一种用于高动态GPS频率估计的滤波算法

针对常用高动态GPS(Global Positioning System)频率估计算法扩展卡尔曼滤波(EKF,Extended Kalman Filter)的缺陷,提出了一种新的称为简化无迹高斯粒子滤波(SUGPF,Simplified Unscented Gaussian Particle Filter)的算法.SUGPF将卡尔曼滤波(KF,Kalman Filter)、无迹卡尔曼滤波(UKF,Unscented Kalman Filter)与高斯粒子滤波(GPF, Gaussian Particle Filter)三者相结合.在时间更新阶段,用KF的方法更新预测分布;在测量更新阶段,用UKF的方法得到重要采样函数,并用GPF的方法更新后验分布.仿真结果表明:与EKF和UKF相比,SUGPF性能更优越,功能更全面,在高斯与非高斯观测噪声环境下均能取得与GPF类似的良好性能,并且其计算复杂度低于GPF.     

基于UKF和信息融合的航天器自主导航方法

X射线脉冲星导航利用X射线辐射脉冲到达时间 (Time of Arrival, TOA)作为信息输入,星敏感器导航利用星光角距等作为信息输入,是两种不同机理的天文导航方法。提出一种将脉冲星TOA和星敏感器星光角距测量结合的信息融合天文自主导航方法,设计了一种利用激光光量子模拟脉冲星X射线辐射光子的半物理仿真系统用于算法验证,并基于无迹卡尔曼滤波(Unscented Kalman Filter, UKF)使用真轨道参数做了仿真试验。结果表明,基于UKF的信息融合方法比基于EKF（Extended Kalman Filter）的信息融合方法性能更好,与仅使用脉冲星或星敏感器的导航方法相比,能将位置估计精度分别提高52.7%和43.6%,速度估计精度分别提高82.2%和70.5%。     

基于Unscented四元数粒子滤波的 微小卫星姿态估计

针对基于微小卫星姿态确定系统精度低和噪声存在非高斯分布的情况,研究了适用于该定姿系统的Unscented粒子滤波(UPF,Unscented Particle Filter)算法.UPF方法结合了Unscented卡尔曼滤波(UKF,Unscented Kalman Filter) 与粒子滤波(PF,Particle Filter)的特点,用UKF得到PF的重要采样函数,从而克服了PF没有考虑最新量测信息、 扩展卡尔曼滤波(EKF,Extended Kalman Filter)和UKF只能应用到噪声为高斯分布的不足.以MEMS(Micro Electronic Mechanical System)陀螺和CMOS APS(Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor Active Pixel Sensors)星敏感器为姿态敏感器件,将UPF与基于误差四元数的卫星姿态运动学方程结合,构建了UPF定姿滤波器,并用MEMS陀螺采集的随机噪声数据进行了半物理仿真,对其特性进行了分析与比较.仿真比较结果表明:在敏感器精度较差并且系统噪声非高斯分布的情况下,这种基于UPF的姿态估计方法在计算粒子数目相对于PF较少的情况下,可以取得比UKF更好的滤波精度,从而有效地提高了定姿性能.      

四种卡尔曼滤波器在仅视线测量相对导航中的性能比较

针对航天器交会时在仅有视线测量条件下的相对导航问题,比较了扩展卡尔曼滤波（extended Kalman filter,EKF）、无迹卡尔曼滤波（unscented Kalman filter,UKF）及平方根形式的卡尔曼滤波（square-root extended Kalman filter,SREKF以及square-root unscented Kalman filter,SRUKF）在这一导航问题中的性能.介绍了仅有视线测量条件下相对导航的特点以及上述4种卡尔曼滤波算法;建立了追踪航天器和目标航天器间相对动力学方程以及基于仅视线测量相对导航时的量测方程;结合3种典型的相对运动形式进行了数值仿真.仿真结果表明：在仅视线测量相对导航中,4种算法的精度处于同一量级;UKF估计相对距离的精度稍优于EKF;SREKF和SRUKF估计相对距离的精度稍优于EKF和UKF.     

基于改进型两步卡尔曼滤波的相对导航方法

采用Clohessy-Wiltshire(C-W)方程描述的近圆轨道相对导航状态方程具有线性的形式,而以航天器相对距离和相对方位作为测量信息的观测方程是非线性的,针对近圆轨道航天器相对导航的这一特点,给出了采用两步卡尔曼滤波(Two Step Kalman Filtering,TSF)的相对导航算法,并且利用Unscented变换方法,解决了两步卡尔曼滤波的状态初值确定问题,给出了TSF的完整算法.数值仿真比较了TSF和扩展卡尔曼滤波(Extended Kalman Filtering,EKF)、无迹卡尔曼滤波(Unscented Kalman Filtering,UKF)等算法的性能,验证了采用TSF方法实现相对导航的可行性和有效性.     

基于Gauss-Newton和UKF结合的微小卫星姿态确定算法

为提高微型低成本姿态敏感器的姿态确定精度,文章基于磁强计/太阳敏感器/陀螺的姿态敏感器配置,设计了高斯牛顿（Gauss-Newton,GN）迭代算法和无迹卡尔曼滤波（Unscented Kalman Filter,UKF）有机结合的微小卫星姿态确定算法,先用Gauss-Newton算法融合磁强计和太阳敏感器的数据,迭代计算最优四元数,然后以最优四元数联合陀螺数据作为观测量,以姿态四元数和惯性系下的角速度为状态量进行UKF,降低观测维数,并将观测方程转化为线性方程,显著减小计算量,同时克服了测量误差对姿态确定精度的影响。     

航天器天文导航中星敏感器最佳安装方位研究

航天器自主天文导航中,通常用星敏感器和地平仪测量的星光角距作为观测量,星敏感器安装方位角是影响导航精度的一个重要因素.针对星光角距作为观测量的自主天文导航方法,分别采用扩展卡尔曼滤波EKF(Extended Kalman Filter)和Unscented卡尔曼滤波UKF(Unscented Kalman Filter)2种滤波方法进行仿真计算,研究了星敏感器安装方位角对导航精度的影响规律,得出星敏感器的最佳安装方位角,并考察了其在不同轨道参数下的适用性,为星敏感器的安装和星敏感器视场内观测星的选取提供了依据.仿真计算表明,本结论对其它利用"星光+地平"的自主导航方法也适用.      

四种卡尔曼滤波器在仅视线测量相对导航中的性能比较

针对航天器交会时在仅有视线测量条件下的相对导航问题,比较了扩展卡尔曼滤波(extended Kalman filter,EKF)、无迹卡尔曼滤波(unscented Kalman filter,UKF)及平方根形式的卡尔曼滤波(square-root extended Kalman filter,SREKF以及square-root unscented Kalman filter,SRUKF)在这一导航问题中的性能.介绍了仅有视线测量条件下相对导航的特点以及上述4种卡尔曼滤波算法;建立了追踪航天器和目标航天器间相对动力学方程以及基于仅视线测量相对导航时的量测方程;结合3种典型的相对运动形式进行了数值仿真.仿真结果表明:在仅视线测量相对导航中,4种算法的精度处于同一量级;UKF估计相对距离的精度稍优于EKF;SREKF和SRUKF估计相对距离的精度稍优于EKF和UKF.     

运用信息融合式高阶UKF的微小卫星姿态确定算法

为提高微小卫星微型低成本姿态敏感器的姿态确定精度，基于磁强计/太阳敏感器/陀螺仪的姿态敏感器配置以及无迹卡尔曼滤波方法（Unscented Kalman Filter，UKF），设计了一种基于高阶UKF算法并且融合磁强计与太阳敏感器观测信息的微小卫星姿态确定算法.为提高系统状态方程非线性函数的一步预测精度，采用基于五阶UT变换的高阶UKF算法，增加了Sigma采样点数量，提高了系统状态预测精度.单一观测向量滤波算法不能同时满足多个不同量纲观测数据，本文提出一种同时利用两个观测向量的信息融合式滤波算法，根据磁强计和太阳敏感器的观测信息，通过卡尔曼滤波原理中的增益计算，分别得出地磁矢量和太阳矢量对应的卡尔曼增益信息.采用高斯概率密度准则进行信息融合，进而完成预测值的修正，得到同时满足磁强计以及太阳敏感器观测需求的四元数估计值，降低了观测误差的影响.仿真分析验证了算法的优越性.      

基于UKF的雷达高度计自主定轨

探讨了利用推广卡尔曼滤波估计非线性系统状态时存在的问题,从而介绍了目前广泛使用的分步逼近的卡尔曼滤波(UKF,Unscented Kalman Filter).为了提高导航的可靠性和准确性,在星敏感器导航系统中引入雷达高度计作为一个新的测量设备,提出了一种基于星上雷达测高仪及星敏感器联合进行卫星自主定轨的算法.建立了比较复杂的地球海平面模型,并考虑了其中风生重力波的影响. 利用雷达测高仪的测量结果和地球形状模型,计算地心矢量在卫星本体中坐标系的方向.利用UKF滤波定轨算法,明显提高了自主定轨的精度.数值仿真结果表明,UKF定轨精度要远优于推广卡尔曼滤波.      

Radio/FADS/IMU integrated navigation for Mars entry

Supposing future orbiting and landing collaborative exploration mission as the potential project background, this paper addresses the issue of Mars entry integrated navigation using radio beacon, flush air data sensing system (FADS), and inertial measurement unit (IMU). The range and Doppler information sensed from an orbiting radio beacon, the dynamic pressure and heating data sensed from flush air data sensing system, and acceleration and attitude angular rate outputs from an inertial measurement unit are integrated in an unscented Kalman filter to perform state estimation and suppress the system and measurement noise. Computer simulations show that the proposed integrated navigation scheme can enhance the navigation accuracy, which enables precise entry guidance for the given Mars orbiting and landing collaborative exploration mission.     

Radio beacons/IMU integrated navigation for Mars entry

High precision entry navigation capability is essential for future Mars pinpoint landing missions, together with the entry guidance and aerodynamic lift control. This paper addresses the issue of Mars entry navigation using inertial measurement unit (IMU) and orbiting or surface radiometric beacons. The range and Doppler information sensed from orbiting or surface radio beacons and the entry vehicle state information derived from IMU are integrated in Unscented Kalman filter to correct the inertial constant bias and suppress the navigation measurement noise. Computer simulations show that the integrated navigation algorithm proposed in this paper can achieve 50 m position error and 2 m/s velocity error, which satisfies the need of future pinpoint Mars landing missions.     

MCAV/IMU integrated navigation for the powered descent phase of Mars EDL

Pin-point landing is considered as a key technology for future manned Mars landing and Mars base missions. The traditional inertial navigation system (INS) based guidance, navigation and control (GNC) mode used in the Mars entry, descent and landing (EDL) phase has no ability to achieve the precise and safe Mars landing, so novel EDL GNC methodologies should be investigated to meet this goal. This paper proposes the MCAV/IMU integrated navigation scheme for the powered descent phase of Mars EDL. The Miniature Coherent Altimeter and Velocimeter (MCAV) is adopted to correct the inertial bias and drift and improve the performance of integrated navigation. Altitude and velocity information derived from MCAV and the lander’s state information sensed by inertial measurement unit (IMU) are integrated in extended Kalman filter algorithm. The validity of the proposed navigation scheme is confirmed by computer simulation.     

Optical/radio/pulsars integrated navigation for Mars orbiter

In this paper, we address the issue of the integrated navigation algorithm with different combination of measurements for Mars orbiter. First, system dynamic model and navigation measurement models using optical measurement information, radio measurement information and X-ray pulsars measurement information are respectively established. Second, optical/radio/pulsars integrated navigation algorithm is proposed, and observability analysis of the integrated navigation system is also conducted. Third, adaptive extended Kalman filter is adopted to fuse measurement information and suppress measurement and process noise to optimally estimate the state of Mars orbiter. Monte Carlo simulation results show that optical/radio/pulsars integrated navigation can effectively improve the navigation accuracy and satisfy the navigation requirements of Mars orbiter.     

一种用于GPS/DR组合定位的非线性滤波算法

建立了适用于车辆导航系统的基于UKF(Unscented Kalman Filter)的GPS/DR(Global Positioning System/Dead Reckoning)组合定位滤波模型及算法.针对系统状态方程为线性、观测方程为非线性的特点,提出了一种将UKF和EKF(Extended Kalman Filter)相结合的非线性滤波算法.结合后的算法和原有UKF算法相比减少了在时间更新阶段的运算量,并且由于采用基于Unscented变换的思想来处理系统观测方程的非线性问题,避免了EKF引入的线性化误差,提高了滤波精度.仿真结果证明:算法在减少运算量的同时,仍具有较高的滤波精度,且明显优于EKF,因而能够满足车辆导航系统占用资源少、滤波精度高的要求.      

An innovative navigation scheme of powered descent phase for Mars pinpoint landing

Pinpoint landing (within 100 m from the target) is essential for future Mars exploration missions. This paper deals with one aspect of the pinpoint landing architecture—the navigation performance improvement during the powered descent phase, and proposes an innovative navigation scheme to obtain the vehicle complete and accurate states. On the basis of dead reckoning relying on the Inertial Measurement Unit, measurements of the Integrated Doppler Radar are adopted to correct the vehicle velocity and altitude. Distance between the vehicle and one Mars Orbiter as well as their line-of-sight relative velocity is measured by a radio sensor, and integrated in the filter to correct the vehicle horizontal position. The innovative navigation system is based on an Extend Kalman Filter. Two observation schemes are developed. One considers measurements of the Integrated Doppler Radar and radio range measurement. Another further considers radio velocity measurement. The performance of the innovative navigation scheme is greatly influenced by the position of the Mars Orbiter with respect to the target. Stochastic analyses are performed to obtain optimal locations of Mars Orbiter. Finally, the innovative navigation scheme performances are assessed through stochastic simulations. Its performance improvements are demonstrated by comparison with the Integrated Doppler Radar only navigation scheme.     

基于SINS/CNS组合导航系统的多模型自适应估计算法

针对单一模型滤波器在未知或不确定的系统参数下适应性较差的问题,提出了一种新的基于多模型自适应估计(multiple model adaptive estimation,MMAE)的滤波方法。该方法利用改进的卡尔曼滤波代替传统的卡尔曼滤波,比如扩展卡尔曼滤波(extended Kalman filter,EKF)和无迹卡尔曼滤波(unscented Kalman filter,UKF)。EKF和UKF被用来作为多模型自适应估计的子滤波器,从而实现对非线性系统的状态估计。同时,还将该方法应用于基于弹道导弹模型的组合导航中实现了系统仿真。仿真结果表明,与传统的EKF和UKF算法比较,改进的滤波方法可以解决传统模型滤波器适应性差的问题,并提高系统的导航精度。     

超低轨道地球卫星脉冲星/星光折射/光谱组合导航

针对超低轨道地球卫星导航自主需求,提出了一种脉冲星/星光折射/光谱测速组合天文导航方法。首先根据地球超低轨道卫星运行轨道动力学方程建立导航系统状态模型;分别根据脉冲到达时间差和星光折射角与天体光谱频率建立导航系统量测模型;使用Unscented卡尔曼滤波方法,降低随机误差对导航精度的影响,使用基于UKF的信息融合方法,有效融合了三种天文导航方法结果数据。经计算机仿真分析,该组合导航方法位置导航误差均值为85.62m,速度误差均值0.190m/s,能够满足超低轨道地球卫星在轨运行导航需求。     

发射系下的SINS/CNS/GNSS组合导航UKF滤波算法

弹载系统的组合导航系统模型常建立在发射惯性坐标系下，且捷联惯性/天文导航/卫星导航（SINS/CNS/GNSS）是一种目前研究较多的组合模式。该组合导航系统的状态方程具有强非线性的特点，常用的滤波方法为扩展卡尔曼滤波（EKF）。为了提高组合导航系统的精度及可靠性，对该组合导航系统的无迹卡尔曼滤波（UKF）模型进行了设计，直接将姿态、位置与速度参数作为状态的一部分，利用CNS及GNSS提供的姿态与位置构成量测方程，并详细给出了姿态样本点的生成、均值及方差的生成过程。仿真结果表明，相对于EKF算法，采用UKF算法后各导航参数的精度可提高约20%~30%，并且系统的实时性也可以得到保证。