木星系探测及行星穿越任务轨迹初步设计

基于我国未来木星系探测任务需求,初步设计了任务轨迹。以目前的发射能力,要实现木星的环绕探测必将利用行星借力,需设计借力轨迹。首先将脉冲变轨的轨迹设计问题转化为参数优化问题,在满足2029—2032年间发射并且飞行时间不超过7年的约束条件下,使用PSO算法对发射时刻、借力时刻、深空机动时刻、到达时刻等参数进行优化,使得探测器需提供的总速度增量最小。探测器进入木星系后,利用木卫3借力捕获至环木大椭圆轨道,又利用木卫4构造共振借力,最终捕获至木卫4的环绕轨道。在此基础上,还考虑了天王星飞越的拓展任务,天王星探测器在到达木星时与木星系探测器分离,利用木星借力可无消耗飞往天王星,并在2043年完成天王星的飞越探测任务。     

航天器任务规划中资源约束的可分配处理方法

面对深空探测过程中环境的不确定性和扰动,航天器需要利用任务规划技术实现自主控制。航天器应用规划算法时,需要考虑到执行活动时满足的时间约束和资源约束。通过分析资源约束之间的关系,提出了可重复资源在规划执行时的可分配处理方法,和判断资源变量是否满足的可分配性条件。通过航天器仿真算例,验证了可重复资源的可分配处理方法在规划执行时的有效性。     

On the determination of energy spectra of MeV electrons by the Ulysses COSPIN/KET

The Ulysses mission has provided a wealth of data, particularly regarding the transport of low-energy cosmic ray electrons. These data have been used to derive significant constraints for the anisotropic spatial diffusion of these particles. Detailed model simulations allowed, in addition, to determine the relative contributions of galactic and Jovian electrons to the total flux at a given time and position in the heliosphere. Despite these insights, energy spectra have not been reliably determined as yet. This is a consequence of the uncertainty due to a background connected to proton interactions with the spacecraft. Recently, however, it was demonstrated that this uncertainty can, with some difficulty, be reduced, thus opening the opportunity to understand such spectra in the energy range 3–30 MeV, i.e., the part mostly dominated by Jovian electrons. We present results of a corresponding re-analysis of COSPIN/KET data.     

基于有限状态机的交会对接飞行任务规划方法

为实现多约束条件下载人航天器交会对接（RVD）飞行任务的快速、准确规划,提出了一种基于有限状态机（FSM）的飞行任务规划方法。通过飞行过程与有限状态机的映射关系建立图形化任务规划模型,以飞行事件为状态,以测控、光照等约束条件为输入信号,驱动有限状态机的状态转移,进行模型求解,实现交会对接飞行任务的自动规划。以中国神舟十号飞行任务中航天员手控交会对接试验为例,进行了规划验证。经对比,规划计算结果与任务实施结果一致,表明所提方法可以实现交会对接飞行任务的快速、准确规划。      

Europa planetary protection for Juno Jupiter Orbiter

NASA’s Juno mission launched in 2011 and will explore Jupiter and its near environment starting in 2016. Planetary protection requirements for avoiding the contamination of Europa have been taken into account in the Juno mission design. In particular Juno’s polar orbit, which enables scientific investigations of parts of Jupiter’s environment never before visited, also greatly assist avoiding close flybys of Europa and the other Galilean satellites.     

深空探测器动态约束规划中的外延约束过滤方法研究

随着深空探测任务的增加以及星上科学任务的日益复杂,深空探测器自主任务规划与调度技术成为研究的热点。在深空探测器任务特点与系统约束分析的基础上,将智能规划理论与约束可满足技术相结合,研究多层约束规划模型中约束的动态特征,设计了基于动态约束表的外延约束快速过滤算法,根据领域信息中活动间的冲突性特征来对新加入的活动进行分类和一致性检查。仿真结果表明:提出的算法能够有效地降低约束处理中无效的约束检查次数,降低问题处理过程中的算法回溯,提高规划效率和成功率。     

The present status of the Japanese Penetrator Mission: LUNAR-A

The scientific objective of the LUNAR-A Japanese Penetrator Mission is to explore the lunar interior by seismic and heat-flow experiments. Two penetrators containing two-component seismometer and heat-flow probes will be deployed from a spacecraft onto the lunar surface, one on the nearside and the other on the farside of the moon. The data obtained by the penetrators will be transmitted to the ground station by way of the LUNAR-A mother spacecraft orbiting at an altitude of about 200 km. The seismic observations are expected to provide key data on the size of the lunar core, as well as data on the deep mantle structure. The heat-flow measurements at two different sites will also provide important data on the thermal structure and bulk concentrations of heat-generating elements in the Moon. These data will provide much stronger geophysical constraints on the origin and evolution of the Moon than has ever been obtained. The LUNAR-A mission was supposed to be launched in 2004. However, a malfunction of spacecraft subsystem and technical issues for penetrator system occurred during the course of the qualification level test. Therefore, further improvements and some modifications were considered to be required for reliability and robustness. The development of the mother spacecraft was temporarily suspended, while we have put a three-year program into effect to solve the penetrator technology issues.     

Compensation of base disturbance using optimal trajectory planning of dual-manipulators in a space robot

This paper presents a trajectory planning algorithm for a space robot with dual-manipulators. Here one manipulator of the space robot captures a target, and another manipulator is free. In this case, this study uses one manipulator as the mission manipulator to capture the target, and another as the balance manipulator aiming at the compensation of the pose disturbance. For this method, a novel trajectory planning algorithm applied to the balance manipulator is presented. The trajectory planning problem is transformed into series of problems of the optimal state solution, and then the iterative algorithms for the trajectory planning are designed. In the iterative algorithms, the bias force on the spacecraft base caused by the balance manipulator is used as the compensation force. Then, to calculate the expected compensation force and torque, a pose control law for the spacecraft base is introduced. The expected compensation force and torque provide equality constraints for optimization problems, which implies that the trajectory planning algorithm compensates for not only the disturbance generated by the manipulator’s motion, but also environmental disturbances. This is because the expected compensation force and torque depend on the pose change of the spacecraft base rather than the type of the disturbance. Numerical simulation was carried out to analyze the proposed trajectory planning method. It was observed that the method greatly reduces the disturbance of Manipulator A on the spacecraft base. These results validated the effectiveness of the proposed method for the trajectory planning to make the spacecraft base disturbance up to minimum.     

空间核电推进系统比质量优化建模及其木星探测应用分析

空间核电推进(Nuclear Electric Propulsion,NEP)系统是一种将核热能转换成电能,并驱动大功率电推力器而产生推力的革命性空间推进技术。和传统推进技术相比,NEP具有高比冲、大功率、长寿命等技术优势,非常适合未来大规模深空探测任务。基于NEP系统组成和小推力轨道理论,建立了以有效载荷为目标的NEP系统比质量优化模型。该模型能够解析NEP航天器的轨道运行时间、比质量、功率与有效载荷比的复杂耦合关系,为任务优化提供了计算依据。最后,利用该模型对NEP系统完成NASA "Juno号"航天任务进行了技术指标评估分析。计算表明,当NEP系统比质量达到4.8 kg/kWe时,其能将"Juno号"航天任务的地木转移时间由2 266 d缩短至665 d,有效载荷由160 kg提高到1 179 kg,极大地提高了航天器的探测能力,为任务方案的可行性论证和后续设计提供参考。     

The radiation impedance of electrodynamic tethers in a polar Jovian orbit

Juno, the second mission in the NASA New Frontiers Program, will both be a polar Jovian orbiter, and use solar arrays for power, moving away from previous use of radioisotope power systems (RPSs) in spite of the weak solar light reaching Jupiter. The power generation at Jupiter is critical, and a conductive tether could be an alternative source of power. A current-carrying tether orbiting in a magnetized ionosphere/plasmasphere will radiate waves. A magnitude of interest for both power generation and signal emission is the wave impedance. Jupiter has the strongest magnetic field in the Solar Planetary System and its plasma density is low everywhere. This leads to an electron plasma frequency smaller than the electron cyclotron frequency, and a high Alfven velocity. Unlike the low Earth orbit (LEO) case, the electron skin depth and the characteristic size of plasma contactors affect the Alfven impedance.     

“嫦娥4号”任务有效载荷系统设计与实现

"嫦娥4号"任务将首次实现人类在月球背面软着陆。通过分析任务特点,以多类型有效载荷配置为背景,介绍了以科学目标和探测任务为核心的有效载荷系统设计思路和实现方法。同时针对首次在深空探测领域搭载国际合作有效载荷项目情况进行了说明。"嫦娥4号"任务最重要的科学目标是利用月球背面洁净的电磁环境进行天文低频射电观测,因此分别在着陆器和中继星上新增配置了国内新研制的低频射电频谱仪及荷兰研制的低频探测仪。科学探测的太阳爆发产生的低频电场信号极其微弱,如何消除着陆器和中继星上其他电子设备发射的近场噪声对远场探测信号的干扰就成了本次任务的最大难点。在相关研制单位的多方努力下,通过优化接收天线设计和地面数据处理算法等多种手段,实现了低频探测信号不低于30 d B的噪声抑制性能,具备了实现科学目标的能力。     

脉冲推力轨道拦截可达性描述及求解方法

针对航天器单脉冲轨道拦截可达性分析问题,基于共面变轨、逆轨拦截假设,考虑能量、时间和交会角约束,提出了拦截航天器可拦截区和可发射区的概念。在航天器单脉冲空间可达范围的基础上,进一步考虑了目标轨道的约束,建立了目标轨道命中区的计算策略,对异面轨道交叉点为燃料最省点做出了解释。把拦截可达性相关的问题归纳为8个基本拦截问题,通过这8个问题的组合,描述了考虑能量、时间和交会角约束下拦截问题的可拦截区和可发射区的计算方法。采用圆轨道共面变轨、逆轨拦截场景进行了仿真验证,结果表明该方法能够快速有效地计算出约束条件下航天器的拦截可达范围,能够用于分析特定任务情况下的拦截可达性。     

利用人工神经网络快速计算木星系磁坐标

在木星辐射带研究中，从地理坐标向磁坐标的准确转换是建模基础.以往的建模中，磁壳参数L值的计算基于磁偶极场假设，该方法精确度较差.结合最新的高精度木星磁场模型JRM09，本文提出基于磁力线追踪法的木星磁坐标计算方法，并分析其合理性和必要性.要求精确度较高时，磁力线追踪法计算耗时很长.本文在磁力线追踪法的基础上进行改进，提出基于人工神经网络的磁坐标快速计算方法.该方法包括分类器和拟合器.分类器基于Adaboost算法的BP神经网络，用于预测某地理坐标是否在内磁层，如果在内磁层，则用拟合器计算L值.拟合器采用遗传算法优化BP神经网络.结果表明，分类器的分类错误率在3%以内，而拟合器的预测误差在7%以内.以Juno号一圈探测轨道为例，利用神经网络的磁坐标计算法比磁力线追踪计算法速度快3个数量级以上.基于人工神经网络的磁坐标快速计算方法可用于未来木星辐射带的研究.      

多约束多星快响巡察任务规划方法

多星快响巡察任务是指多个目标卫星出现不明状况,巡察服务平台在短时间内进行轨道转移,携带多个子航天器对目标进行飞越巡察。对于该问题的任务规划,首先基于共面机动给出了平台调相策略并建立了满足光照和机动能力等约束的巡察窗口筛选计算模型;其次提出了一种贪婪搜索和多轮规划的方法,用于确定任务分配方案和巡察次序;最后在高精度轨道模型下验证了方法的有效性并将该方法与混合编码遗传算法进行了对比。在算例中,该方法的优化效果稍优于混合编码遗传算法,而且求解效率是后者的约227倍,表明贪婪搜索和多轮规划方法更适用该问题的高效求解。     

December 2006 solar extreme events and their influence on the near-Earth space environment: “Universitetskiy-Tatiana” satellite observations

The Russian microsatellite “Universitetskiy-Tatiana” was launched on Jan. 20, 2005 and was both a scientific and educational mission. Its two main aims were declared as: (1) monitoring of the energetic particles dynamics in the near-Earth space environment after solar events and during quiet times, (2) educational activities based on experimental data obtained from the spacecraft. In this paper observations acquired during Dec. 5–16, 2006, known as “Solar Extreme Events 2006”, were analyzed. The “Universitetskiy-Tatiana” microsatellite orbit permits one to measure both solar energetic particle dynamics, variations of the boundary of solar particle penetration, as well as relativistic and sub-relativistic electrons of the Earth’s outer radiation belt during and after magnetic storms. Both relativistic electrons of the Earth’s outer radiation and solar energetic particles are an important source of radiation damage in near-Earth space. Therefore, the presented experimental results demonstrate the successful application of a small educational spacecraft both for scientific and educational programs.     

基于扩展状态深空探测器任务规划方法

面对深空探测过程中的不确定性,探测器需要利用任务规划技术实现自主控制。针对深空探测器任务规划中复杂系统功能及耦合操作约束,在状态知识框架的基础上,引入了扩展状态的概念。通过分析探测器任务规划中的约束关系,提出了基于扩展状态的任务规划算法。利用扩展状态结构特点削减了搜索空间,优化了搜索过程,提高了规划搜索的速度。数值仿真结果表明,该算法能够缩减近半的规划步数,加速问题求解进程,提高任务规划的效率。     

ASTEX: An in situ exploration mission to two near-Earth asteroids

ASTEX (ASTeroid EXplorer) is a concept study of an in situ exploration mission to two Near-Earth-Asteroids (NEAs), which consists of an orbiting element and two individual lander units. The target candidates have different mineralogical compositions, i.e. one asteroid is chosen to be of “primitive’’ nature, the other to be a fragment of a differentiated asteroid. The main scientific goals of the ASTEX mission are the exploration of the physical, geological, and mineralogical nature of the NEAs. The higher level goal is the provision of information and constraints on the formation and evolution of our planetary system. The study identified realistic mission scenarios, defined the strawman payload as well as the requirements and options for the spacecraft bus including the propulsion system, the landers, the launcher, and assessed and defined the requirements for the mission’s operational ground segment.     

月面巡视探测器任务规划顶层设计与实现

针对巡视器月面任务规划工程的可实现性,开展了巡视器任务规划顶层设计方法的研究,主要内容包括:任务规划技术特点的梳理与归纳;任务规划输入条件与约束条件的整理,规划变量的统一;任务规划框架的设计,巡视器行为序列与上行控制指令的衔接,针对巡视器行为序列的大模式套用小模式的动态设计等。通过巡视器任务规划工程实现的介绍,说明在巡视器任务规划的顶层设计中,任务的不确定性、部分约束与输入信息的模糊性,是任务规划框架设计以及在后续工程实现过程中需要重点考虑的内容,是与任务规划的工程可实现性直接相关的。     

HXMT卫星长期任务规划算法

硬X射线调制望远镜（HXMT）卫星是中国首颗空间X射线天文卫星.为充分利用卫星资源,使科学产出最大化,需要进行长期任务规划.长期任务规划是一个复杂的多目标优化问题.通过分析HXMT观测特点和约束条件,建立了HXMT长期任务规划问题模型,并采用贪婪算法加遗传算法对模型进行求解.实例分析结果表明该方法能够有效解决HXMT长期任务规划问题.      

Exploring Greenhouse Gases Water and Climate Changes: Scientific Opportunities for the Climate and Atmospheric Composition Exploring Satellites Mission

The Essential Climate Variables (ECVs), such as the atmospheric thermodynamic state variables and greenhouse gases, play an important role in the atmosphere physical processes and global climate change. Given the need of improvements in existing ground-based and satellite observations to successfully deliver atmosphere and climate benchmark data and reduce data ambiguity, the Climate and Atmospheric Composition Exploring Satellites mission (CACES) was proposed and selected as a candidate mission of the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy Science (SPRPCAS). This paper presents an overview of the key scientific questions and responses of ECVs in relation to global change; the principles, algorithms, and payloads of microwave occultation using centimeter and millimeter wave signals between low Earth orbit satellites (LEO-LEO microwave occultation, LMO) as well as of the LEO-LEO infrared-laser occultation (LIO); the CACES mission with its scientific objectives, mission concept, spacecraft and instrumentation.