基于会切场推力器无拖曳系统建模及参数优化

随着卫星重力测量技术的突破性进展,对航天器试验环境要求也在不断提高,航天器受到的残余扰动必须尽可能减小。作为中国将来重力场测量卫星备选主推力器的会切场推力器,其推力器的控制精度直接决定了测量的准确性。文章首先通过PID方法设计了位移模式下的无拖曳控制器,该控制器在预估阻力系数、参考质量与卫星本体的位移差、速度差等性能方面有良好的表现,在应对卫星运行时的突发情况时表现出很强的稳定性。但PID参数没有达到最优解,在此基础上对于该模型的控制精度进行优化,用遗传算法对PID控制的参数进行筛选。结果分析表明,会切场推力器的控制精度有所改善,NTW方向上的速度和位移误差均减小;推力阻力和显著减少;控制精度提高,更好地满足使用需求。     

Evaluation and modification of commercial infra-red transducers for leaf temperature measurement.

Accurate measurement of the leaf to air temperature gradient is crucial for the determination of stomatal conductance and other plant responses in both single leaves and in plant canopies. This gradient is often less than 1 degree C, which means that leaf temperature must be known to within about +/- 0.1 degree C. This is a challenging task, but new, miniature infra-red transducers from Exergen Corporation (Newton, MA) and Everest Interscience (Tucson, AZ) can be modified and calibrated to achieve this accuracy. The sensors must be modified to add thermal mass and the Exergen sensor requires a measurement of sensor body temperature. Significant error is caused by the discharge of a capacitor in the standard Exergen sensor, but we tested it without the capacitor. The sensors respond rapidly to changes in target temperature, but require 2 to 10 minutes to respond to changes in sensor body temperature, which is often the largest source of error. A new, sensitive method for measuring field of view indicates substantial peripheral vision for both sensors and a wider field of view than specified by the manufacturers. Here we describe sensor output as a function of target and sensor body temperatures, and provide a generic (sensor independent) equation that can be used to achieve +/- 0.2 C accuracy with Exergen sensors. The equation was developed and verified using two black body calibrators.     

Validation of a Compression Mass Gauge using ground tests for liquid propellant mass measurements

To properly estimate orbital lifetimes and predict the maneuverability of spacecraft, the remaining liquid propellant mass must be accurately known at every moment of a space mission. This paper studies the Compression Mass Gauge (CMG) method to determine the mass of liquid contained in a tank in a low-gravity environment with high accuracy. CMG is a thermodynamic method used to determine the quantity of liquid by measuring the gas pressure change when the tank volume changes, and has been previously theoretically and experimentally studied by researchers. The primary objective of this investigation is to explore the effects of attitude disturbance and the spacecraft thermal environment on the accuracy of the method. A ground test system, consisting of several test apparatuses, was fabricated and described as part of this study. The test results and analyses indicate that the CMG performs well and has an accuracy of ±1%. Additionally, demonstrations were performed to show that measurement errors do not increase drastically or exceed ±1% when the test system is vibrated to simulate the tank being perturbed as a result of an attitude disturbance. Liquid sloshing resonance was found to have a significant effect on the gauging accuracy. Measurements in a real thermal environment in which heat transfers into and out of the propellant tank were also conducted. The results show that the gauging accuracy is acceptable for normal liquid propellant. Furthermore, theoretical research shows that heat leakage has a significant influence on cryogenic propellant mass gauging.     

Instrument study of the Lunar Dust eXplorer (LDX) for a lunar lander mission

One of the highest-priority issues for a future human or robotic lunar exploration is the lunar dust. This problem should be studied in depth in order to develop an environment model for a future lunar exploration. A future ESA lunar lander mission requires the measurement of dust transport phenomena above the lunar surface. Here, we describe an instrument design concept to measure slow and fast moving charged lunar dust which is based on the principle of charge induction. LDX has a low mass and measures the speed and trajectory of individual dust particles with sizes below one micrometer. Furthermore, LDX has an impact ionization target to monitor the interplanetary dust background. The sensor consists of three planes of segmented grid electrodes and each electrode is connected to an individual charge sensitive amplifier. Numerical signals were computed using the Coulomb software package. The LDX sensitive area is approximately 400 cm². Our simulations reveal trajectory uncertainties of better than 2° with an absolute position accuracy of better than 2 mm.     

基于视频的三维人体姿态估计

已有的三维人体姿态估计方法侧重于通过单帧图像来估计人体的三维姿态,忽略了视频中前后帧之间的相关性,因此,通过挖掘视频在时间维度上的信息可以进一步提高三维人体姿态估计的准确率。基于此,设计了一种可以充分提取视频时序信息的卷积神经网络结构,在获得高精度的同时也具有消耗计算资源小的优点,仅仅使用二维关节点的坐标为输入即可恢复完整的三维人体姿态。然后提出了一种新的损失函数利用相邻帧间人体姿态的连续性,来改进视频序列中三维姿态估计的平滑性,同时也解决了因缺少帧间信息而导致准确率下降的问题。通过在公开数据集Human3.6M上进行测试,实验结果表明本文方法相比目前的基准三维姿态估计算法的平均测试误差降低了1.2 mm,对于视频序列的三维人体姿态估计有着较高的准确率。      

Application of ISFETs in closed-loop systems for greenhouses.

In horticulture, growing in artificial substrates such as rockwool is more and more considered to be a sound alternative to growing in soil. This development enables the opportunity to create closed-loop systems which lower the waste of raw materials and reduce pollution of the environment. Applying closed-loop systems needs precise knowledge of the composition of the recirculating nutrient solution. This paper presents basic principles of a measuring system, which can monitor continuously the concentration of nutrients in water. The system is based on ion-selective field effect transistors (ISFETs). By appropriate calibration, a high accuracy is achieved for pH and potassium measurements in the nutrient solution. An accuracy of better than 10% (mMol/l) has been achieved.     

Synergistic use of multitemporal RAMP,ICESat and GPS to construct an accurate DEM of the Larsemann Hills region,Antarctica

An enhanced digital elevation model (DEM) of the Larsemann Hills region, east Antarctica, is constructed synergistically by using highly accurate ground-based GPS measurements, satellite-derived laser altimetry (GLAS/ICESat) and Radarsat Antarctic Mapping Project (RAMPv2) DEM-based point elevation dataset. Our DEM has a vertical accuracy of about 1.5 times better than RAMPv2 DEM and seven times better than GLAS/ICESAT-based DEM. The accuracy is improved by validating the RAMPv2 DEM elevation by supplementing with GLAS/ICESat and DGPS survey data, when compared to that of DEM constructed by using GLAS/ICESat or RAMPv2 alone. With the use of accurate GPS data as ground control points reference elevations, the DEM extracted is much more accurate with least mean RMSE of 34.5 m than that constructed by using a combination of GLAS/ICESat and RAMPv2 as true reference. The newly constructed DEM 7 achieves highest accuracy with the least average elevation difference of 0.27 m calculated using 46 ground reference points. Available DEMs of Antarctic region generated by using radar altimetry and the Antarctic Digital Database indicate elevation variations in the range of 50–100 m, which necessitates the generation of local DEM and its validation by using ground truth. This is our first attempt of fusing multi-temporal, multi-sensor and multi-source elevation data to generate a DEM of any part of Antarctica, in order to address the ice elevation change to infer the ice mass balance. Our approach focuses on the strengths of each elevation data source to produce an accurate DEM.     

CCD等高仪测定太阳直径的模拟计算及其精度分析

本文根据用光电等高仪测定太阳直径的基本原理,给出了用CCD作探测器测定太阳直径的处理方法,并用模拟方法对不同的seeing值产生了几组太阳曝光的CCD底片。通过对这些CCD底片的数字图象的处理和计算,对太阳直径的测定精度进行了估计和分析。计算分析表明,不论对单像还是双像方案,CCD等高仪都能以好于0."05的精度测定太阳的直径。      

平衡功能测试与评估系统数据预处理方法研究

压力中心(COP)测量在评价人体平衡功能的实验中有着广泛的应用,本文介绍了一种基于FPGA的平衡功能测试系统,该系统以FPGA作为控制核心,实现了六个力分量的同步测量,动态测量出被试者压力中心并绘制轨迹。针对高频干扰严重影响测量准确性的问题,对数据预处理中平滑窗的合理设置展开了实验研究。实验结果表明,使用二分之一数据帧长度的均值平滑窗能有效提高轨迹平滑度。基于本系统,采用不同负重的方式进行工效评估,证明本系统能准确评价平衡功能。测量过程中应根据晃动剧烈程度选择动摇轨迹总长度和轨迹包络面积这两个指标作为评价依据。     

高精度光纤光栅波长测试系统研究CSCD

为了准确测量光纤光栅（FBG）的中心波长,设计了一种高精度光纤光栅波长测试系统,主要由可调谐激光器和光功率计组成,采用波长扫描的方法进行测试。利用可调谐激光器输出光波长精度和信噪比高的特点,通过在光功率计的全量程范围进行波长扫描,得到高精度、大动态范围的光纤光栅反射光谱曲线,然后应用四次多项式拟合来计算中心波长。测试结果表明,系统在（1520 - 1590）nm 波长范围内,测量重复性优于0.5pm,测量不确定度为2pm（k=2）,可以满足传感用光纤光栅的测试需要。     

凸轮测量采点间距选取方法

对凸轮测量中如何选取采点间距的问题进行了分析 ,指出了传统的等角度间隔采点的不合理性 ,提出按被测凸轮测量误差的要求选取采点间距的方法 ,并推导出采点间距的计算公式。     

石英晶体质量测量装置研究

讨论了如何利用石英品体的特性进行质量测量装置的设计。给出了机械结构图形和实验结果。并针对这种装置存在的问题提出改进意见，以利于进一步提高其测量准确度。     

参数估计法在规则图形三维形貌测量中的应用

引入了参数估计法对规则图形三维形貌测量中的关键问题提高差分干涉系统横向定位准确度的方法进行了理论分析。仿真计算表明，在采用普通激光束径和工作台的条件下，系统横向定位准确度优于0.1μm，同时系统的复杂性和造价大大降低。     

超声波流量测量中流速计算方法的对比

超声波流量计(UFM,Ultrasonic Flow Meter)通过测量管路中顺流和逆流方向的超声波传播时间变化计算流速,因此超声波传播时间的准确测量对流量计的精度影响至关重要.对超声波流量计的测量方法进行研究,从环境温度的变化、时间测量的准确性、不确定度的计算3个方面,对比超声波传播时间差法和频率差法对流量测量精度的影响.通过超声波流量测量实验,验证了在流量计未校准的情况下,与频率差法相比,时间差法的测量精度更高,且其校准系数曲线的线性度更好,校准后可在全流量范围内获得更高的测量精度.     

复杂分放性测量点优化布置方法研究

随着现代化工业的发展需求日益提升，对于中大型工业部件的加工精度检测也有了更高的要求。对某发动机进行测量检测时，被测物结构较为复杂，测量尺寸较大。由于工作环境特殊，需要尽量避免在非被测物上布设合作标志，而且由于无多余物需求，在待测物表面需要尽量少的布设测量合作标志。因此需要对此需求进行实际研究，对合作标志进行回光性测试，设计了多种复杂分放性测量点布设方式，经试验确定了通过增加测量辅助面的方式可以极大提高测量精度，而且减少一半被测物上测量点布设而不影响测量精度，最后也对测量辅助面与类柱状被测物的布设角度进行相应研究。     

充气展开自支撑臂振动模态分析

充气展开自支撑臂是由层合铝膜和离散自支撑壳组成,可在无充气压力下实现对有效载荷的支撑。为提高充气展开自支撑臂振动特性预测精度,首先,基于Timoshenko梁理论和哈密顿原理,推导了自支撑臂振动微分方程,提出了考虑充气压力的预应力和构型变化的梁单元模型。该单元模型考虑了结构自支撑壳的离散分布特性,使建立的质量矩阵更接近自支撑臂结构的真实值。然后,通过实验对该模型进行验证,结果表明本文方法比传统梁单元模型具有更好的精度。最后,分析了充气压力和自支撑壳宽度等参数对自支撑臂结构振动模态的影响规律,结果可为充气展开自支撑臂的设计提供理论参考。      

基于单站CCD漂移扫描光电设备的同步轨道目标测定轨

地基光电观测在同步轨道目标监测领域具有重要作用.为评估单站光电设备对同步轨道目标的实际测定轨能力,利用上海天文台佘山站1.56m望远镜,采用CCD漂移扫描光电技术,对3颗北斗同步卫星开展试验观测,基于卫星精密星历评估目标的测定轨外符精度.结果表明:同步轨道目标的天文定位在方位和俯仰方向上的外符精度均好于0.3";在单圈次观测情况下,尽管轨道预报精度较低,约为数千米量级,但是观测弧段内定轨精度可优于百米;在多圈次观测情况下,轨道改进效果显著,定轨精度优于50m,外推至4d的轨道预报精度为百米量级.此外,定量评估了每晚不同观测时间跨度下同步轨道目标的测定轨精度,为单站光电设备实际应用提供了参考.      

实时电离层格网数据精度评估

电离层延迟是制约单频接收机定位精度的重要误差源之一.为提高单频接收机的实时电离层改正精度，需要实时电离层数据.以中国科学院空天信息创新研究院提供的实时电离层数据为例，对比分析不同太阳活动期实时电离层数据及预报电离层数据与IGS最终电离层数据之间的差值以及不同太阳活动期、不同纬度测站的电离层数据对电离层延迟进行改正后得到的定位精度.结果表明:在低太阳活动期和高太阳活动期，实时电离层数据无法很好地反映大部分海洋上空的电离层变化特性；对不同太阳活动期，实时电离层数据在高纬度测站的定位精度优于预报数据和广播模型，在中纬度测站的定位精度略低于预报数据而与广播模型定位精度相当，在低纬度测站的定位精度略优于预报数据和广播模型.      

Linear stability of ring systems around oblate central masses

In this paper, we consider the stability of a ring of bodies of equal mass uniformly distributed around a large oblate central mass. The purpose of this and previous papers is to shed light on the stability of Saturn’s rings. Previous papers have been limited by the assumptions that (1) all ring bodies are at the same distance from the central body, (2) the central body acts like a point mass (i.e., is a perfect sphere), and (3) the ring bodies all have the same mass and are evenly spaced around the ring. The third limitation is probably the least important; as long as there are a large number of masses and the mass distribution is approximately uniform then the system should behave as a system of equally-spaced, equal-mass bodies. The first main purpose of this paper is to remove the second limitation. But, the paper also aims to address limitation (1). Recent computer simulations of single-ring systems have shown that the threshold for stability, as determined by a linear stability analysis, matches precisely the stability threshold predicted by simulation. In other words, a linear stability analysis while presumably just a mathematical abstraction actually tells us something quite real. Furthermore, simulations of multi-ring systems suggest that instability comes from azimuthal perturbations; small azimuthal changes are more destabilizing that small radial perturbations. Hence, in this paper, we also consider the situation where the central body consists not just of an oblate central mass but also incorporates a flat ring representing in aggregate all ring bodies at radii other than the one under consideration. The central oblate body together with a flat ring is modeled simply by introducing two oblateness terms to the gravitational potential associated with the central mass. The subsequent analysis is almost identical to the case of a single oblateness term. For Saturn, the oblateness of the central mass is six orders of magnitude more significant than the rings at other radii as a destabilizing influence.