Integration of Landsat-8 and Sentinel-1 dataset to extract geological lineaments in complex formations of Tepal mountain area,Shahrood, north Iran

Recently, the detection and extraction of geological lineaments have become an essential analytical technique to find relationships between the characteristics and occurrence of hydrogeology, and tectonic studies. The use of remote sensing, with the progressive development of image enhancement techniques, provides an opportunity to produce more reliable and comprehensive lineament maps. In this paper, semi-automatic approach based on Landsat 8 and Sentinel 1 radar data is proposed for lineaments extraction and validation. The combined method of linear filtering and automatic line module ensures a high degree of accuracy resulting in a lineament map. Based on identified lineaments, Sentinel1 is more capable of detecting edges than Landsat8, but the primary orientation lineaments extracted from Landsat8 and Sentinel1 were different. So, by combining band6 of Landsat8, and VV and VH polarization of Sentinel1, the area lineaments were extracted with high accuracy. Rose diagram showed the extracted lineaments' orientation is in good compliance with the region's existing faults. Also, the formations' lineament length density has good consistent with the density of the faults in the geological map.     

空间目标快速轮廓特征提取与跟踪技术

为满足空间目标交会对接任务中高精度、快速的测量要求,提出了一种空间目标快速轮廓特征提取与跟踪技术。该算法首先从初始帧图像中分割定位目标所在局部区域,作为目标连续跟踪的初始值;其次基于初始帧目标局部区域完成对初始帧目标边缘特征的检测及细化处理;最后采用Hough变换完成对初始帧目标边缘的检测及细化后的局部图像轮廓直线的提取,分别选取目标轮廓四方向最优的直线参数作为最终目标轮廓直线获取的效果,并采用梯度最大法则实现两两求交获取的轮廓特征的优化提取。在目标逼近过程中,结合相邻帧图像间目标尺度动态变化的关联性,根据初始帧提取目标轮廓特征的先验信息,确定目标在第二帧图像中的轮廓位置,并依次根据上一帧图像的轮廓位置信息定位目标在当前帧所在的区域,通过局部处理实现序列图像轮廓区域特征的连续跟踪。该算法无需遍历整个图像,所需处理的目标区域大幅减小,能够有效克服由目标图像较多边缘干扰导致的轮廓提取效果差及处理速度慢的缺点,具有速度快、准确性强、稳定性高等优点。     

Automatic lineament extraction in a heavily vegetated region using Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) imagery

Lineament extraction from satellite remotely sensed data has been one of the widely used applications of remote sensing in geology. In fact, recent advances in digital image processing allow such lineament extraction to be accomplished in semi-automatic to fully automatic approaches. However, satellite remotely sensed data acquired in heavily vegetated regions such as tropical rainforest, are vulnerable to higher inherent noise levels attributed to the resultant effects of scattering by clouds and adjacency effects of highly inhomogeneous vegetation cover within the pixel dimension. In this study, we examined the effects of noise levels to lineament extraction using a fully automatic approach, consisting of a combination of edge-line detection algorithms. Ancillary information from a digitized topographic map and image classification was used to discriminate between cultural and natural lineaments from the extracted lineaments. Adapting the combination of edge detection and a line-linking algorithm, we have found the optimal parameters for automatic lineament extraction of such complex areas using Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) data. A noise level of 30% is the maximum threshold before artifacts are generated. It is therefore concluded that the combination of edge-based and line-linking digital image processing operations with the priori local optimal parameters is crucial in lineament feature extraction in heavily vegetated regions.     

Computer analysis of the lineaments of Nepal

Various information has been obtained by computer analysis of the lineaments of Nepal. The data were carefully studied and correlated to establish the relationships of lineaments with geological units, structure, mineralization, etc. The lineament map of Nepal was prepared during 1977–1978; the lineament data were digitized in 1982—using a Hewlett Packard system 45 desktop computer—separated by area (east, central and west Nepal) and also according to geological units. By trial and error and using all variables, the different preferred orientation classes were identified for east, central and west Nepal. Lineaments were grouped according to length into less than 10 km, 10–20 km, 20–30 km and more than 30 km, for the entire country and also for major geological units, i.e., Siwalik (sub-Himalaya), Lesser Himalaya (midlands) and Higher Himalaya. Various rose diagrams and histograms showing frequency and lengths of lineaments were plotted for the different geological units and the different sectors. Lineaments associated with granites of major subdivisions were plotted separately and analysed.     

Neotectonic investigations in the Pannonian basin based on satellite images

Analysis of Landsat images of the Mura depression in the Pannonian basin enabled identification of a number of lineaments that, in most cases, were not known from previous geological investigations. Many of these lineaments act as real faults and they have neotectonic significance. Combination of Landsat and field data made possible construction of a structural model that can explain the neotectonic evolution of this area. The model is based on wrench-tectonics, where Sava, ?o?tanje and Labod faults represent the first order wrench faults, and Donat, Ormo? and Ljutomer the second order wrench faults. During this wrenching only a few accompanying structural forms were newly generated. In most cases they follow a pre-existing regional fracture pattern.     

用图像模板测量技术检测零件不规则薄圆孔的研究

针对零件的不规则薄孔,常规的方法无法对其精确测量,提出了一种基于数字图像处理的模板匹配检测方法,运用数字图像处理技术对采集的圆孔网像进行截取、降噪、分割、边缘检测等处理,再把提取出的圆与标定模饭上的标准阋进行比较,实现对不规则网孔尺寸的检测,并通过实验证明了陔方法的可行性和实用性.     

基于边缘和结构的无参考屏幕内容图像质量评估

屏幕内容图像（SCI）是一种与传统自然图像不同的图像,具有更多的文本、图形以及特殊的布局。考虑文本、图形、图像和布局对屏幕内容图像质量的影响,提出了针对屏幕内容图像的基于边缘和结构的无参考质量评估（BES）算法。文本、图形和图像具有大量边缘,并且人类视觉系统对边缘高度敏感,因此BES算法首先使用Gabor滤波器的虚部提取边缘并计算每张屏幕内容图像的边缘特征。其次,提取一个结构特征来表示屏幕内容图像的布局。具体而言,利用Scharr滤波器计算得到一个局部二值模式（LBP）图,接着利用LBP图计算得到结构特征。最后,应用随机森林回归算法将边缘和结构特征映射为主观分数。实验结果表明,在数据库SIQAD和SCID上,所提出BES算法性能的皮尔森线性相关系数（PLCC）相对于对比算法中最先进的无参考算法,分别提高了2.63%和11.22%,甚至高于一些全参考算法。      

基于分割途径的SAR单视图像斑点噪声抑制方法

在图像分割思想的基础上,结合合成孔径雷达(SAR)图像的区域特征,利用恒虚警率边沿检测技术将分割区域最大化,并在分割区域内根据SAR图像特性进行优化滤波,得到了一种基于图像分割的单视SAR图像降斑方法.其中,边沿检测和区域分割在多视图像中进行,保证了检测和分割的有效性.计算机仿真结果证明了该方法的优越性.      

基于脊波变换的一种红外图像增强技术

在研究红外图像特性的基础上,提出了一种基于多尺度脊波变换的红外图像增强方法。脊波变换特别适合于具有直线或超平面奇异性的高维信号的描述,在导引头红外图像处理中使用脊波变换来检测图像的边缘和跟踪是一种有效的方法,而且具有较高的逼近准确度。首先,利用脊波变换技术对红外图像进行处理。然后,对脊波变换系数进行增强。最后用脊波逆变换对红外图像重构。结果表明,该方法对导引头的红外自动目标识别是快速和有效的。     

一种基于方差的自适应火星图像阈值选取算法

在基于光学成像的深空探测自主导航中,图像边缘处理直接影响视线矢量的提取,从而对自主导航的精度产生较大影响。传统的Otsu算法更侧重同区域灰度的均匀性,适用于图像中目标区域和背景区域面积相差不大的情况,因此在自主导航初始阶段,导航精度较低。根据深空探测巡航段拍摄到的火星图像的特点,基于已有火星探测任务的实拍图像,在Otsu算法的基础上,重新设计准则函数,提出了一种基于方差的火星图像阈值自适应选取算法。该算法将灰度值高于待定阈值的区域的方差表示为待定阈值的函数,以函数一阶微分的最大值对应的灰度值作为最优阈值。该方法具有计算量小、图像分割精确的优点。仿真结果表明,相较于传统的Otsu算法,通过该算法得到的图像阈值能够实现更高的视线矢量提取精度及自主导航精度。     

Hierarchical object oriented classification using very high resolution imagery and LIDAR data over urban areas

Urban land cover information extraction is a hot topic within urban studies. Heterogeneous spectra of high resolution imagery—caused by the inner complexity of urban areas—make it difficult. In this paper a hierarchical object oriented classification method over an urban area is presented. Combining QuickBird imagery and light detection and ranging (LIDAR) data, nine kinds of land cover objects were extracted. The Spectral Shape Index (SSI) method is used to distinguish water and shadow from black body mask, with 100% classification accuracy for water and 95.56% for shadow. Vegetation was extracted by using a Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) image at first, and then a more accurate classification result of shrub and grassland is obtained by integrating the height information from LIDAR data. The classification accuracy of shrub was improved from 85.25% to 92.09% and from 82.86% to 97.06% for grassland. More granularity of this classification can be obtained by using this method. High buildings and low buildings can, for example, be distinguished from the original building class. Road class can also be further classified into roads and crossroads. The comparison of the classification accuracy between this method and the traditional pixel-based method indicates that the total accuracy is improved from 69.12% to 89.40%.     

红外多光谱相机的图像串扰校正方法

一种红外多光谱相机在1.55~2.35μm的波长区域有两个波段,由于探测器位于同一焦平面基底上以及读出电路设计等的影响,两谱段间存在串扰现象.首先对图像的串扰现象进行了描述,并对产生串扰现象可能的机理进行了分析.其次,从HgCdTe探测器焦平面阵列的内部结构及探测器的关键参数入手分析了光通过在焦平面区域的多次反射来进行反射及传输是光串扰及电串扰的机理;同时读出电路不准确设计也导致了串扰现象,并对串扰现象进行数学建模.研究发现B10波段的串扰(负/正冲激)与B11波段的阶跃(上升/下降沿)相关.最后基于所创建的数学模型对串扰现象进行了校正.      

通用故障诊断专家系统开发工具

介绍一个基于可靠性分析方法的非实时故障诊断专家系统(FDES)的通用开发工具(FDEST),可用于建立各类武器装备和民用产品的故障诊断专家系统,具有很强的推理能力和良好的开放性.文中论述FDEST的逻辑结构、系统功能;基于可靠性分析方法——故障树分析(FTA)的故障诊断推理方法:正、反向动态推理逻辑,支持Bayes(概率)、Mycin(置信度)和Fuzzy(模糊)三种不精确推理算法和四种不同的故障逻辑关系;面向对象与规则相结合、具有很强表达能力的综合知识表达方式,支持多媒体的动态诊断推理解释机制和故障处理方法(文本、图像、语音和视频);应用面向对象技术的软件设计与实现:对象的划分(FDEST对象、知识对象和FDES对象)、对象通讯关系及系统接口等系统的关键技术.      

基于边缘与颜色信息的车牌精确定位算法

针对现有车牌定位算法定位率不高和速度慢等问题,结合数学形态学,提出了一种基于车牌边缘检测与颜色信息的精确定位算法.首先对图像进行灰度化、平滑去噪及灰度拉伸等预处理,然后对图像进行垂直边缘检测和二值化处理;再采用线过滤算法滤去干扰边缘线信息,并利用车牌区域灰度变化次数多的特性定位出车牌上下边缘;对经过上下边缘定位后的车牌采用点密度过滤算法滤去零散点,接着采用数学形态学方法寻找连通域粗定位出车牌区域;最后对粗定位车牌在HSV空间进行颜色分割和倾斜矫正,从而精确定位出车牌.实验结果表明,该算法能够实现车牌的快速精确定位.      

Induced geomagnetic variation and crustal evolution of the southern peninsula of India

The current thinking on crustal evolution and the influence of Precambrian lineaments on tectonism and mineralization provide support for the conjecture that zones of high electrical conductivity exist in the crust which are related to the tectonic and mineralized zones. Studies by the present authors using geological and tectonic data from remote sensing techniques, in particular, together with relevant data on anomalous geomagnetic variations reported in this paper would serve as additional contribution towards the global model.     

基于四元数理论的彩色图像脉冲噪声开关滤波

根据四元数单位变换理论定义了一种新的描述彩色图像像素点间差异的距离,该距离可以同时描述两个彩色像素点在强度和色度上的差异.利用该距离和图像边缘的结构性与方向性,构造了一种基于四元数的开关型彩色图像脉冲噪声滤波器.该滤波器对像素点进行4个方向上的噪声检测并仅对检测为噪声的像素点进行滤波.实验表明:该滤波器能够在去除彩色图像中的相关和非相关噪声的同时保护图像细节,同时具有比传统方法更快的执行速度.     

一种基于图像特征点提取及匹配的方法

针对图像特征提取与匹配的适应性和准确性的问题,将尺度不变特征变换(SIFT, Scale Invariant Feature Transform)算法应用到图像匹配领域.首先从原理上对SIFT算法的特性进行了分析,并以visual studio 2005为开发平台对SIFT算法分步骤进行了实现;最后以基于欧氏距离的最近邻准则作为特征的相似度量将SIFT算法提取的特征应用于图像特征匹配,并对不同的近邻比进行比较,给出了建议值.通过3组实验图像的匹配结果表明,SIFT算法提取的特征对图像缩放、旋转、亮度变化的匹配正确率都等于或接近100%,证明了SIFT算法提取的特征点有很好的适应性和准确性,可以进一步应用到图像识别以及图像重建等领域.      

基于最小值通道与对数衰减的图像融合去雾算法

雾天各类图像采集系统获取的图像颜色退化，细节模糊，严重影响户外成像系统的稳定性和有效性，因此研究图像去雾技术很有必要。针对暗通道一类去雾算法边缘去雾不彻底问题，提出一种基于最小值通道与对数衰减的融合去雾算法。首先，对有雾图像的最小值通道图进行对数衰减作为先验假设条件，再进行交叉双边滤波消除纹理效应，在操作前后分别进行下采样和上采样操作以提高运算速度，求出初始透射率；然后，用Canny算子检测最小值通道图得到的边缘进行对数衰减，得到边缘信息图，将初始透射率与边缘信息图进行加权融合构成优化透射率；最后，结合改进的四叉树搜索法求得的大气光值反解大气散射模型，恢复无雾图像。实验结果表明:所提算法可以有效抑制光晕现象，去除边缘残雾，且实时性好。      

Estimation of stress and its use in evaluation of landslide prone regions using remote sensing data

Recently, use of remote sensing data for determining the orientation of stress has been demonstrated. The present study deals with the estimation of stress pattern in the part of the Himalayan region which shows the ongoing neo-tectonic activities. The study area falls into a tectonically active zone of the Central-Himalaya, with a complex geotectonic set-up confined by a number of faults. Efforts have been made to evaluate the technique as a fast algorithm for quick and time limited analysis of linear feature from which the orientation of the lineaments are estimated by using remote sensing data. Further, the estimation of stress and the lineament analysis have been used in mapping of landslide prone areas. Terrain information such as land cover, geology, lineament, faults, mega faults, geomorphology and drainage has been derived from the satellite imageries, and the existing thematic information has been updated to enable the quantification of landslide causative parameters. Spatial and temporal multi-layered information have been used for landslides hazard susceptibility analysis. The qualitative hazard analysis has been carried out using the map overlying techniques in GIS environment along the central part of Himalayan region. It has been observed that the high potential zones have been found to have very high lineament density, moderate to low drainage density and high slope areas of the terrain. On the basis of the geological and morphological analysis, it is further suggested that the combined impacts of the crushed nature of bed rock (due to the neo-tectonic activities), heavy rainfall and lack of vegetation cover cause persistent recurrence of landslides along this region. The role of earthquake on induction of landslides will be presented.     

抑制复原图像振铃波纹的频域循环边界算法

提出了一种基于Wiener滤波的频域循环边界复原算法,并给出了有效的规整化表达式和信噪比估算方法.复原算法首先将原观测图像按反射对称的方式延拓,形成一个新的观测图像(称为延拓图像);然后,用Wiener滤波算法复原延拓图像,并取延拓图像的复原图像的主值序列作为原观测图像的复原图像.对延拓图像在频域进行复原处理时,需要使用FFT(Fast Fourier Transform)技术,将延拓图像进行周期延拓,因其结合边界在垂直方向上的梯度为零,且边界平滑满足微分条件,抑制了复原图像的振铃波纹.复原过程中,将噪声与原始图像的功率谱之比规整化为原观测图像信噪比的函数.实验结果表明,该算法对周边区域梯度变化较大的观测图像复原效果较好.