火星大气进入滑模自抗扰制导方法

针对火星探测器大气进入制导阶段存在着模型参数误差等不确定性,基于直接反馈线性化理论设计了一种滑模自抗扰进入制导方法。首先利用反馈线性化方法对跟踪系统模型进行线性化处理;在此基础上设计了滑模控制律,并利用线性扩张状态观测器估计系统的未知不确定量,在控制律中进行补偿;此外还给出了大气进入段的横向制导律。仿真结果表明,与反馈线性化方法相比,该方法设计的制导律有效地降低了模型参数误差对制导精度的影响,实现了对参考轨迹的良好跟踪,提高了探测器开伞点的精度。     

Disturbance observer based model predictive control for accurate atmospheric entry of spacecraft

Facing the complex aerodynamic environment of Mars atmosphere, a composite atmospheric entry trajectory tracking strategy is investigated in this paper. External disturbances, initial states uncertainties and aerodynamic parameters uncertainties are the main problems. The composite strategy is designed to solve these problems and improve the accuracy of Mars atmospheric entry. This strategy includes a model predictive control for optimized trajectory tracking performance, as well as a disturbance observer based feedforward compensation for external disturbances and uncertainties attenuation. 500-run Monte Carlo simulations show that the proposed composite control scheme achieves more precise Mars atmospheric entry (3.8?km parachute deployment point distribution error) than the baseline control scheme (8.4?km) and integral control scheme (5.8?km).     

非一致终端约束下火星大气进入段制导律设计

针对小升阻比的火星探测器在火星大气进入过程中所面临的难点问题,对火星大气进入过程制导方法进行了研究。首先在确知探测器弹道系数和升阻比的前提下,考虑过程量及开伞条件约束,优化设计再入飞行的初始再入角。然后考虑非一致终端约束和飞行器的有限机动能力,设计参考轨迹剖面,并确保其能提供足够的裕度来应付各种参数不确定性。最后设计标准轨道法制导律,完成轨迹有效跟踪,并通过六自由度仿真验证了算法的合理性,为火星着陆项目中大气进入段制导方案设计提供参考。     

多余度无刷直流电动机的自抗扰控制

为了克服电机内部参数变化、齿槽效应、负载扰动以及余度降级等不确定因素对多余度无刷直流电动机位置伺服系统性能的影响,实现高性能的位置伺服控制,提出了基于自抗扰控制器的多余度无刷直流电动机位置伺服系统.该系统通过跟踪微分器为给定位置信号安排了一个过渡过程,解决了系统的快速性与超调之间的矛盾;通过扩张状态观测器将影响输出的系统内外"总扰动"扩展成新的状态变量,实时估计出来并进行动态补偿,提高了系统的抗干扰能力;通过非线性组合实现了"小误差大增益、大误差小增益"的工程经验,提高了控制精度.仿真结果表明:该系统具有良好的动、静态性能,满足了系统的性能要求,且对电机内部参数变化、余度降级、负载扰动等具有很强的鲁棒性.     

Atmosphere sounding by GPS radio occultation: First results from TanDEM-X and comparison with TerraSAR-X

On 21 June 2010 the TerraSAR-X satellite was joined by the TanDEM-X satellite. A Global Positioning System (GPS) radio occultation (RO) experiment using the twin satellites has been carried out to estimate the precision of GPS atmospheric soundings. For the Day Of Year (DOY) 330–336, 2011, we analyze phase and amplitude data recorded by GPS receivers separated by a few hundred meters in a low earth orbit and derive collocated atmospheric refractivity profiles. In the altitude range 10–20 km the standard deviation between TerraSAR-X and TanDEM-X refractivity does not exceed 0.15%. The standard deviation is rapidly increasing for lower and higher altitudes; close to the surface and at an altitude of 30 km the standard deviation reaches 0.8% and 0.5%, respectively. Systematic deviations between TerraSAR-X and TanDEM-X refractivity in the considered altitude range (0–30 km) are negligible. The results confirm the anticipated high precision of the GPS RO technique. However, the difference in the retrieved refractivity in the lower troposphere for different Open Loop (OL) signal tracking parameters, altered onboard TanDEM-X for DOY 49–55, 2012, calls for an in depth analysis. At the moment we can not exclude that a potential bias in the OL Doppler model introduces a bias in our retrieved refractivity at altitudes <8$<8$ km.     

Measuring atmospheric density using GPS–LEO tracking data

We present a method to estimate the total neutral atmospheric density from precise orbit determination of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites. We derive the total atmospheric density by determining the drag force acting on the LEOs through centimeter-level reduced-dynamic precise orbit determination (POD) using onboard Global Positioning System (GPS) tracking data. The precision of the estimated drag accelerations is assessed using various metrics, including differences between estimated along-track accelerations from consecutive 30-h POD solutions which overlap by 6 h, comparison of the resulting accelerations with accelerometer measurements, and comparison against an existing atmospheric density model, DTM-2000. We apply the method to GPS tracking data from CHAMP, GRACE, SAC-C, Jason-2, TerraSAR-X and COSMIC satellites, spanning 12 years (2001–2012) and covering orbital heights from 400 km to 1300 km. Errors in the estimates, including those introduced by deficiencies in other modeled forces (such as solar radiation pressure and Earth radiation pressure), are evaluated and the signal and noise levels for each satellite are analyzed. The estimated density data from CHAMP, GRACE, SAC-C and TerraSAR-X are identified as having high signal and low noise levels. These data all have high correlations with anominal atmospheric density model and show common features in relative residuals with respect to the nominal model in related parameter space. On the contrary, the estimated density data from COSMIC and Jason-2 show errors larger than the actual signal at corresponding altitudes thus having little practical value for this study. The results demonstrate that this method is applicable to data from a variety of missions and can provide useful total neutral density measurements for atmospheric study up to altitude as high as 715 km, with precision and resolution between those derived from traditional special orbital perturbation analysis and those obtained from onboard accelerometers.     

基于自抗扰的运载火箭主动减载控制技术

针对运载火箭穿越大风区的减载控制技术进行研究,首先对攻角反馈和加表反馈2种减载技术进行理论研究和仿真分析,得出2种方案对火箭减载都存在一定的局限性。因此引入自抗扰控制器(ADRC)技术并针对飞行减载控制对其进行改进,一方面通过状态观测器将误差补偿引入自抗扰回路;另一方面改进了自抗扰控制器中的控制律,并推导证明了新的控制律下自抗扰控制器抑制风载干扰的能力,给出了控制方程中增益的选择方法。最后以某型液体运载火箭为例在考虑其弹性振动和液体晃动条件下对比了几种方案的减载效果,仿真结果表明改进后的自抗扰控制器使飞控系统抗干扰能力增强,增大了控制律中增益选择范围,有效提高了运载火箭的减载效果,具有很强的工程应用价值。      

Analysis of precipitable water vapor from GPS measurements in Chengdu region: Distribution and evolution characteristics in autumn

The rainfall process of Chengdu region in autumn has obvious regional features. Especially, the night-time rain rate of this region in this season is very high in China. Studying the spatial distribution and temporal variation of regional atmospheric precipitable water vapor (PWV) is important for our understanding of water vapor related processes, such as rainfall, evaporation, convective activity, among others in this area. Since GPS detection technology has the unique characteristics, such as all-weather, high accuracy, high spatial and temporal resolution as well as low cost, tracking and monitoring techniques on water vapor has achieved rapid developments in recent years. With GPS–PWV data at 30-min interval gathered from six GPS observational stations in Chengdu region in two autumns (September 2007–December 2007 and September 2008–December 2008), it is revealed that negative correlations exist between seasonally averaged value of GPS–PWV as well as its variation amplitude and local terrain altitude. The variation of PWV in the upper atmosphere of this region results from the water vapor variation from surface to 850 hPa. With the help of Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), it is found that the autumn PWV in Chengdu region has a multi-scale feature, which includes a seasonal cycle, 22.5 days period (quasi-tri-weekly oscillation). The variation of the GPS–PWV is related to periodical change in the transmitting of the water vapor caused by zonal and meridional wind strengths’ change and to the East Asian monsoon system. According to seasonal variation characteristics, we concluded that the middle October is the critical turning point in PWV content. On a shorter time scale, the relationship between autumn PWV and ground meteorological elements was obtained using the composite analysis approach.     

火星大气进入段抗饱和固定时间阻力加速度跟踪制导律设计

研究了具有固定时间收敛特性的火星探测器大气进入段的标称轨迹跟踪制导问题。首先，针对横向运动，给出与速度成线性关系的航向误差漏斗走廊形式，完成了倾侧角的反号逻辑设计。与横程漏斗走廊反号逻辑相比，该逻辑计算量小，更适用于宇航计算机。与航向误差宽度走廊反号逻辑相比，该逻辑在高速状态下能够避免倾侧角的频繁切换，可提高任务成功的概率。其次，针对纵向运动，通过RBF神经网络补偿了倾侧角饱和问题，利用积分滑模设计了阻力加速度固定时间饱和跟踪制导律，其不仅可有效消除滑模控制的抖振问题，且将跟踪误差以两种不同形式引入制导律，能够加速收敛，能够保证跟踪误差在固定时间内快速收敛至0。最后，通过数值仿真验证了所设计的横向倾侧角切换逻辑和纵向制导律对标称轨迹的快速、精确跟踪能力。