在强地磁活动期间热层大气成份和密度的变化

选用了１９７４－０７－０６,１９８２－０３－０２和１９８２－０９－０６三次强地磁活动时的Ａｐ值,由ＡＥ－Ｃ和ＤＥ－Ｂ卫星所测得的热层成份数据,进行统计分析,结果表明;在强地磁活动期间,热层大气密度涨落变化十分清晰、涨幅随高度增高而增大,高度６００ｋｍ附近涨幅可直达４倍,热层大气成份中Ｎ２的数密度涨幅最大,而原子氧的丰度在强地磁活动期间明显地下降。     

Charged particles on the Earth–Jupiter–Europa spacecraft trajectory

Charged particle fluxes on the trajectory of future Russian space research mission to Jupiter and its satellite Europa are investigated. The existing experimental data and models of Jupiter’s main magnetic field and radiation belts are summarized. Preliminary results of computations of energetic particle fluxes and radiation doses for each stage of the flight are given. Special attention is paid to estimation of radiation conditions in Europa’s orbit and on its surface; influence of the satellite on spatial distribution of the fluxes of charged particles of various energies is studied.     

利用卫星两行轨道根数反演热层密度

两行轨道根数（TLEs）是基于一般摄动理论产生的用于预报地球轨道飞行器位置和速度的一组轨道参数,通过求解大气阻力微分方程,可反演出热层大气密度. 本文选取近圆轨道CHAMP卫星和椭圆轨道Explorer8卫星,以两行轨道根数数据为基础,计算反弹道系数,并根据不同轨道特征采用两种不同反演方法对热层大气密度进行研究. 结果表明,这两种方法反演得到的大气密度与实测值均符合较好,其中CHAMP卫星的反演结果和经验模式值相对于实测值的误差分别为7.94%和13.94%,Explorer8卫星的误差分别为9.04%和14.32%. 相比模式值,利用两行轨道根数数据反演的热层大气密度更接近于实测值,说明该方法可以作为获取大量可靠大气密度数据的一种有效途径.      

Identification of seismic activity sources on the subsatellite track by ionospheric plasma disturbances detected with the Sich-2 onboard probes

Using a cylindrical Langmuir probe and the authors’ proprietary two-channel pressure transducer, ionospheric plasma parameter distributions along the orbit of the Sich-2 satellite (Ukraine, 2011–2012) were measured. This paper is concerned with identifying the space–time location of ionospheric plasma disturbance sources, including the epicenters of actual earthquakes (before or during the satellite flyover) and incipient earthquakes on the subsatellite track, from the measured distributions of the electron density and temperature and the neutral particle temperature along the satellite orbit. To do this, the measured ionospheric plasma parameter distributions are connected to the coordinates on the subsatellite track.It is shown that local disturbances in the electron density and temperature and neutral particle temperature distributions in the satellite orbit in the ionosphere may serve as indicators of seismic activity on the subsatellite track. The epicenters of incipient earthquakes may be set off from other plasma parameter disturbance sources associated with seismic activity using information provided by special monitoring and survey centers that monitor the current seismic situation.     

High accuracy satellite drag model (HASDM)

The dominant error source in force models used to predict low-perigee satellite trajectories is atmospheric drag. Errors in operational thermospheric density models cause significant errors in predicted satellite positions, since these models do not account for dynamic changes in atmospheric drag for orbit predictions. The Air Force Space Battlelab’s High Accuracy Satellite Drag Model (HASDM) estimates and predicts (out three days) a dynamically varying global density field. HASDM includes the Dynamic Calibration Atmosphere (DCA) algorithm that solves for the phases and amplitudes of the diurnal and semidiurnal variations of thermospheric density near real-time from the observed drag effects on a set of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) calibration satellites. The density correction is expressed as a function of latitude, local solar time and altitude. In HASDM, a time series prediction filter relates the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) energy index E_10.7 and the geomagnetic storm index a_p, to the DCA density correction parameters. The E_10.7 index is generated by the SOLAR2000 model, the first full spectrum model of solar irradiance. The estimated and predicted density fields will be used operationally to significantly improve the accuracy of predicted trajectories for all low-perigee satellites.     

Thermosphere densities derived from Swarm GPS observations

After the detection of many anomalies in the Swarm accelerometer data, an alternative method has been developed to determine thermospheric densities for the three-satellite mission. Using a precise orbit determination approach, non-gravitational and aerodynamic-only accelerations are estimated from the high-quality Swarm GPS data. The GPS-derived non-gravitational accelerations serve as a baseline for the correction of the Swarm-C along-track accelerometer data. The aerodynamic accelerations are converted directly into thermospheric densities for all Swarm satellites, albeit at a much lower temporal resolution than the accelerometers would have been able to deliver. The resulting density and acceleration data sets are part of the European Space Agency Level 2 Swarm products.To improve the Swarm densities, two modifications have recently been added to our original processing scheme. They consist of a more refined handling of radiation pressure accelerations and the use of a high-fidelity satellite geometry and improved aerodynamic model. These modifications lead to a better agreement between estimated Swarm densities and NRLMSISE-00 model densities. The GPS-derived Swarm densities show variations due to solar and geomagnetic activity, as well as seasonal, latitudinal and diurnal variations. For low solar activity, however, the aerodynamic signal experienced by the Swarm satellites is very small, and therefore it is more difficult to accurately resolve latitudinal density variability using GPS data, especially for the higher-flying Swarm-B satellite. Therefore, mean orbit densities are also included in the Swarm density product.     

Observations of the aurora in the far ultraviolet from “Cosmos-900”

The results from observations of auroral emissions within the wavelength band 115–135 nm are presented. The experiment was carried out on board the satellite “Cosmos-900”, launched on March 30, 1977, to an almost circular polar orbit. We assume that the precipitating fluxes of protons and electrons were the sources of excitation, according to the theory.     

The latitude-energy dispersion of precipitating ions inferred from the Intercosmos-Bulgaria-1300 satellite data

The Intercosmos-Bulgaria-1300 (ICB-1300) data are used to study the features of the 0.4–15.0 keV precipitating ion spectrum in auroral regions. The ion spectra recorded during disturbed periods exhibit monochromatic peaks at different energies, with lower energies being shifted to lower invariant latitudes. The results obtained are interpreted in terms of the hypothesis of ion acceleration in the inverted-V regions and their subsequent drift in the crossed electric and magnetic fields when moving to conjugate hemisphere.     

HXMT的空间环境本底计算

硬X射线调制望远镜(HXMT)是一颗宽波段X射线(1～250 keV)天文卫星,其核心载荷高能X射线望远镜(HE)工作于硬X射线能区(20～250 keV),致力于实现硬X射线的高灵敏度巡天观测,描绘硬X射线天图,并对特殊天体作高灵敏度定点观测.为了获得高灵敏度,必须有效地抑制本底.本底主要是由轨道环境中的粒子(γ射线、质子、电子、中子)与探测器相互作用产生的.本文结合大量的描述近地空间本底的文献和最新的实测数据,整理出一套自洽的近地空间本底粒子的数据和公式,便于应用.并通过Geant 4软件模拟计算给出了HXMT的本底及本底随时间和轨道的变化.      

中地球轨道高能电子辐射环境特性分析

采用中国中地球轨道卫星在太阳活动下降相到上升相的高能电子探测数据, 首次分析研究了该轨道高能电子环境的空间分布、通量强度、时序变化以及对地磁暴活动响应的特性. 结果表明, 中地球轨道高能电子的空间分布 范围稳定, 电子通量强度随能量升高而下降; 中地球轨道高能电子环境是 一个在不同时间尺度上剧烈变化的动态系统, 该系统可能间歇性地出现27天重 现性变化, 该系统变化受地磁暴事件调制, 但其对磁暴的响应呈现出非线性特征.      

Horizontal and vertical thermospheric cross-wind from GOCE linear and angular accelerations

Thermospheric wind measurements obtained from linear non-gravitational accelerations of the Gravity field and steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE) satellite show discrepancies when compared to ground-based measurements. In this paper the cross-wind is derived from both the linear and the angular accelerations using a newly developed iterative algorithm. The two resulting data sets are compared to test the validity of wind derived from angular accelerations and quantify the uncertainty in accelerometer-derived wind data. In general the difference is found to be less than 50?m/s vertically after high-pass filtering, and 100?m/s horizontally. A sensitivity analysis reveals that continuous thrusting is a major source of uncertainty in the torque-derived wind, as are the magnetic properties of the satellite. The energy accommodation coefficient is identified as a particularly promising parameter for improving the consistency of thermospheric cross-wind data sets in the future. The algorithm may be applied to obtain density and cross-wind from other satellite missions that lack accelerometer data, provided the attitude and orbit are known with sufficient accuracy.     

"Mir" radiation dosimetry results during the solar proton events in September-October 1989.

Using data from dosimetry-radiometry system "Liulin" on board of "Mir"-space station the particle flux and doserate during September-October, 1989 has been studied. The orbit of the station was 379 km perigee, 410 km apogee and 51.6 degrees inclination. Special attention has been paid to the flux and doserate changes inside the station after intensive solar proton events (SPE) on 29 of September, 1989. The comparison between the doses before and after the solar flares shows increase of the calculated mean dose per day by factor of 10 to 200. During the SPE on the 29 of September the additional dose was 310 mrad. The results of the experiment are compared with the data for the solar proton fluxes obtained on the GOES-7 satellite.     

太阳电池阵极月轨道在轨热分析

以极月轨道上太阳电池阵作为研究对象,详细分析了该轨道上电池阵所得各外热流的确定方法.以此为基础,对太阳电池阵进行在轨温度数值模拟,得到月球轨道上电池阵所得外热流以及温度的周期分布.计算结果与地球卫星的相应数据进行比较,明确了月球轨道上电池阵所得外热流以及温度的周期分布特点,为月球卫星上太阳电池阵以及整个卫星的设计提供了有利的数据参考.      

Some peculiarities of longitudinal distribution of proton fluxes at high latitudes

Dynamical features of proton fluxes at high and middle latitudes were studied based on data measured by Sun-synchronous low-altitude (800 km height) polar-orbiting three NOAA series satellites: POES 15, 16, and 17 during the geomagnetic storm on January, 21–22, 2005. Data from three satellites that passed the Northern hemisphere along different MLTs allow reconstructing the longitudinal distribution of the proton fluxes. Measurements of protons with energies of 30–80 keV and 80–240 keV (the ring current energy range) by 0- and 90-detectors were used to evaluate and compare the longitudinal asymmetry of proton flux distribution measured in the regions equatorward and poleward of the isotropic boundary. It was found that during all the phases of the geomagnetic storm distribution of the maximum flux of precipitating protons (0-detector data) is sufficiently asymmetric. The maximal flux position along MLT is moving from pre-midnight sector in quiet time to post-midnight one before and during SSC and moving back during recovery phase. The longitudinal distribution of precipitation maxima demonstrates the local increase in afternoon sector (approximately at 13:30 MLT) and decrease in the dusk one during SSC. These features are evident consequence of the magnetosphere compression. To identify the origin of the particles, the locations of maximum fluxes have been projected to the magnetosphere. It was determined that during geomagnetic storm main and recovery phases maximum fluxes were measured at latitudes poleward of the isotropic boundary. To evaluate the trapped particle flux asymmetry, the particle fluences (90-detector data) were calculated along the satellite orbit from L = 2 to the isotropic boundary. The total fluences of trapped particles calculated along the satellite orbit show regular asymmetry between dusk and dawn during main and recovery phases. The maximal intensity of proton fluxes of both investigated populations located poleward and equatorward of the isotropic boundary is achieved during SSC. The total flux measured during crossing the anisotropic region can be considered as a proxy for ring current injection rate.     

不同强度磁暴期间热层大气密度响应特征分析

利用CHAMP卫星数据，对2002-2008年12个不同强度磁暴事件期间的热层大气密度变化特征进行分析，并研究对应磁暴期间大气模式NRLMSISE-00分布特征.结果表明，大磁暴期间日侧大气密度峰值从高纬到低纬的时间延迟为2h，中小磁暴期间的延迟时间为3～4h；春秋季暴时大气密度分布基本呈南北对称分布，而夏冬季大气密度的分布是夏半球大于冬半球，春秋季暴时大气密度大于夏冬季；NRLMSISE-00大气模式得到的热层大气密度很好的体现了半球分布以及季节分布的特征，但模式模拟结果偏小；Dst指数峰值比ap指数峰值更能反应大气密度的变化情况.      

The electron formations under the radiation belts at L-shells 1.2–1.9

We continue to analyze the distribution of electron fluxes with energy 30–500 keV under the radiation belts at low and middle latitudes (L = 1.2–1.9) using experimental data obtained onboard ACTIVE satellite. Special attention is given to altitudinal distribution of electron fluxes and detailed analysis of these electron formations. We observe three main regions of electron flux registration that seem to exist constantly under the radiation belts. These regions are: magneto-conjugated to SAA region (in the north hemisphere), local zone of low intense electron flux accumulation to the west of SAA, and extensive region in the north hemisphere to the east. The analysis of experimental data obtained from ACTIVE satellite (orbit height 500–2500 km) shows that electron fluxes are registered in the wide altitude range up to 1100 km. It is shown that these formations have complicated initial structure with two regions of flux maximums: at L = 1.3 and L = 1.6–1.8. We compare particle data with low frequency (LF) data (ARIEL-4 satellite) and high frequency (HF) data (CORONAS-I satellite). Also we discuss the possible mechanisms of the appearance of these formations under the radiation belts.     

星载半导体电子探测器关于辐射带电子探测的一些结果

本文给出了我国卫星上半导体电子探测器的一些探测结果。通过对数据的分析,得到了内辐射带中心区电子通量的典型值,大于0.5MeV和1.0MeV两个能档的全向通量分别为1.9×108和6.7×107ele./s·cm2.同时也给出了在典型轨道上电子通量随时间的变化剖面。此外,还得到了同步高度上述两个能档电子的全向通量分别为20.43×106和4.25×105ele./s·cm2.同时也给出了观测到的同步高度外辐射带电子的日变化。结果与国外观测资料基本相符。      

On one approach to the optimization of low-thrust station keeping manoeuvres

A simple and effective mathematical method to calculate optimal station-keeping manoeuvres by means of electric propulsion is suggested. The method is based on a linearization of the satellite motion near a reference orbit. Two versions of the method allow station keeping both in an assigned position and in any position of the orbit. The method is fully analytical for the two-body problem and takes a simpler form for the circular assigned orbit. The suggested method may also be used in the case when constraints are imposed on the thrust direction due to specific features of the satellite stabilization mode. An application of the method to any force field is shown. Illustrative examples of satellite station keeping in a circular orbit are given. Both cases of the station keeping, i.e., in an assigned position and in an assigned orbit, are considered without and with a constraint on the thrust direction.     

基于GPS的地球资源卫星精密星历外推新方法

随着技术的发展,通过星载GPS接收机直接确定卫星星历成为卫星定位的一个重要手段.GPS接收机获取的卫星星历数据是某一时刻的瞬时状态,要获取连续的卫星星历数据还需要进一步处理.常用的处理方法有几何法与动力学法.在GPS接收机给定瞬时星历频率较低的情况下,几何法的计算误差比较大,特别是只有一组瞬时星历时,无法用几何法进行轨道的外推.在分析地球资源卫星轨道特点的基础上,提出一种新的轨道缩减动力模型,该模型将卫星运动在直角坐标系中分解为简谐运动,利用模型实现了轨道外推的算法.通过试验验证,该算法可以达到较高的精度.