中继卫星(TDRS)支持环月探测器的研究

给出了基于轨道根数的跟踪与数据中继卫星(TDRS)对月球探测器的可视算法,分析和比较了地面站和TDRS对月球探测器的测控跟踪能力.结果表明,与依靠地面站相比,使用TDRS后,在不考虑月球遮挡情况下,对环月探测器的测控覆盖率可由50%提高到99%.存在最大月球遮挡时也能达到60%,大大提高了对环月探测器的测控能力.最后讨论了TDRS跟踪环月探测器对TDRS卫星平台的要求,提出了地面站与TDRS相结合的测控方案.在当前TDRS天线运动范围受限情况下,仍能实现对月球探测器的大范围测控覆盖率.      

基于离子推进技术的轨道转移设计

将太阳能离子推力器应用于卫星的推进系统,完成从地球同步转移轨道(GTO)到地球同步轨道(GEO)转移任务;建立任务模型,设计基于纬度幅角的反馈控制策略,对发动机开关时间进行优化.采用图形处理器（GPU, graphic processing unit）加速的遗传算法(GA,genetic algorithm)对卫星转移轨道任务进行优化设计.仿真结果表明：通过对该闭环控制器的定常参数进行优化,可将轨道导引至目标轨道附近;采用太阳能离子推力器可减少燃料消耗.基于GPU加速的遗传算法,可缩短算法运算时间.     

Accurate orbit predictions for debris orbit manoeuvre using ground-based lasers

Orbit manoeuvre of low Earth orbiting (LEO) debris using ground-based lasers has been proposed as a cost-effective means to avoid debris collisions. This requires the orbit of the debris object to be determined and predicted accurately so that the laser beam can be locked on the debris without the loss of valuable laser operation time. This paper presents the method and results of a short-term accurate LEO (<900 km in altitude) debris orbit prediction study using sparse laser ranging data collected by the EOS Space Debris Tracking System (SDTS). A main development is the estimation of the ballistic coefficients of the LEO objects from their archived long-term two line elements (TLE). When an object is laser tracked for two passes over about 24 h, orbit prediction (OP) accuracy of 10–20 arc seconds for the next 24–48 h can be achieved – the accuracy required for laser debris manoeuvre. The improvements in debris OP accuracy are significant in other applications such as debris conjunction analyses and the realisation of daytime debris laser tracking.     

基于非线性观测器的非合作目标姿态跟踪控制

非合作目标的姿态角速度、角加速度未知,给在轨服务航天器跟踪非合作目标姿态的控制器设计带来挑战.为解决这一问题,设计了一种非线性观测器,该观测器能够估计出非合作目标状态,然后构造了基于非线性观测器的姿态跟踪控制器,并证明了闭环系统的一致渐近稳定性.仿真结果表明,设计的方法不仅能够实现非合作目标的状态估计,而且实现了对非合作目标姿态的跟踪.     

SPOT-2 and TOPEX/Poseidon precise orbit determination from DORIS doppler tracking

The French earth observation satellite SPOT-2 has served as a testbed for precise orbit determination from DORIS doppler tracking in anticipation of the TOPEX/Poseidon mission. Using the most up-to-data gravity field model, JGM-2, a radial orbit accuracy of about 2–9 cm was achieved, with an rms of fit of the tracking data of about 0.64 mm/s. Furthermore, it was found that the coordinates of the ground stations can be determined with an accuracy of the order of 2–5 cm after removal of common rotations, and translations.

Using a slightly different model for atmospheric drag, but the same gravity model, precise orbits of TOPEX/Poseidon from DORIS tracking data were determined with a radial orbit accuracy of the order of 4–5 cm, which is far within the 13 cm mission requirement. This conclusion is based on the analysis of 1-day overlap of successive 11-day orbits, and the comparisons with orbits computed from satellite laser tracking (SLR) and from the combination of SLR and DORIS tracking. Results indicate a consistency between the different orbits of 1–4 cm, 4–20 cm, and 6–13 cm in the radial, cross-track, and along-track directions, respectively. The residual rms is about 4–5 cm for SLR data and 0.56 mm/s for DORIS tracking. These numbers are roughly twice as large as the system noise levels, reflecting the fact that there are still some modeling errors left.     

基于FPGA的柔性机械臂多路无刷直流电机控制系统设计

针对柔性机械臂一般为超冗余机械臂，需要多个无刷直流电机驱动各个关节的运动，传统的数字信号处理（DSP）芯片、单片机用户接口有限，无法同时驱动十几个无刷直流电机运动，并且采用传统的PID算法控制精度较低，不适应于高精度柔性负载的控制。本文提出采用现场可编程逻辑门阵列（FPGA）芯片实现柔性机械臂多路无刷直流电机的控制，设计出改进型神经元自适应PID控制器，有效提高各关节电机的位置跟踪精度和抗柔性负载扰动能力，同时完成了规划位置的直线插补、多路电机母线电流采集、多路电机旋变位置信号采集处理。并在柔性机械臂原理样机中进行了验证，设计的驱动控制器能使得每个关节电机定位精度优于0.2°，各关节的无刷直流电机同步性、协调性良好。     

卫星轨迹跟踪控制的参数化方法

 在卫星轨迹控制系统的状态空间模型的基础上,通过分析卫星的轨道动力学方程,给出卫星轨迹跟踪控制问题的数学描述;基于线性系统的特征结构配置和模型参考理论提出一种卫星轨迹跟踪控制的参数化方法,设计系统的反馈镇定控制器和前馈跟踪控制器。分别进行卫星悬停和绕飞两种指令下的仿真。仿真结果表明,提出的控制方案是行之有效的。     

空间机动目标的跟踪和定位

轨道机动控制过程中，推力加速度的不确定性是机动目标运动的主项摄动。通过对推力加速度和机动目标运动建模，在地心惯性系建立了增广系统状态动力学模型，在地平测量坐标系建立了离散量测模型，同时讨论了机动目标增广状态非线性动力学模型的线性化问题。给出了扩展卡尔曼滤波实时估计增广状态向量的算法，仿真分析证明所述算法稳定、收敛，对机动目标具有较高的定位精度。     

双站跟踪模式下“嫦娥4号”中继星定轨仿真分析

位于地月平动点的探测器因为较差的观测几何,需要地基USB/UXB与天文VLBI长时间的联合跟踪数据获取稳定精确的轨道。提出了利用中国深空网双站共视跟踪平动点探测器,获取双程、三程测距及VLBI测量数据,解算探测器精确轨道的模式。以"鹊桥"卫星为分析对象,首先评估中国深空网对"鹊桥"的跟踪能力。然后分析不同观测组合模式下的定轨计算精度。结果表明:双站共视约束下,深空站每天对"鹊桥"跟踪弧长大于5 h;使用长于6 h的双站跟踪数据进行定轨,系统差的解算更有利于轨道精度提升;跟踪时长超过2天时,必须在轨道解算的同时估计光压系数,并有望实现优于百米的轨道精度。     

基于跟踪微分器的靶船航向PD控制方法研究

为解决靶船航向PD控制下的超调现象以及海上传感器噪声干扰的问题,提出了基于跟踪微分器的靶船航向PD控制方法。风、海流和二阶波浪引起靶船的低频运动,动力航向系统仅控制这部分的运动。根据靶船的运动规律,建立了靶船的运动学数学模型,以及风和海流的干扰力矩模型;为能够有效测量航向的微分信号以及对信号中噪声的抑制,阐述了跟踪微分器的原理,设计了基于跟踪微分器的PD控制律,分别针对PD控制器和基于微分器的PD控制器进行仿真,在仿真过程中采用加入了高斯白噪声的航向信号,结果表明,该方法消除了单纯PD控制下的超调现象,提高了控制精度。     

Space-based line-of-sight tracking control of GEO target using nonsingular terminal sliding mode

This paper addresses the issue of high-precision line-of-sight (LOS) tracking of geosynchronous earth orbit target in highly dynamic conditions via spacecraft attitude maneuver. First, characteristics of the LOS motion are analyzed by a simplified linear relative motion model. Second, after transforming the quaternion-based attitude model into a double integrator system, a new nonsingular terminal sliding mode controller is proposed for spacecraft attitude tracking in a nominal case without parametric uncertainties and external disturbances. Third, an adaptive new nonsingular terminal mode controller is proposed for spacecraft attitude tracking in an uncertain case, which is done via constructing a pair of adaptive laws to estimate the parametric uncertainties and external disturbances online. The robust stability and finite time convergence property of the closed-loop system are demonstrated by Lyapunov theorem. Under control of the proposed controller, zero steady state error tracking of LOS with a smooth transition phase can be achieved in scheduled time, regardless of parametric uncertainties and external disturbances online. Finally, detailed numerical simulation results are presented to illustrate the effectiveness and performance of the proposed controllers. Contrasting simulation results shows that proposed controllers can track the desired trajectories effectively and have better performance against the controllers based on linear sliding mode and the existing fast nonsingular terminal sliding mode.     

Achievable debris orbit prediction accuracy using laser ranging data from a single station

Earlier studies have shown that an orbit prediction accuracy of 20 arc sec ground station pointing error for 1–2 day predictions was achievable for low Earth orbit (LEO) debris using two passes of debris laser ranging (DLR) data from a single station, separated by about 24 h. The accuracy was determined by comparing the predicted orbits with subsequent tracking data from the same station. This accuracy statement might be over-optimistic for other parts of orbit far away from the station. This paper presents the achievable orbit prediction accuracy using satellite laser ranging (SLR) data of Starlette and Larets under a similar data scenario as that of DLR. The SLR data is corrupted with random errors of 1 m standard deviation so that its accuracy is similar to that of DLR data. The accurate ILRS Consolidated Prediction Format orbits are used as reference to compute the orbit prediction errors. The study demonstrates that accuracy of 20 arc sec for 1–2 day predictions is achievable.     

“嫦娥二号”小行星探测试验定轨计算与分析

嫦娥二号于2012-04-15开展对图塔蒂斯小行星的探测试验,至2012-12-13与图塔蒂斯交会,共飞行243 d,这是我国对小行星的首次探测.因为未安装星载导航设备,CE-2 在小行星探测试验的全过程均基于地基USB（Unified S-Band）与甚长基线干涉测量技术（VLBI,Very Long Baseline Interferometry）测量实现导航.对小行星探测期间的定轨计算及精度分析进行了讨论,对我国新建深空站的测量数据进行了分析.针对交会前最后一次轨道机动后,仅有13 d控后数据的现状,提出了快速轨道重建策略.计算结果表明该策略不仅可以有效改进定轨计算精度,还可以实现轨控速度增量的标定.基于重叠弧段的轨道分析比较表明,单独使用USB长弧数据计算可以获得10 km的定轨精度,综合USB与VLBI数据联合定轨,定轨精度可以提高1倍.     

Analysis of laser ranges and angular measurements data fusion for space debris orbit determination

In the framework of space debris, the orbit determination process is a fundamental step, both, for researchers and for satellite operators. The accurate knowledge of the orbit of space debris objects is needed to allow space debris characterization studies and to avoid unnecessary collision avoidance maneuvers.The accuracy of the results of an orbit determination process depends on several factors as the number, the accuracy, the kind of processed measurements, their distribution along the orbit, and the object-observer relative geometry. When the observation coverage of the target orbit is not homogeneous, the accuracy of the orbit determination can be improved processing different kind of observables. Recent studies showed that the satellite laser ranging technique can be successfully applied to space debris.In this paper, we will investigate the benefits of using laser ranges and angular measurements for the orbit determination process. We will analyze the influence of the number of used observations, of the covered arc of orbit, of each observable, and of the observation geometry on the estimated parameters. Finally, using data acquired on short observation arcs, we analyze the achievable accuracies for the orbital regimes with the highest space debris density, and to the consequences of the data fusion on catalog maintenance operations. The results shown are obtained using only real data (both angular and laser measurements) provided by sensors of the Swiss Optical Ground Station and Geodynamics Observatory Zimmerwald owned by the Astronomical Institute of the University of Bern (AIUB) and for some studies also using ranges provided from other stations of the International Laser Ranging Service (ILRS).     

A new approach to the telescope operation method for satellite tracking using a time synchronization technique

For the development of a telescope that is capable of precisely tracking satellites and high-speed operation such as satellite laser ranging, a special method of telescope operation is required. This study aims to propose a new telescope operation method and system configuration for the independent development of a mount and an operation system which includes the host computer. Considering that the tracking of a satellite is performed in real time, communication and synchronization between the two independent subsystems are important. Therefore, this study applied the concept of time synchronization, which is used in various fields of industry, to the communication between the command computer and the mount. In this case, communication delays do not need to be considered in general, and it is possible to cope with data loss. Above all, when the mount is replaced in the future, only the general communication interface needs to be modified, and thus, it is not limited by replacement in terms of the overall system management. The performance of the telescope operation method developed in this study was verified by applying the method to the first mobile SLR system in Korea. This study is significant in that it proposed a new operation method and system configuration, to which the concept of time synchronization was applied, for the observation system that requires an optical telescope.     

Adaptive fuzzy neural network control for a space manipulator in the presence of output constraints and input nonlinearities

Space manipulator is considered as one of the most promising technologies for future space activities owing to its important role in various on-orbit serving missions. In this paper, a novel adaptive fuzzy neural network (FNN) control scheme is proposed for the trajectory tracking control of an attitude-controlled free-flying space manipulator in the presence of output constraints and input nonlinearities. The parametric uncertainties and external disturbances are also taken into the consideration. First, a model-based controller is designed by using the barrier Lyapunov function (BLF) to prevent the position tracking errors from violating the predefined output constraints. Then, an adaptive FNN controller is designed by using two FNNs to compensate for the lumped uncertainties and input nonlinearities, respectively. Rigorous theoretical analysis for the semiglobal uniform ultimate boundedness of the whole closed-loop system is provided. The proposed adaptive FNN controller can guarantee the position and velocity tracking errors converge to the small neighborhoods about zero, while ensuring the position tracking errors within the output constraints even in the presence of input nonlinearities. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, there are relatively few existing controllers can achieve such excellent control performance in the same conditions. Numerical simulations illustrate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed control scheme.     

卫星精密定轨用三频双向测距测速系统

努力提高跟踪精度多年来一直是跟踪技术中不断探讨和需要研究、解决的问题。文章根据国内外跟踪系统的发展,提供了一种卫星精密定轨用的微波精密跟踪系统的初步方案设想。     

The program system “Potsdam-4” for differential improvement of orbital elements and other parameters

The “Potsdam-4” program system can model satellite orbits with a high accuracy by means of numerical integration. It takes into account gravitational forces of the earth, the moon, the sun, and non-gravitational forces, and realizes an inertial system with a high accuracy. On the basis of this orbit calculation, geodetic and geodynamic parameters can be determined by means of photographic, laser and Doppler observations.     

采用无线电单独测量的编队卫星相对轨道自主确定

在实际工程应用中,编队卫星由于任务的要求使得部分测量设备(例如,激光设备)不可用,这就造成系统的观测性下降。文章将条件数应用于编队卫星系统的可观测度的定量计算;并针对编队卫星进行轨道机动时仅采用无线电进行测量的工况,采用强跟踪离散卡尔曼滤波(UKF)算法进行仿真计算。仿真结果表明该方法具有很强的跟踪能力,并且鲁棒性、稳定性和精度与常规UKF算法相当。     

Orbit determination of BeiDou navigation satellite system maneuvered satellites based on instantaneous velocity pulses parameters

The BeiDou navigation satellite system (BDS) comprises geostationary earth orbit (GEO) satellites as well as inclined geosynchronous orbit (IGSO) and medium earth orbit (MEO) satellites. Owing to their special orbital characteristics, GEO satellites require frequent orbital maneuvers to ensure that they operate in a specific orbital window. The availability of the entire system is affected during the maneuver period because service cannot be provided before the ephemeris is restored. In this study, based on the conventional dynamic orbit determination method for navigation satellites, multiple sets of instantaneous velocity pulses parameters which belong to one of pseudo-stochastic parameters were used to simulate the orbital maneuver process in the orbital maneuver arc and establish the observed and predicted orbits of the maneuvered and non-maneuvered satellites of BeiDou regional navigation satellite system (BDS-2) and BeiDou global navigation satellite system (BDS-3). Finally, the single point positioning (SPP) technology was used to verify the accuracy of the observed and predicted orbits. The orbit determination accuracy of maneuvered satellites can be greatly improved by using the orbit determination method proposed in this paper. The overlapping orbit determination accuracy of maneuvered GEO satellites of BDS-2 and BDS-3 can improve 2–3 orders of magnitude. Among them, the radial orbit determination accuracy of each maneuvered satellite is basically better than 1 m. simultaneously, the combined orbit determination of the maneuvered and non-maneuvered satellites does not have a great impact on the orbit determination accuracy of the non-maneuvered satellites. Compared with the multi GNSS products (indicated by GBM) from the German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ), the impact of adding the maneuvered satellites on the orbit determination accuracy of BDS-2 satellites is less than 9 %. Furthermore, the orbital recovery time and the service availability period are significantly improved. When the node of the predicted orbit is traversed approximately 3 h after the maneuver, the accuracy of the predicted orbit of the maneuvered satellite can reach that of the observed orbit. The SPP results for the BDS reached a normal level when the node of the predicted orbit was 2 h after the maneuver.