多星敏感器测量最优姿态估计算法

多数利用星敏感器加陀螺组合的姿态确定方法中,由于星敏感器精度较高,使得系统定姿的精度比较高.然而,姿态确定的算法因观测模型和误差处理不当,导致滤波器观测修正能力下降,从而不能有效地估计陀螺的漂移误差.提出了基于星敏感器观测姿态角的误差建模,研究了多星敏感器组合的最优安装构型和观测融合方法.利用加权最小二乘法对观测数据的预处理,使观测方程定常化.再利用陀螺加星敏感器组合的扩展Kalman滤波(EKF,Extended Kalman Filtering)对航天器姿态和陀螺漂移进行估计.仿真结果表明,提出的多星敏感器最优组合的滤波方法能够有效精确地估计卫星三轴姿态和陀螺漂移,且该方法计算量小,有利于卫星定姿系统的在轨自主运行.     

一种基于虚拟星敏感器的卫星姿态确定方法

对于配置多个星敏感器的卫星,采用常规的定常增益卡尔曼滤波方法进行姿态确定时,存在滤波定常增益矩阵众多、系统复杂的问题,为了简化滤波系统设计,统一定常增益矩阵,提出一种基于虚拟星敏感器的姿态确定方法.给出一种计算量小、适合星载计算机在轨实时计算的星敏感器时间滞后补偿及相对基准标定算法,将星敏感器的输出数据统一到当前星时,同时将星敏感器的测量基准统一.基于单星敏/双星敏的输出数据构造虚拟星敏感器(安装矩阵为单位阵)的输出数据,设计统一的定常增益矩阵进行姿态确定.仿真结果表明,本方法与常规的定常增益卡尔曼滤波方法姿态确定精度相当,从而验证该方法有效,且具有重要的工程应用价值.     

多敏感器联邦SSUKF融合姿态确定算法

针对四元数姿态估计问题,提出了一种分布式非线性滤波融合结构。通过引入基于超球面分布采样点变换(SSUT)技术的无迹卡尔曼滤波算法(SSUKF),以较低的计算量实现了高数据更新率、高精度的非线性滤波,并通过融合重构,保障系统无间断可靠工作,不受敏感器故障、视场盲区等因素影响。应用该算法对陀螺、磁强计、太阳敏感器、星敏感器构成的系统进行了具体设计并开展仿真研究,验证了算法的有效性。     

无陀螺下基于修正罗德里格参数的星体姿态确定

介绍了修正罗德里格参数(MRP),分析比较了姿态表示参数修正罗德里格参数和四元数的算法特点。通过仿真计算,比较了当卫星受一阶马尔柯夫干扰力矩作用和CCD星敏感器为唯一星载角运动传感器时,分别用修正罗德里格参数和四元数作为姿态表示参数,采用UKF(Unscented Kalman Filter)估计卫星航向、姿态及相应角速率的滤波效果。结果表明,用修正罗德里格参数法的姿态解算精度比用四元数法的姿态解算精度高,且计算效率明显优于四元数算法,计算量仅相当于四元数算法的一半,这是由于四元数的规范化条件(即模值为1),在姿态确定中会导致误差协方差阵奇异,而修正罗德里格参数虽然不是全局非奇异的,但是可以通过切换方法解决奇异性问题。     

基于四元数平方根容积卡尔曼滤波的姿态估计

针对飞行器姿态确定中乘性扩展卡尔曼滤波(MEKF,Multiplicative Extended Kalman Filter)在较大初始姿态误差角情况下存在估计精度低及收敛速度慢的问题,提出了一种四元数平方根容积卡尔曼滤波(QSCKF,Quaternion Square-root Cubature Kalman Filter)算法.在推导姿态确定系统四元数非线性误差模型的基础上,采用容积数值积分理论来计算非线性函数的均值与方差,同时使用平方根的形式来提高数值稳定性;针对四元数规范化问题,采用拉格朗日代价函数法求解四元数加权均值.仿真结果表明:在初始姿态误差较大的情况下,该算法相比较于MEKF以及无迹四元数估计法(USQUE,Unscented Quaternion Estimator),估计精度高且收敛速度快,滤波稳定性好,同时估计时间比USQUE缩短了1/3.     

基于四元数平方根容积卡尔曼滤波的姿态估计

针对飞行器姿态确定中乘性扩展卡尔曼滤波(MEKF, Multiplicative Extended Kalman Filter)在较大初始姿态误差角情况下存在估计精度低及收敛速度慢的问题,提出了一种四元数平方根容积卡尔曼滤波(QSCKF,Quaternion Square-root Cubature Kalman Filter)算法.在推导姿态确定系统四元数非线性误差模型的基础上,采用容积数值积分理论来计算非线性函数的均值与方差,同时使用平方根的形式来提高数值稳定性;针对四元数规范化问题,采用拉格朗日代价函数法求解四元数加权均值.仿真结果表明:在初始姿态误差较大的情况下,该算法相比较于MEKF以及无迹四元数估计法(USQUE, Unscented Quaternion Estimator),估计精度高且收敛速度快,滤波稳定性好,同时估计时间比USQUE缩短了1/3.     

基于矢量观测的航天器分段信息融合定姿方法

针对基于MEMS(微机电系统)陀螺和CMOS APS星敏感器的集成惯性/星光姿态确定系统的低精度特点,研究了适用于该定姿系统的基于矢量观测的定姿算法.对于陀螺/星敏感器这种配置模式,有EKF(Extended Kalman Filter)、QUEST、最优REQUEST等几种适用的定姿算法.针对EKF和最优REQUEST算法的不同特点并结合确定性算法QUEST,以四元数为姿态参数,将姿态估计的EKF方法分别与QUEST算法和最优REQUEST算法进行了融合,提出一种分段信息融合的姿态估计器:陀螺漂移估计误差较大时,将EKF与QUEST结合,快速估计出陀螺漂移.当陀螺漂移误差减小到一定程度,再切换为EKF与最优REQUEST算法融合的双重滤波器.仿真比较结果表明,这种分段信息融合的姿态估计器既可以估计姿态参数也可以估计陀螺漂移,并能达到很高的定姿精度.     

捷联惯导与星敏感器组合导航算法研究

以Kalman滤波为基础,通过将捷联惯导系统和星敏感器所测得的飞行器相关姿态信息进行数据融合,估计出组合导航系统的误差状态量,进而修正捷联惯导系统的位置、速度和姿态角。详细推导了捷联惯导与星敏感器组合导航的算法,并通过对仿真结果的分析证实了该方案的可行性和算法的有效性。     

基于UPF滤波的微小航天器姿态矩阵估计方法

针对基于惯性-星光姿态确定系统噪声存在非高斯分布的情况,提出了将离散粒子滤波(UPF)方法应用于定姿系统滤波器设计,该方法用离散卡尔曼滤波(UKF)得到粒子滤波的重要采样函数,从而克服扩展卡尔曼滤波(EKF)和UKF只能应用到噪声为高斯分布的不足。文章以微机电系统(MEMS)陀螺和互补性金属氧化物半导体有源像素图像传感器(CMOS APS)星敏感器为姿态敏感器件,选取基于矢量观测的最小参数姿态矩阵估计方法为定姿算法,提出将UPF与最小参数姿态矩阵估计方法结合,设计了一种针对微小航天器的UPF姿态估计器,采用从MEMS陀螺采集的数据进行了半物理仿真并对其特性进行了分析与比较。仿真比较结果表明:在敏感器精度较差并且系统噪声非高斯分布的情况下,这种基于UPF的姿态估计方法可以取得比EKF和UKF更快的滤波收敛性和更好的滤波精度,有效地提高了定姿性能。     

基于Gauss-Newton和UKF结合的微小卫星姿态确定算法

为提高微型低成本姿态敏感器的姿态确定精度,文章基于磁强计/太阳敏感器/陀螺的姿态敏感器配置,设计了高斯牛顿（Gauss-Newton,GN）迭代算法和无迹卡尔曼滤波（Unscented Kalman Filter,UKF）有机结合的微小卫星姿态确定算法,先用Gauss-Newton算法融合磁强计和太阳敏感器的数据,迭代计算最优四元数,然后以最优四元数联合陀螺数据作为观测量,以姿态四元数和惯性系下的角速度为状态量进行UKF,降低观测维数,并将观测方程转化为线性方程,显著减小计算量,同时克服了测量误差对姿态确定精度的影响。     

Concept options for the aerial survey of Titan

Various aerial platforms intended for long endurance survey of the Titan surface are presented. A few novel concepts are introduced, including a heated methane balloon and a balloon with a tethered wind turbine. All the concept options are predicted to have lower scientific payload fractions than the Huygens probe. It is concluded that the selection of the best aerial platform option depends on more accurate mass estimates and a clear decision on whether, or not, in situ surface composition measurements are required in conjunction with aerial remote sensing.     

Heterogeneous solid/gas chemistry of organic compounds related to comets,meteorites, Titan,and Mars: Laboratory and in lower Earth orbit experiments

To understand the evolution of organic molecules involved in extraterrestrial environments and with exobiological implications, many experimental programs in the laboratory are devoted to photochemical studies in the gaseous phase as well as in the solid state. The validity of such studies and their applications to extraterrestrial environments can be questioned as long as experiments conducted in space conditions, with the full solar spectrum, especially in the short wavelength domain, have not been implemented. The experiments that are described here will be carried out on a FOTON capsule, using the BIOPAN facility, and on the International Space Station, using the EXPOSE facility. Vented and sealed exposition cells will be used, which will allow us to study the chemical evolution in the gaseous phase as well as heterogeneous processes, such as the degradation of solid compounds and the release of gaseous fragments.     

The ESA scientific programme

The ESA scientific programme has, so far, provided several significant astrophysics experiments and further important missions are scheduled for execution during the next decade. These missions are briefly summarised together with several astrophysics investigations presently under study.     

HELIO: The Heliophysics Integrated Observatory

Heliophysics is a new research field that explores the Sun–Solar System Connection; it requires the joint exploitation of solar, heliospheric, magnetospheric and ionospheric observations.     

一种提高螺栓联接强度的新方法

根据山本晃教授对螺栓，螺母，螺纹牙受力及其变形研究的成果，导出了该理论条件下受拉螺栓在等载荷受力状态下，当螺栓螺纹采用标准尺寸，螺母螺纹的螺旋线形状，并依据实用性，从螺母螺纹加工方便考虑，提出了近似等负荷螺纹。     

直尺反转组合法测量直线度的理论分析

对直尺反转组合法的测量原理进行了较为深入的理论分析，指出测量的准确性受测头误差、采样点定位误差、直尺尺面斜率、直尺再定位误差、直尺各点直线度误差的变化率等五个方面共同作用。其中，采样点定位误差和直尺安装斜率影响直线度测量准确度这一结论，将适用于其他的直尺直线度测量方法，因而具有普遍的指导意义。     

The postmitotic Saccharomyces cerevisiae after spaceflight showed higher viability

The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been proposed as an ideal model organism for clarifying the biological effects caused by spaceflight conditions. The postmitotic S. cerevisiae cells onboard Practice eight recoverable satellite were subjected to spaceflight for 15 days. After recovery, the viability, the glycogen content, the activities of carbohydrate metabolism enzymes, the DNA content and the lipid peroxidation level in yeast cells were analyzed. The viability of the postmitotic yeast cells after spaceflight showed a three-fold increase as compared with that of the ground control cells. Compared to the ground control cells, the lipid peroxidation level in the spaceflight yeast cells markedly decreased. The spaceflight yeast cells also showed an increase in G2/M cell population and a decrease in Sub-G1 cell population. The glycogen content and the activities of hexokinase and succinate dehydrogenase significantly decreased in the yeast cells after spaceflight. In contrast, the activity of malate dehydrogenase showed an obvious increase after spaceflight. These results suggested that microgravity or spaceflight could promote the survival of postmitotic S. cerevisiae cells through regulating carbohydrate metabolism, ROS level and cell cycle progression.     

基于等效动力学原理的垂向失重运动实现方法

针对航天器高精度地面微重力仿真试验实现难题,提出了一种基于等效动力学原理的垂向失重运动实现方法。通过对该实现方法的原理分析,指出了该方法实现高精度垂向失重运动模拟的等效动力学条件及其适用条件,并分析了基于该实现方法的模拟器构型要求。对模拟误差精度进行仿真分析,结果显示其失重运动模拟精度可达99%,满足高精度微重力仿真试验的要求。