掩星大气探测系统误差源分析

根据掩星大气探测反演原理,研究了影响系统产品精度的误差源,并对多普勒观测误差、天线相位中心变化误差、多路径误差、卫星质心变化误差、导航卫星钟飘、卫星姿态变化误差和精密定轨速度误差进行分析,根据工程实现可行性提出了系统误差分配建议,为掩星大气探测系统设计提供参考.      

多星近距离绕飞观测任务姿轨耦合控制研究

针对多星近距离绕飞观测任务,建立了相对姿态轨道动力学模型,分别考虑了在椭圆、空间圆绕飞轨道上观测卫星的两种期望三角形编队构型,以观测卫星视线始终指向目标为期望姿态,采用基于四元数和角速度误差反馈的比例 微分控制律以及一种改进的基于人工势场法的制导方法相结合,对相对姿态及轨道进行控制。仿真结果表明：在控制律的作用下,绕飞过程中各观测卫星均能够有效地跟踪期望相对姿态和期望相对轨道;在空间圆绕飞轨道构型中,各观测卫星从初始同一位置出发后,在任意时刻3颗观测卫星构成的编队构型始终为正三角形,且正三角形的边长从零逐渐增大,最终等于期望正三角形构型的边长。     

基于矢量磁强计的磁场梯度张量仪误差校正方法

卫星在轨运行时，本体会产生一定的磁干扰，一般通过伸杆将传感器远离卫星本体安装，或者通过多个磁场传感器测量磁场梯度的方法来消除卫星本体的磁干扰.使用磁场梯度张量仪测量磁场梯度时，张量仪本身的构型会给测量带来误差.通过对5种主要的张量仪构型进行误差仿真，对比5种构型的张量测量误差，发现十字形构型张量仪的测量误差最小.除了构型带来的误差，张量仪的主要测量误差还包括组成张量仪的三轴磁强计本身的误差和非对准误差.本文使用椭球拟合算法对磁强计本身的误差进行校正，校正后磁强计测量总场的均方根误差为0.864nT.针对张量仪的非对准误差，提出了正交系间非对准误差的校正方法.仿真结果表明，校正后的非对准角度误差≤3.2×10-5 rad，能够很好地降低张量仪的非对准误差.      

太阳系天体引力对空间引力波探测日心编队构型的影响分析

针对太极空间引力波探测任务，建立了太阳系天体引力摄动对日心编队构型影响的数学模型，利用仿真手段分析了太阳系中行星和月球、矮行星和小行星引力摄动对空间引力波探测日心编队构型的影响，提出了一种综合考虑小行星到卫星轨道距离和星等的二重筛选方法，能够快速估计小行星相对加速度的上界.分析了日心编队构型卫星初始相位角变化对太阳系天体引力摄动的影响.仿真结果表明，在行星和月球中，地球、金星和木星引力对空间引力波探测编队构型影响较大，行星和月球的引力叠加影响达到-2.78×10-11km·-2.矮行星的引力叠加影响不大于1.25×10-17km·-2，小行星引力的叠加影响不大于1.1180×10-15km·-2.另外，编队卫星受到的太阳系天体引力摄动对编队构型卫星初始相位角的变化不敏感.      

径向共线多星库仑编队飞行构型保持研究

本文研究了多星库仑卫星编队在地球同步轨道处径向轨道动力学与控制问题.首先建立了N颗卫星在同步轨道点处的动力学模型,然后以只在库仑力作用下的四颗卫星编队为例,对共线四星编队模型进行线性化处理.针对其动力学模型设计了LQR控制器.考虑到建模误差,利用误差最大有界范围的二范数设计了改进型的LQR控制律,针对变量引入积分项对扰动误差进行补偿以提高控制精度.数值仿真结果表明,所建立的多星编队动力学模型是正确的,引入积分项的控制减少了编队构型稳定所需时间,且有效维持了编队构型.     

磁场梯度张量测量法消除卫星磁干扰

在调查了消除卫星本体对磁场探测造成磁干扰的方法基础上,采用磁场梯度张量测量法替代传统的双探头梯度测量法消除卫星磁干扰,通过仿真分析和实测验证重点考察了基于欧拉反褶积算法的构造指数、伸杆长度与背景磁场反演误差之间的关系。仿真结果表明:对于本体边长1 m总剩磁1 A·m2的卫星而言,磁场梯度张量测量法在1~2 m的较短伸杆条件下,背景磁场反演误差较大;在3 m以上的较长伸杆条件下,具有较高的背景磁场反演精度,4 m条件下反演精度约0.5 nT。在长伸杆条件下,磁场梯度张量测量法比双探头梯度测量法的背景磁场反演精度提高约3倍。      

多星敏感器测量最优姿态估计算法

多数利用星敏感器加陀螺组合的姿态确定方法中,由于星敏感器精度较高,使得系统定姿的精度比较高.然而,姿态确定的算法因观测模型和误差处理不当,导致滤波器观测修正能力下降,从而不能有效地估计陀螺的漂移误差.提出了基于星敏感器观测姿态角的误差建模,研究了多星敏感器组合的最优安装构型和观测融合方法.利用加权最小二乘法对观测数据的预处理,使观测方程定常化.再利用陀螺加星敏感器组合的扩展Kalman滤波(EKF,Extended Kalman Filtering)对航天器姿态和陀螺漂移进行估计.仿真结果表明,提出的多星敏感器最优组合的滤波方法能够有效精确地估计卫星三轴姿态和陀螺漂移,且该方法计算量小,有利于卫星定姿系统的在轨自主运行.     

一种实现光学隐身的卫星构型设计

目前对地球同步轨道(GEO)空间目标的探测和识别,主要依赖光学监视系统接收其反射的太阳光线.鉴于可见光反射原理,和空间目标可见光反射特性计算模型,提出光学隐身卫星设计策略,分别对卫星平台构型、太阳能帆板、半球形遮光罩进行设计,对整星外形进行仿真分析,最后提出分布式卫星的构想.结果表明,该卫星构型光学横截面积峰值达到0.082 m~2,该构型设计具有较高的隐蔽性,不易被光学监视系统探测识别.     

径向两星库仑编队队形保持自适应控制研究

研究地球同步轨道处径向两星库仑编队队形保持的自适应控制问题.建立了双星库仑编队在地球同步轨道处径向两星库仑编队动力学模型.基于建立的非线性化动力学模型,同时考虑到外部扰动和动力学模型误差等因素,设计径向两星库仑编队在地球同步轨道处的构型保持自适应控制律,并利用Lyapnuov稳定性理论证明系统的闭环稳定性.最后进行数值仿真,并与传统PID控制进行了比较.仿真结果表明提出的自适应控制律响应速度快,稳定性好,编队构型能够收敛到期望值,控制性能明显优于PID控制.     

海洋监视卫星无源被动定位精度分析

分析了利用三星编队卫星对海上目标进行无源侦察、监视的原理,建立了利用时差定位法进行定位的精度模型,在此基础上推导了卫星对目标的定位精度与卫星编队构型、轨道高度、与目标的相对位置及卫星定轨精度和测量误差的关系。对模型进行了仿真计算和分析,仿真结果表明:合理增加卫星间的基线长度,保持卫星编队构型及其与目标间相对位置的均匀性可以有效提高卫星对目标的定位精度。     

地磁测量卫星的矢量磁场在轨标定算法仿真

以SWARM为代表的高精度地磁测量卫星对地球磁场探测精度经过标定之后优于0.5 nT,对于开展地磁科学研究具有重要意义。地磁测量卫星通过安装在伸展杆上的矢量磁通门磁强计、标量磁强计和高精度星敏感器,获取测量方向的惯性空间姿态的地磁信息,其中高精度标量磁强计主要用于对磁通门矢量磁强计进行标定。针对地磁测量卫星,研究了矢量磁强计在轨测量误差的校正方法。考虑到矢量磁强计非正交角、标度因子以及偏差的影响,建立磁场矢量线性输出模型;结合标量磁强计的测量值分别设计基于小量近似的线性校正算法和基于参数辨识更新的非线性校正算法;校验两种算法的标定精度,并通过Tukey权重函数改善算法的鲁棒性。仿真结果表明,两种算法校正结果相似,磁场三轴误差可校正至0.5 nT以内,在标量磁强计存在异常值时仍具有较好的校正效果。      

多视场低磁星敏感器及其在磁测卫星中的应用

下一代地磁导航等空间任务对地球磁场测量卫星提出了迫切的需求, 高精度地磁场测量卫星需要极高的姿态测量精度和空间剩磁环境, 对星敏感器提出了新的要求。针对这一需求, 研究了低剩磁高精度星敏感器的改进设计方法。采用三视场分体结构设计,提高了数据更新率,通过数据融合提高了姿态确定精度,同时对光学头部进行了精细化降剩磁设计。仿真和测试结果表明，改进的星敏感器设计方法能够实现较低的剩磁和较高的定姿精度, 满足地磁场测量卫星的应用需求, 具有较高的应用价值。     

Integrated orbit and attitude hardware-in-the-loop simulations for autonomous satellite formation flying

Development and experiment of an integrated orbit and attitude hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulator for autonomous satellite formation flying are presented. The integrated simulator system consists of an orbit HIL simulator for orbit determination and control, and an attitude HIL simulator for attitude determination and control. The integrated simulator involves four processes (orbit determination, orbit control, attitude determination, and attitude control), which interact with each other in the same way as actual flight processes do. Orbit determination is conducted by a relative navigation algorithm using double-difference GPS measurements based on the extended Kalman filter (EKF). Orbit control is performed by a state-dependent Riccati equation (SDRE) technique that is utilized as a nonlinear controller for the formation control problem. Attitude is determined from an attitude heading reference system (AHRS) sensor, and a proportional-derivative (PD) feedback controller is used to control the attitude HIL simulator using three momentum wheel assemblies. Integrated orbit and attitude simulations are performed for a formation reconfiguration scenario. By performing the four processes adequately, the desired formation reconfiguration from a baseline of 500–1000 m was achieved with meter-level position error and millimeter-level relative position navigation. This HIL simulation demonstrates the performance of the integrated HIL simulator and the feasibility of the applied algorithms in a real-time environment. Furthermore, the integrated HIL simulator system developed in the current study can be used as a ground-based testing environment to reproduce possible actual satellite formation operations.     

The attitude inversion method of geostationary satellites based on unscented particle filter

The attitude information of geostationary satellites is difficult to be obtained since they are presented in non-resolved images on the ground observation equipment in space object surveillance. In this paper, an attitude inversion method for geostationary satellite based on Unscented Particle Filter (UPF) and ground photometric data is presented. The inversion algorithm based on UPF is proposed aiming at the strong non-linear feature in the photometric data inversion for satellite attitude, which combines the advantage of Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) and Particle Filter (PF). This update method improves the particle selection based on the idea of UKF to redesign the importance density function. Moreover, it uses the RMS-UKF to partially correct the prediction covariance matrix, which improves the applicability of the attitude inversion method in view of UKF and the particle degradation and dilution of the attitude inversion method based on PF. This paper describes the main principles and steps of algorithm in detail, correctness, accuracy, stability and applicability of the method are verified by simulation experiment and scaling experiment in the end. The results show that the proposed method can effectively solve the problem of particle degradation and depletion in the attitude inversion method on account of PF, and the problem that UKF is not suitable for the strong non-linear attitude inversion. However, the inversion accuracy is obviously superior to UKF and PF, in addition, in the case of the inversion with large attitude error that can inverse the attitude with small particles and high precision.     

基于联合滤波器的高精度卫星定姿系统设计

设计了由陀螺、GPS姿态敏感器、红外地平仪和太阳敏感器构成的太阳同步极轨卫星姿态确定系统。提出联邦滤波器结构和算法,推导了各子系统的量测方程和姿态确定系统的误差状态方程。为规避对量测值进行非相关处理,采用减小GPS姿态敏感器输出的姿态滤波值作为系统滤波器量测值的频率的方法。仿真结果表明,采用联邦滤波器对多敏感器卫星姿态确定系统进行信息融合,具有计算量小、精度高、可靠性好等优点。     

多敏感器卫星姿态确定的联邦滤波器设计

针对由惯性测量组件、星敏感器、数字式太阳敏感器和红外地球敏感器构成的卫星姿态确定系统 ,提出采用联邦滤波器进行信息融合。设计了多敏感器信息融合的联邦滤波器结构和算法 ,推导了卫星姿态确定的误差状态方程和各子系统的量测方程。仿真分析结果表明 ,采用联邦滤波器对多敏感器卫星姿态确定系统进行信息融合 ,能够以较小的计算量实现高精度的信息融合 ,并且还能使高精度的信息融合具备容错性能     

Spin motion determination of the Envisat satellite through laser ranging measurements from a single pass measured by a single station

The Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) technology is used to accurately determine the position of space objects equipped with so-called retro-reflectors or retro-reflector arrays (RRA). This type of measurement allows to measure the range to the spacecraft with high precision, which leads to determination of very accurate orbits for these targets. Non-active spacecraft, which are not attitude controlled any longer, tend to start to spin or tumble under influence of the external and internal torques and forces.If the return signal is measured for a non-spherical non-active rotating object, the signal in the range residuals with respect to the reference orbit is more complex. For rotating objects the return signal shows an oscillating pattern or patterns caused by the RRA moving around the satellite’s centre of mass. This behaviour is projected onto the radial component measured by the SLR.In our work, we demonstrate how the SLR ranging technique from one sensor to a satellite equipped with a RRA can be used to precisely determine its spin motion during one passage. Multiple SLR measurements of one target over time allow to accurately monitor spin motion changes which can be further used for attitude predictions. We show our solutions of the spin motion determined for the non-active ESA satellite Envisat obtained from measurements acquired during years 2013–2015 by the Zimmerwald SLR station, Switzerland. All the necessary parameters are defined for our own so-called point-like model which describes the motion of a point in space around the satellite centre of mass.     

Characteristics and accuracies of the GRACE inter-satellite pointing

For almost 10 years, the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) has provided information about the Earth gravity field with unprecedented accuracy. Efforts are ongoing to approach the GRACE baseline accuracy as there still remains an order of magnitude between the present error level of the gravity field solutions and the GRACE baseline. At the current level of accuracy, thorough investigation of sensor related effects is necessary as they are one of the potential contributors to the error budget. In the science mode operations, the twin satellites are kept precisely pointed with their KBR antennas towards each other. It is the task of the onboard attitude and orbit control system (AOCS) to keep the satellites in the required formation. We analyzed long time series of the inter-satellite pointing variations as they reflect the AOCS performance and characteristics. We present significant systematic effects in the inter-satellite pointing and discuss their possible sources. Prominent features are especially related to the magnetic torquer characteristics, star cameras’ performance and KBR antenna calibration parameters. The relation between the magnetic torquer attitude control and the Earth magnetic field, impact of the different performance of the two star camera heads on the attitude control and the features due to uncertainties in the calibration parameters relating the star camera frame to K-frame are discussed in detail. Proper understanding of these effects will help to reduce their impact on the science data and subsequently increase the accuracy of the gravity field solutions. Moreover, understanding the complexity of the onboard system is essential not only for increasing the accuracy of the GRACE data but also for the development of the future gravity field satellite missions.