纳米材料拉伸装置的设计及定量化分析

以压电陶瓷为主体设计了一种用于单体纳米材料原位拉伸变形实验的装置,为了实现力学性能的定量化测量,在该装置中加装了用于测量力的悬臂梁针尖,通过悬臂梁针尖的变形可实现纳米材料力学性能测试中的定量化性能测试.利用该自主设计的纳米材料拉伸仪,以利用热蒸发法制备的非晶氧化硅纳米线为实例,在光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜下进行了原位力学性能测试实验.实验结果显示:该原位纳米材料拉伸装置可以有效地实现纳米材料的拉伸变形操作,同时对施加在材料样品本身上的力学信号给出定量化的结果.      

热电薄膜材料的制备和制冷器件的数值模拟

论述了热电材料低维化和器件小型化的发展趋势以及在航空航天领域的应用.利用磁控溅射的方法,在柔性衬底聚酰亚胺(PI)上制备了热电薄膜材料,并对其微观结构和性能进行了表征,结果表明:P型Bi-Sb-Te和N型Bi-Te-Se薄膜均表现出(015)的取向性.利用ANSYS有限元模拟软件热电耦合场分析单元对面内型薄膜热电制冷器进行了模拟,讨论了器件的工作电流和材料物性参数对器件制冷性能的影响,发现通过减小基底的厚度和热导率,可增大基底面内方向的热阻,实现热流沿热电臂的传输;基底的镂空设计和制冷区域高导热层的引入,有利于制冷温差的建立和制冷区域的均匀制冷,这些为薄膜型制冷器件的制备提供了指导.      

等离子体处理对非晶态合金镀层表面改性研究

通过微波等离子体处理方法对Ni-W、Ni-W-B非晶态合金镀层表面进行改性的研究,测量了表面改性对非晶态镀层耐蚀性、表面成分及结构的影响.结果表明,经过微波等离子体处理过的Ni-W、Ni-W-B非晶态合金镀层,提高了在H₂SO₄、HNO₃溶液中的耐蚀性以及在700℃环境下的抗氧化性能;微波等离子体处理过的非晶态合金镀层表面含W量和含O量相对提高了;镀层结构仍然是非晶态.     

PECVD法生长纳米硅薄膜的压敏特性

使用常规的ＰＥＣＶＤ（等离子体增强化学汽相沉积）沉积技术成功地制备出具有纳米相结构的硅薄膜，并研究了以玻璃和单晶硅为衬底材料的纳米硅薄膜的压阻特性，测得两种衬底材料制备的样品均有很高的压力灵敏度系数Ｋ，其值可以达到８０，退火后Ｋ值会增加，电阻随压力呈良好的线性关系，但有较大滞后，并对样品的受力情况及测试结果进行了简单的分析。本文对ｎｃ－Ｓｉ：Ｈ薄膜力敏器件的设计和制造将有重要的参考价值。     

微颗粒表面磁控溅射镀金属膜实验

采用磁控溅射方法,成功地在微颗粒表面沉积了金属铜膜和金属镍膜.利用光学显微镜(OM)、场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)、能谱仪(EDS)、多功能扫描探针显微镜(SPM)、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-AES)和光电子能谱仪(XPS)等测试仪器对其表面形貌、膜厚和组份进行了表征.重点讨论了不同的沉积条件对薄膜结晶的影响,并用X射线衍射仪(XRD)对其进行了表征.结果表明,溅射镀膜时,通过控制微颗粒的运动方式,可以在微颗粒表面镀上均匀性好、附着力强和致密性好的金属膜.溅射时间越长或溅射功率越大或装载量越少,都有利于薄膜结晶.      

TiAgN复合薄膜的结构及摩擦学性能研究

针对空间精密机械运动部件表面的摩擦学改性需求,采用多弧离子镀技术制备了TiAgN复合薄膜,分析了薄膜的结构,评价了力学性能并简要讨论了力学性能与薄膜组织结构间的关系.重点研究了薄膜的摩擦学性能及摩擦磨损机理并讨论了摩擦学特性与薄膜组织结构间的关系.     

颗粒射流冲击材料行为研究

颗粒冲击材料现象广泛存在于自然界以及工业领域中。应用实验测量与数值计算相结合的方法研究了颗粒射流冲击材料(304不锈钢)的磨损行为。考虑了颗粒粒径、运动轨迹、颗粒-壁面撞击点分布以及所导致材料物相结构变化。实验测试包括材料质量损耗、材料元素X射线衍射(XRD)分析、表面微观结构扫描电镜(SEM)观察。对相应的颗粒射流冲击材料行为进行了数值计算,获得流场,颗粒场以及相应材料磨损。结果表明:颗粒射流冲击下颗粒运动轨迹与撞击点的分布不同,造成了材料样品表面磨损区域明显不同。颗粒-壁面碰撞不仅会导致材料损失而且会造成材料物相结构的变化。     

基于多光谱测温优化的材料光谱发射率测量

针对高温材料红外光谱发射率测量中样品表面温度难以准确测量的问题,提出了直接使用光谱仪测量得出样品表面的光谱辐射能量信息,选取其中合适的光谱波段利用多光谱测温方法得到样品表面温度,进而计算出材料的光谱发射率.分析了多光谱测温中发射率模型的阶次和测量波段选取对测温准确度的影响,给出了温度计算的稳健算法,并对其主要不确定度的来源进行了评定.在1 100 K左右温度下以不锈钢材料进行实验验证,得出温度引起的光谱发射率相对不确定度在2～20 μm范围内低于2%,满足红外隐身和辐射测温等领域的要求,适合于导热性能差的材料或涂层材料的高温光谱发射率测量.     

复合材料结构三维有限元分析的材料参数

在调研现有文献复合材料结构三维数值分析中材料参数的基础上,阐述了基于单层板材料性能数据建立复合材料三维材料参数的方法.通过对复合材料π接头结构的三维数值模拟和试验,研究了三维材料参数中不确定参数对结构刚度预测的影响;分别采用三维修正的最大应力准则、最大应变准则、蔡-胡准则和Hashin准则评价π接头的初始破坏,结合试验数据,研究不同失效准则对复合材料π接头结构的适用范围以及材料参数对初始破坏强度预测的影响.研究工作可为一般层合复合材料结构的三维建模提供参考,并为深入理解复合材料π接头结构力学性能、准确预测其破坏强度提供理论支持.     

面向精密制造的微材料特性检测机构

微机电系统(MEMS,Micro Electromechanical Systems)在航空航天、汽车、生物医学、环境监控、军事等领域中有着广泛的应用前景.其材料力学性能的测试目前是其性能测试的薄弱环节,它涉及到微位移、精密定位和载荷/位移测量.采用传统"机械"制造技术,由于摩擦、间隙、爬行和多环节传动误差积累等原因而无法实现.为此,提出了一种冗余驱动全柔性并联机构和压电陶瓷驱动器所组成的新型测量平台.在推导4RRR冗余驱动并联机构运动学逆问题方程的基础上,经过最佳拓扑选择、运动学分析,并基于动力学优化,确定了微位移/精密定位运动平台主要结构尺寸.实验表明:采用该平台,可以满足MEMS材料力学性能测量所需的微位移和精确定位要求.     

Inhibition of denitrification by ultraviolet radiation.

It has been shown that UV-A (lambda=320-400 nm) and UV-B (lambda=280-320 nm) inhibit photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation and nitrification. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects, if any, on denitrification in a microbial community inhabiting the intertidal. The community studied is the microbial mat consisting primarily of Lyngbya that inhabits the Pacific marine intertidal, Baja California, Mexico. Rates of denitrification were determined using the acetylene blockage technique. Pseudomonas fluorescens (ATCC #17400) was used as a control organism, and treated similarly to the mat samples. Samples were incubated either beneath a PAR transparent, UV opaque screen (OP3), or a mylar screen to block UV-B, or a UV transparent screen (UVT) for 2 to 3 hours. Sets of samples were also treated with nitrapyrin to inhibit nitrification, or DCMU to inhibit photosynthesis and treated similarly. Denitrification rates were greater in the UV protected samples than in the UV exposed samples the mat samples as well as for the Ps fluorescens cultures. Killed controls exhibited no activity. In the DCMU and nitrapyrin treated samples denitrification rates were the same as in the untreated samples. These data indicate that denitrification is directly inhibited by UV radiation.     

The effect of microgravity on the development of plant protoplasts flown on Biokosmos 9.

An experiment using plant protoplasts has been accepted for the IML-1 Space Shuttle mission scheduled for 1991. Preparatory experiments have been performed using both fast and slow rotating clinostats and in orbit to study the effect of simulated and real weightlessness on protoplast regeneration. Late access to the space vehicles before launch has required special attention since it is important to delay cell wall regeneration until the samples are in orbit. On a flight on Biokosmos 9 ("Kosmos-2044") in September 1989 some preliminary results were obtained. Compared to the ground control, the growth of both carrot and rapeseed protoplasts was decreased by 18% and 44% respectively, after 14 days in orbit. The results also indicated that there is less cell wall regeneration under micro-g conditions. Compared to the ground controls the production of cellulose in rapeseed and carrot flight samples was only 46% and 29% respectively. The production of hemicellulose in the flight samples was 63% and 67% respectively of that of the ground controls. In both cases all samples reached the stage of callus development. The peroxidase activity was also found to be lower in the flight samples than in the ground controls, and the number of different isoenzymes was decreased in the flight samples. In general, the regeneration processes were retarded in the flight samples with respect to the ground controls. From a simulation experiment for IML-1 performed in January 1990 at ESTEC, Holland, regenerated plants have been obtained. These results are discussed and compared to the results obtained on Biokosmos 9. Protoplast regeneration did not develop beyond the callus stage in either the flight or the ground control samples from the Biokosmos 9 experiment.     

嵌入式隐Markov模型的分段训练方法

针对嵌入式隐Markov模型再学习问题,提出了分段训练方法用于人脸识别:把当前的训练样本看作整体训练样本的一部分,训练结束后存储训练后的模型参数和中间变量;增加新样本后,以当前模型参数作为初始模型参数,用新增样本训练模型,得到新的中间变量,最后将已存储的中间变量和用新样本计算得到的中间变量合成,得到最终的模型.人脸识别实验结果表明了该方法的可行性.      

Regolith-derived ferrosilicon as a potential feedstock material for wire-based additive manufacturing

Ferrosilicon is a primary metallic alloy produced during the reduction of metal oxides contained in lunar and Martian regolith by a variety of techniques. This study examines the usefulness of ferrosilicon as a candidate feedstock material for wire-based 3D printers designed for in-space manufacturing. Alloys of composition ranging from pure iron to 12?wt% Si were synthesized and their electrical and mechanical properties characterized. The melts were cast into rods for mechanical testing to determine ultimate strength and ductility. It was determined that the samples above 3?wt% Si were too brittle to be pulled into wire and ruptured at low strain values. The 3?wt% Si sample and iron had comparable mechanical properties relative to samples of higher silicon content but with differences in ductility and ultimate strength. Microstructure and compositional studies revealed the differences between the ductile and brittle samples as being the complete ferrite phase presence on the iron and low-Si content samples. This study establishes an upper limit on the Si content at 3?wt% in ferrosilicon materials to be used in wire feedstock in additive manufacturing for in-space applications.     

Searching for life in extreme environments relevant to Jovian’s Europa: Lessons from subglacial ice studies at Lake Vostok (East Antarctica)

The objective was to estimate the genuine microbial content of ice samples from refrozen water (accretion ice) from the subglacial Lake Vostok (Antarctica) buried beneath the 4-km thick East Antarctic ice sheet. The samples were extracted by heavy deep ice drilling from 3659 m below the surface. High pressure, a low carbon and chemical content, isolation, complete darkness and the probable excess of oxygen in water for millions of years characterize this extreme environment. A decontamination protocol was first applied to samples selected for the absence of cracks to remove the outer part contaminated by handling and drilling fluid. Preliminary indications showed the accretion ice samples to be almost gas free with a low impurity content. Flow cytometry showed the very low unevenly distributed biomass while repeated microscopic observations were unsuccessful.     

基于LIME的恶意代码对抗样本生成技术

基于机器学习检测恶意代码技术的研究和分析,针对机器学习模型对抗样本的生成提出一种基于模型无关的局部可解释（LIME）的黑盒对抗样本生成方法。该方法可以对任意黑盒的恶意代码分类器生成对抗样本,绕过机器学习模型检测。使用简单模型模拟目标分类器的局部表现,获取特征权重;通过扰动算法生成扰动,根据生成的扰动对原恶意代码进行修改后生成对抗样本;基于2015年微软公布的常见恶意样本数据集和收集的来自50多个供应商的良性样本数据对所提方法进行实验,参照常见恶意代码分类器实现了18个基于不同算法或特征的目标分类器,使用所提方法对目标分类器进行攻击,使分类器的真阳性率均降低到接近0。此外,对MalGAN和ZOO两个先进的黑盒对抗样本生成方法与所提方法进行对比,实验结果表明:所提方法能够有效生成对抗样本,且方法本身具有适用范围广泛、能灵活控制扰动和健全性的优点。      

基于卷积神经网络的遥感图像舰船目标检测

针对遥感图像背景复杂、受环境因素影响大的问题,提出一种将卷积神经网络(CNN)与支持向量机(SVM)相结合的舰船目标检测方法,利用卷积神经网络可自主提取图像特征并进行学习的优点,避免了复杂的特征选择和提取过程,在复杂海况背景图像的处理中体现出较优的性能;同时,由于军舰样本获取难度大,应用迁移学习的概念,利用大量民船样本辅助军舰目标的检测,取得较好的效果。通过参数调整与实验验证,此方法在自行建立的测试集上检测率达到90.59%,对光照、环境等外界因素具有一定程度的鲁棒性。     

Undercooling studies on Nb-Pt and Nb-Si alloys using the 105 meter drop tube

Niobium-platinum samples of compositions ranging from 16 to 32 at. % have been undercooled to as much as 540 K in the low gravity, containerless environment of the 105 meter drop tube located at the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center. Undercooling was terminated in the Nb-Pt samples by the nucleation and growth of the Nb₃Pt phase. In the 16–18 at. % Pt samples, this resulted in samples which are completely Nb₃Pt, in contrast to both the equilibrium phase diagram and the non-undercooled samples which formed with Nb dendrites and interdendritic Nb₃Pt. Undercoolings for the Nb-Si samples were up to 670 K, which corresponds to 27% of the liquidus temperature or 80% of the estimated hypercooling limit. In the Nb-Si system, a coupled zone was identified as well as a metastable extension of the solubility limit of Si in Nb due to deep undercooling.     

流体驱动高速机构中缓冲装置的优化设计

受流体驱动高速运动的机构,受阻后突然停止将导致零件变形甚至断裂.为得到缓冲结构的最佳方案,运用正交试验法从27种设计方案中确定了9个试验样本,并通过流固耦合与非线性有限元法对其高速运动与冲击过程进行了仿真分析.在此基础上,应用改进的BP(Error Back-Propagation)网络训练得到吸能结构参数与零件应变能的非线性映射关系.通过优化,得到了最佳方案,明显提高了方案优选效率.      

AIT环境对卫星热控白漆性能影响的试验

热控白漆喷涂之后至卫星发射之前需要经过数个月的部件组装和测试（AIT）阶段,AIT环境是否影响热控白漆的性能是一个疑问。将与卫星天线相同热控ACR-1白漆的试验膜放置在AIT环境中,对其吸收率和发射率进行了六次测量。通过测量数据,对比分析了AIT过程中温度、湿度、洁净度等环境因素对热控白漆性能的影响程度。结果表明,在试验周期内,ACR-1白漆的吸收率和发射率变化量不大,对白漆性能可靠性的影响度不明显;洁净度对ACR-1白漆的吸收率影响较大。因此,在AIT阶段卫星环境应保持较高的洁净度。