have been used to provide a model for relative ion composition which is compatible with the total ion density from the International Reference Ionosphere model.     

Positive ion composition and electron density in a combined auroral and NLC event

The positive ion composition and electron density were measured in the lower ionosphere above Kiruna in salvo A of CAMP (Cold Arctic Mesopause Project). The CAMP/P (S37/P) payload carrying a magnetic ion spectrometer, positive ion and electron probes, and propagation experiments was launched on 3 August 1982 2332 UT during extended Noctilucent Clouds (NLC) and auroral activities over Kiruna. The measured electron density was 5×10³cm^?3 at 80 km and 2.5×10⁵cm^?3 at 90 km. The increase of ion and electron densities in the D- and E-region during twilight was caused by precipitating auroral particles. The height distribution of the positive ions measured by the mass spectrometer in the mass range 19–280 amu is different from a winter flight with similar auroral conditions. Below 85.5 km proton hydrates H⁺(H₂O)₃ ? H⁺(H₂O)₈ were the dominant ions. The heaviest proton hydrates H⁺(H₂O)₇ and H⁺(H₂O)₈ were most abundant at 82–85.5 km, the altitude of visible NLC. Above 85.5 km O₂⁺ and NO⁺ became dominant. A small metal ion layer was observed between 90.5–93 km with a maximum ion density of 10% of the total positive ion density at 91 km altitude. The metal ion density disappeared within about a km below 90.5 km.     

Results of measurements of the response of a delta-doped CCD to neutral and charged particle beams

We report the measurements of the response of a delta-doped Charge Coupled Device (CCD) in imaging mode to beams of charged and neutral particles. That is, the detector imaged the incident beam over its 1024 × 1024 pixels, integrating the number of particles counted in each pixel during the exposure period. In order to count individual particles the exposure time would have had to be reduced considerably compared to the typical ?5 s used in these studies. Our CCD thus operated in a different manner than do conventional particle detectors such as the CEM and MCP that normally are used in a particle counting mode. The measurements were carried out over an energy range from 0.8 to 30 keV. The species investigated include H, H⁺, He⁺, N⁺, N₂⁺, and Ar⁺. The energy and ion mass covered wider ranges than previous measurements for the CCD. The results of these measurements show, as in the case of the previous measurement, for a given ion the CCD response increases with energy and for a given particle energy the response decreases with increasing mass of the particle. These results are in agreement with predictions of the theory of the range of ions in solids. The results also show the possibility for the application of the delta doped CCD as a detector for low energy particle measurements for space plasma physics applications.     

Mesospheric H2O and H2O2 densities inferred from in situ positive ion composition measurement

The measurements of positive ion composition in the high latitude D-region have revealed an excess of 34⁺ under distrubed conditions which has been interpreted as H₂O₂⁺. At the same altitude range near the transition height oxonium ions were measured as well. This paper presents a new model for the production and loss of oxonium ions with their production from H₂O₂⁺ + H₂O → H₃O⁺ + HO₂ and their loss by attachment of N₂ and/or CO₂. A reaction constant of 8.5×10^?28 (300/T)⁴ cm⁶s^?1 has been obtained for the three body attachment H₃O⁺ + CO₂ + M → H₃O⁺.CO₂ + M from the measured density profile of 63⁺ in flight 18.1020. Mesospheric H₂O and H₂O₂ densities are inferred from measurements of four high latitude ion compositions based on the oxonium model. The mixing ratios of hydrogen peroxide are up to two orders of magnitude higher compared to previous model calculations. In order to explain the missing production of odd hydrogen, we consider larger O(¹D) densities, surface reactions of O(³P) on particles, and cathalytic photodissociation of water vapor on aerosol particles.     

Occurrence features of simultaneous H+- and He+-band EMIC emissions in the outer radiation belt

As an important loss mechanism of radiation belt electrons, electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves show up as three distinct frequency bands below the hydrogen (H⁺), helium (He⁺), and oxygen (O⁺) ion gyrofrequencies. Compared to O⁺-band EMIC waves, H⁺- and He⁺-band emissions generally occur more frequently and result in more efficient scattering removal of <～5?MeV relativistic electrons. Therefore, knowledge about the occurrence of these two bands is important for understanding the evolution of the relativistic electron population. To evaluate the occurrence pattern and wave properties of H⁺- and He⁺-band EMIC waves when they occur concurrently, we investigate 64 events of multi-band EMIC emissions identified from high quality Van Allen Probes wave data. Our quantitative results demonstrate a strong occurrence dependence of the multi-band EMIC emissions on magnetic local time (MLT) and L-shell to mainly concentrate on the dayside region of L?=?～4–6. We also find that the average magnetic field amplitude of H⁺-band waves is larger than that of He⁺-band waves only when L?<?4.5 and AE¹?<?300?nT, and He⁺-band emissions are more intense under all other conditions. In contrast to 5 events that have average H⁺-band amplitude over 2 nT, 19 events exhibit >2 nT He⁺-band amplitude, indicating that the He⁺-band waves can be more easily amplified than the H⁺-band waves under the same circumstances. For simultaneous occurrences of the two EMIC wave bands, their frequencies vary with L-shell and geomagnetic activity: the peak wave frequency of H⁺-band emissions varies between 0.25 and 0.8 f_cp with the average between 0.25 and 0.6 f_cp, while that of He⁺-band emissions varies between 0.03 and 0.23 f_cp with the average between 0.05 and 0.15 f_cp. These newly observed occurrence features of simultaneous H⁺- and He⁺-band EMIC emissions provide improved information to quantify the overall contribution of multi-band EMIC waves to the loss processes of radiation belt electrons.