独特的人工重力自由飞航天器

<正>国际空间站预计将于2024年退役,美国航宇局的载人航天项目将转战深空,而欧洲空间局也做了多方面的打算。欧洲空间局表示,他们将和中国开展合作,继续近地轨道上的载人飞行,同时他们还将为美国的猎户座飞船提供服务舱,开启深空载人探索。借着美国热议地-月拉格朗日点深空站和月球突击登陆的东风,欧洲空间局还表示,打算在2024年后建立月球村。欧洲人的雄心不止于此,根据德国航天局(DLR)和空中客车公司联合发布的文件,欧洲还在探讨使用自由飞航天器探索地月空间的构想。     

国际空间年计划

国际空间界提出的1992年为国际空间年(ISY)的计划,是一个包括多种活动、多种机构、多国参加的国际性计划。在国际间建立一个日常的、独立的ISY指导委员会,能使ISY更合法化,能更好地组织有关活动,并会受到各国的关注。一、美国和苏联的建议美国和苏联的建议论证了ISY为开展大范围的空间活动提供合作支持方面的潜力。美国的建议主要分两大类:一类是科学和应用,二是教育和普及。在科学和应用方面,详述了在ISY期间集中的研究项目数量。其中包括美国、苏联、西德和日本的x     

美国载人空间探索之路通向何处？

由美国国会授权、美国国家研究委员会组织撰写的题为《探索之路—美国载人空间探索计划的理由和方式》的报告于2014年6月4日发布。这份285页的报告由美国众多领域的专家历时18个月、耗资320万美元撰写而成。报告就载人航天的理由和价值、载人空间探索的目标、载人航天国际合作、可持续的载人航天探索计划及途径等主题进行了评估。     

美国与乌克兰签署空间合作协议

美国与乌克兰已签署了一系列民用空间、军转民及贸易协议，旨在利用高技术来支撑处于危机中的乌克兰经济，以及改变中欧政治、经济的不稳定状态。１９９４年１１月，在华盛顿白宫举行的美乌首脑最高级会议上，美国总统克林顿和乌克兰总统库奇马签署了一项“保护伞”式的空间协议。这将是ＮＡＳＡ和乌克兰空间局的首次直接合作。为期５年的美乌民用空间协议，奠定了双边合作计划的法律基础，提供了两国广泛的科学合作领域，其中包括遥感、生物医学科学和生物技术、通信以及空间研究与技术等方面。克林顿政府的高级官员认为，美乌协议与１９９…     

外层空间的国际合作、争论和军备竞赛——第二次联合国外层空间大会片断

<正> 第二次联合国探索及和平利用外层空间大会于今年8月9日至21日在维也纳召开。来自世界94个国家和地区、以及各国际组织的一百多名代表出席了会议。以外交部副部长章文晋为团长的中国政府代表团也参加了会议。这次会议总结了自1968年第一次会议以来,外层空间科技的发展、应用和在这方面开展国际合作的经验,并指出今后国际空间合作继续努力的方向。正如大会主席、奥地利外交     

载人航天国际合作新目标:地月轨道空间站

<正>国际空间站又获得了4年延寿,但2024年后也将退役,美国的载人航天任务将转向深空。深空载人航天耗资极为巨大,更依赖国际合作,正因为如此,美国牵头欧俄日正在深化地月轨道(Cislunar)空间站的方案,这将是未来最有希望的国际合作载人航天项目,它堪称地月空间上的小"国际空间站"。     

围绕《全球探索路线图》的国际合作正在逐步展开

2012年5月,全球空间探索大会(GLEX)在美国华盛顿召开,世界各国或地区的航天机构高级官员及探索部门的主管,政府、工业界、学术界、非政府组织的代表出席了此次会议,北京空间科技信息研究所派出两人参会。这次会议在《全球探索路线图》第一版修改过程中召开,是各参与国或地区政府机构、学术界及产业界共同研讨、协调的好机会,是国际合作空间探索进程中的一个重要里程碑。     

第11届空间环境防护材料与结构国际会议(ICPMSE-11)征文通知

随着空间探索步伐的迈进,人们需要了解更多空间环境对航天器材料与结构的影响,以便开展针对性防护。现代技术的高速发展为防护材料与结构提供了广阔空间。空间环境防护材料与结构国际会议即在此背景下应运而生。首次会议于1992年召开,之后逐渐发展,吸引了加拿大、美国、亚洲、欧洲的工业界、科研机构及政府部门积极参与,成为空间环境防护业界的国际性大会。第11届空间环境防护材料与结构国际会议,将由北京卫星环境工程研究所和加拿大ITL公司联合主办,拟于     

第11届空间环境防护材料与结构国际会议(ICPMSE-11)征文通知

随着空间探索步伐的迈进,人们需要了解更多空间环境对航天器材料与结构的影响,以便开展针对性防护。现代技术的高速发展为防护材料与结构提供了广阔空间。空间环境防护材料与结构国际会议即在此背景下应运而生。首次会议于1992年召开,之后逐渐发展,吸引了加拿大、美国、亚洲、欧洲的工业界、科研机构及政府部门积极参与,成为空间环境防护业界的国际性大会。     

走进国际空间站

国际空间站是人类在太空领域的最大规模的科技合作项目，是美国航宇局在上世纪80年代初期为抗衡苏联的和平号空间站而提出来的，随着冷战的结束，世界上一些投资大、风险高而一个国家又无力承担的大科学研究项目逐渐走向国际合作。在这一背景下，继承了苏联航天科学成果的俄罗斯转而成为这个大的科学项目的重要伙伴。目前参加该项目的有美国、俄罗斯、日本、加拿大、巴西和欧空局的11个成员国——     

Strategic Priority Program on Space Science

In 1957, the launch of the first artificial satellite ushered in a new era for modern space science.The past 50 years' developments in China's space science have witnessed many major missions, and substantial progress has been achieved in space science study, exploration technology as well as experiment technology. Strategic Priority Program on Space Science was officially started in 2011. Through both self-developed space science missions and those with international cooperation,it is expected that the innovative breakthroughs will be realized, leapfrog development of related high-tech will be achieved to establish the important strategic status of space science in national development. To sum up, the implementation of the Strategic Priority Program on Space Science will definitely promote the rapid development of China's space science endeavor, making contributions to China's development and the progress of human civilization.      

Toward a global space exploration program: A stepping stone approach

In response to the growing importance of space exploration in future planning, the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) Panel on Exploration (PEX) was chartered to provide independent scientific advice to support the development of exploration programs and to safeguard the potential scientific assets of solar system objects. In this report, PEX elaborates a stepwise approach to achieve a new level of space cooperation that can help develop world-wide capabilities in space science and exploration and support a transition that will lead to a global space exploration program. The proposed stepping stones are intended to transcend cross-cultural barriers, leading to the development of technical interfaces and shared legal frameworks and fostering coordination and cooperation on a broad front. Input for this report was drawn from expertise provided by COSPAR Associates within the international community and via the contacts they maintain in various scientific entities. The report provides a summary and synthesis of science roadmaps and recommendations for planetary exploration produced by many national and international working groups, aiming to encourage and exploit synergies among similar programs. While science and technology represent the core and, often, the drivers for space exploration, several other disciplines and their stakeholders (Earth science, space law, and others) should be more robustly interlinked and involved than they have been to date. The report argues that a shared vision is crucial to this linkage, and to providing a direction that enables new countries and stakeholders to join and engage in the overall space exploration effort. Building a basic space technology capacity within a wider range of countries, ensuring new actors in space act responsibly, and increasing public awareness and engagement are concrete steps that can provide a broader interest in space exploration, worldwide, and build a solid basis for program sustainability. By engaging developing countries and emerging space nations in an international space exploration program, it will be possible to create a critical bottom-up support structure to support program continuity in the development and execution of future global space exploration frameworks. With a focus on stepping stones, COSPAR can support a global space exploration program that stimulates scientists in current and emerging spacefaring nations, and that will invite those in developing countries to participate—pursuing research aimed at answering outstanding questions about the origins and evolution of our solar system and life on Earth (and possibly elsewhere). COSPAR, in cooperation with national and international science foundations and space-related organizations, will advocate this stepping stone approach to enhance future cooperative space exploration efforts.     

中国探月工程

"嫦娥4号"于2019年1月3日成功实现人类航天器首次在月球背面软着陆,"玉兔2号"月球车率先在月背刻上了中国足迹。至今,国际月球探测活动共实施126次,期间出现两个探月高潮。20世纪50—70年代,美苏两个航天大国之间的竞争引起第一轮探月高潮。20世纪末至今,各航天国家意识到月球探测的战略意义,纷纷提出月球探测计划并积极实施,月球成为各国争先探测的热点,掀起第二轮探月热潮。中国自2004年首次绕月探测工程立项实施以来,共开展了"嫦娥1号""嫦娥2号""嫦娥3号""嫦娥4号"及再入返回飞行试验共5次月球探测任务,实现"五战五捷",在空间技术、空间科学与应用、国际合作等方面取得了非凡成就,积累了丰富的经验,后续将继续开展以无人月球科研站为主的月球探测活动。     

From a lunar outpost to Mars: science, policy and the U.S. Space Exploration Initiative.

The U.S. Space Exploration Initiative (SEI) is aimed at the establishment of an outpost for humans on the Moon, followed by the human exploration of Mars. It also encompasses robotic missions to the Moon and Man that will precede and perhaps accompany human presence. Science plays a dual role in SEI. First, many scientific questions must be answered to insure the health and safety of human explorers. Second, scientific investigations will be among the central objectives of human explorers. A substantial body of U.S. policy on SEI has been announced by President Bush. Its implementation is coordinated by the U.S. National Space Council under the Chairmanship of Vice President Quayle. That policy directs the early focus of SEI to be on technology development, including the identification of "high leverage technologies," and the identification of alternative mission architectures. It also envisions international cooperation as an important beneficial aspect of SEI.     

NASA''S strategy for Mars exploration in the 1990s and beyond

NASA's Office of Space Science is changing its approach to all its missions, both current and future. Budget realities are necessitating that we change the way we do business and the way we look at NASA's role in the U.S. Government. These challenges are being met by a new and innovative approach that focuses on achieving a balanced world-class space science program that requires less U.S. resources while providing an enhanced role for technology and education as integral components of our Research and Development (R&D) programs. Our Mars exploration plans, especially the Mars Surveyor program, are a key feature of this new NASA approach to space science. The Mars Surveyor program will be affordable, engaging to the public with global and close-up images of Mars, have high scientific value, employ a distributed risk strategy (two launches per opportunity), and will use significant advanced technologies.     

Progress of Strategic Priority Program on Space Scienceormalsize

The most important all-round progress in China's Space Science in recent years is the official go-ahead of Strategic Priority Program (SPP) on Space Science in 2011, which marks China's space science has entered a new stage. SPP on Space Science includes 4 satellites (DAMPE, SJ-10, QUESS and HXMT), the Intensive Study of Future Space Science Missions, and the Advanced Research of Space Science Missions and Payloads. It is expected that the innovative breakthroughs will be achieved, and the great leaps of related high-technology will be driven through both independent space science missions and international cooperation. The implementation of the SPP on Space Science will enable the rapid development of China's space science endeavor, and contribute to the progress of human civilization.      

Progress of Strategic Priority Program on Space Science

The most important all-round progress in China's Space Science in recent years is the official go-ahead of Strategic Priority Program(SPP) on Space Science in 2011,which marks China's space science has entered a new stage.SPP on Space Science includes 4 satellites(DAMPE,SJ-10,QUESS and HXMT),the Intensive Study of Future Space Science Missions,and the Advanced Research of Space Science Missions and Payloads.It is expected that the innovative breakthroughs will be achieved,and the great leaps of related high-technology will be driven through both independent space science missions and international cooperation.The implementation of the SPP on Space Science will enable the rapid development of China's space science endeavor,and contribute to the progress of human civilization.     

中国空间生命科学40年回顾与展望

我国空间生命科学的探索起源于20世纪60年代，1981年随着空间生命专业委员会的正式成立，依托此专业的学术交流平台，空间生命科学进入多学科并进多机构建设的新阶段.随着中国载人航天及空间探索研究的深入发展，以分支学科或重大问题为牵引，我国在空间生命科学的几个重要领域取得了一系列关键成果.本文从发展历程、研究成果、平台模型、重大项目与后续展望等方面综述了我国空间生命科学40年的发展历程与标志性成果，为后续发展提供借鉴与参考.      

A lunar L2-Farside exploration and science mission concept with the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle and a teleoperated lander/rover

A novel concept is presented in this paper for a human mission to the lunar L2 (Lagrange) point that would be a proving ground for future exploration missions to deep space while also overseeing scientifically important investigations. In an L2 halo orbit above the lunar farside, the astronauts aboard the Orion Crew Vehicle would travel 15% farther from Earth than did the Apollo astronauts and spend almost three times longer in deep space. Such a mission would serve as a first step beyond low Earth orbit and prove out operational spaceflight capabilities such as life support, communication, high speed re-entry, and radiation protection prior to more difficult human exploration missions. On this proposed mission, the crew would teleoperate landers/rovers on the unexplored lunar farside, which would obtain samples from the geologically interesting farside and deploy a low radio frequency telescope. Sampling the South Pole-Aitken basin, one of the oldest impact basins in the solar system, is a key science objective of the 2011 Planetary Science Decadal Survey. Observations at low radio frequencies to track the effects of the Universe’s first stars/galaxies on the intergalactic medium are a priority of the 2010 Astronomy and Astrophysics Decadal Survey. Such telerobotic oversight would also demonstrate capability for human and robotic cooperation on future, more complex deep space missions such as exploring Mars.     

Space Life Science of China

In the past two years, China's space life science has made great progress. Space biomedical and life science programs have carried out ground-based research for the first batch of projects, and are preparing to carry out space-based experiments along with the construction of China's space station. And space life science payload of the space station completed the development of positive samples. Thus, with the development of lunar exploration and Mars exploration projects, astrobiology research has also made a lot of basic achievements. On the basis of summarizing the development of space life science in China, this paper mainly introduces the important progress of payload technology and life science research.