Development of a GNSS water vapour tomography system using algebraic reconstruction techniques

A GNSS water vapour tomography system developed to reconstruct spatially resolved humidity fields in the troposphere is described. The tomography system was designed to process the slant path delays of about 270 German GNSS stations in near real-time with a temporal resolution of 30 min, a horizontal resolution of 40 km and a vertical resolution of 500 m or better. After a short introduction to the GPS slant delay processing the framework of the GNSS tomography is described in detail. Different implementations of the iterative algebraic reconstruction techniques (ART) used to invert the linear inverse problem are discussed. It was found that the multiplicative techniques (MART) provide the best results with least processing time, i.e., a tomographic reconstruction of about 26,000 slant delays on a 8280 cell grid can be obtained in less than 10 min. Different iterative reconstruction techniques are compared with respect to their convergence behaviour and some numerical parameters. The inversion can be considerably stabilized by using additional non-GNSS observations and implementing various constraints. Different strategies for initialising the tomography and utilizing extra information are discussed. At last an example of a reconstructed field of the wet refractivity is presented and compared to the corresponding distribution of the integrated water vapour, an analysis of a numerical weather model (COSMO-DE) and some radiosonde profiles.     

Tomographic reconstruction of wet and total refractivity fields from GNSS receiver networks

One of the most attractive scientific issues in the use of GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) signals, from a meteorological point of view, is the retrieval of high resolution tropospheric water vapour maps. The real-time (or quasi real-time) knowledge of such distributions could be very useful for several applications, from operative meteorology to atmospheric modelling. Moreover, the exploitation of wet refractivity field reconstruction techniques can be used for atmospheric delay compensation purposes and, as a very promising activity, it could be applied for example to calibrate SAR or Interferometric-SAR (In-SAR) observations for land remote sensing. This is in fact one of the objectives of the European Space Agency project METAWAVE (Mitigation of Electromagnetic Transmission errors induced by Atmospheric Water vapour Effects), in which several techniques are investigated and results were compared to identify a strategy to remove the contribution of water vapour induced propagation delays in In-SAR products. Within this project, the tomographic reconstruction of three dimensional wet refractivity fields from tropospheric delays observed by a local GNSS network (9 dual frequency GPS receivers) deployed over Como area (Italy), during 12–18 October, 2008, was performed. Despite limitations due to the network design, internal consistency tests prove the efficiency of the adopted tomographic approach: the rms of the difference between reconstructed and GNSS observed Zenith Wet Delays (ZWD) are in the order of 4 mm. A good agreement is also observed between our ZWDs and corresponding delays obtained by vertically integrating independent wet refractivity fields, taken by co-located meteorological analysis. Finally, during the observing period, reconstructed vertical wet refractivity profiles evolution reveals water vapour variations induced by simple cloud covering. Even if our main goal was to demonstrate the effectiveness in adopting tomographic reconstruction procedures for the evaluation of propagation delays inside water vapour fields, the actual water vapour vertical variability and its evolution with time is well reproduced, demonstrating also the effectiveness of the inferred 3D wet refractivity fields.     

GNSS water vapour tomography – Expected improvements by combining GPS,GLONASS and Galileo observations

The German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ) operates a GNSS water vapour tomography system using about 350 German GNSS stations. The GNSS data processing at the GFZ works in near real-time and provides zenith total delays, integrated water vapour and slant delay data operationally. This large data set of more than 50,000 slant delays per hour is used to reconstruct spatially resolved humidity fields by means of tomographic techniques. It can be expected that additional observations from the future Galileo system provide more information with improved quality. A simulation study covering 12 h at 14 July 2009 was therefore started to estimate the impact of GPS, Galileo and GLONASS data on the GNSS tomography. It is shown that the spatial coverage of the atmosphere with slant paths is highly improved by combining observations from two or three satellite systems. Equally important for a reliable tomographic reconstruction is the distribution of slant path intersections as they are required to locate the integrated delay information. The number of intersection points can be increased by a factor of 4 or 8 if two or three systems are combined and their distribution will cover larger regions of the atmosphere. The combined data sets can be used to increase the spatiotemporal resolution of the reconstructed humidity fields up to 30 km horizontally, 300 m vertically and 15 min. The reconstruction quality could not be improved considerably using the currently available techniques.     

Computerized ionospheric tomography with the IRI model

Computerized ionospheric tomography (CIT) is a method to estimate ionospheric electron density distribution by using the global positioning system (GPS) signals recorded by the GPS receivers. Ionospheric electron density is a function of latitude, longitude, height and time. A general approach in CIT is to represent the ionosphere as a linear combination of basis functions. In this study, the model of the ionosphere is obtained from the IRI in latitude and height only. The goal is to determine the best representing basis function from the set of Squeezed Legendre polynomials, truncated Legendre polynomials, Haar Wavelets and singular value decomposition (SVD). The reconstruction algorithms used in this study can be listed as total least squares (TLS), regularized least squares, algebraic reconstruction technique (ART) and a hybrid algorithm where the reconstruction from the TLS algorithm is used as the initial estimate for the ART. The error performance of the reconstruction algorithms are compared with respect to the electron density generated by the IRI-2001 model. In the investigated scenario, the measurements are obtained from the IRI-2001 as the line integral of the electron density profiles, imitating the total electron content estimated from GPS measurements. It has been observed that the minimum error between the reconstructed and model ionospheres depends on both the reconstruction algorithm and the basis functions where the best results have been obtained for the basis functions from the model itself through SVD.     

A new inversion method of plasma density distribution of plasmasphere in the geomagnetic equatorial plane from IMAGE data

The plasma density distribution of plasmasphere in the geomagnetic equatorial plane can help us study the magnetosphere like plasmasphere, ionosphere and their kinetics. In this paper, we introduce a new inversion method, GE-ART, to calculate the plasma density distribution in the geomagnetic equatorial plane from the Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) data of IMAGE satellite under the assumption that the plasma density is constant along each geomagnetic field line. The new GE-ART algorithm was derived from the traditional Algebraic Reconstruction Techniques (ART) in Computed Tomography (CT) which was different from the several existing methods. In this new method, each value of the EUV image data was back-projected evenly to the geomagnetic field lines intersected by this EUV sight. A 3-D inversion matrix was produced by the contributions of all the voxels contained in the plasmasphere covered by the EUV sensor. That is, we considered that each value of the EUV image data was relative to the plasma densities of all the voxels passed through by the corresponding EUV radiation, which is the biggest difference to all the existing inversion methods. Finally, the GE-ART algorithm was evaluated by the real EUV data from the IMAGE satellite.     

基于激光反射层析法的换能器声场测量技术及仿真研究

换能器的辐射声场分布能够直接反映出换能器声学性能的好坏，若不能精确测量出换能器的辐射声场，则会对换能器的诊断和评估造成严重影响。从理论仿真的角度出发，推导了运用激光反射层析法重建换能器辐射声场的理论公式，着重利用推导出的理论公式对激光反射层析法进行了仿真计算。结果表明激光反射层析法能够精确地重建出换能器的辐射声场分布及声场中的声压量值，这为换能器的声场重建及声压测量提供了一种可行的方法。     

基于激光反射层析法的换能器声场测量技术及仿真研究

换能器的辐射声场分布能够直接反映出换能器声学性能的好坏,若不能精确测量出换能器的辐射声场,则会对换能器的诊断和评估造成严重影响。从理论仿真的角度出发,推导了运用激光反射层析法重建换能器辐射声场的理论公式,着重利用推导出的理论公式对激光反射层析法进行了仿真计算。结果表明激光反射层析法能够精确地重建出换能器的辐射声场分布及声场中的声压量值,这为换能器的声场重建及声压测量提供了一种可行的方法。     

聚焦光场成像三维粒子场重建方法

层析重建是层析粒子图像测速(Tomo-PIV)技术实现三维粒子位置和强度信息(三维粒子场)重构的核心步骤。相比于多相机的Tomo-PIV技术,单聚焦光场相机通过一次成像能够同时采集示踪粒子的散射光的方向和位置信息。因此,提出一种单聚焦光场相机的层析重建技术用于重构流场中的三维粒子场信息。为了验证本文方法的可行性及准确性,利用几何光学建立了示踪粒子的光场成像模型,利用光线追迹技术计算了粒子在聚焦光场相机中的成像,对比了被测流场中位于不同深度位置的粒子在聚焦光场相机中的成像差异;建立了基于单聚焦光场相机的层析重建数学模型,利用乘法代数重构技术(MART)对模拟所得的光场图像进行反演计算,实现了三维粒子场的重构,并利用归一化互相关系数来表征粒子的重建质量。结果表明,单个粒子在Z轴方向上的位置精度为±0.35 mm,初步证明了基于聚焦光场成像理论的三维粒子场重建方法的可行性。     

The verification of GNSS tropospheric tomography model in a mountainous area

The GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) has not been developed as a meteorological data source provider, but with a careful and sophisticated processing strategy it might be used as one. The term GNSS tomography refers to the usage of the ray traced GNSS signal as scanning rays in the tomographic model input. The model is divided into a number of voxels. The system is inverted and value of refractivity is obtained. Typically, as in the most of the inverse processing, there is a problem of the undetermined system and as a consequence the cofactor matrix is close to singular. To avoid singularity additional conditions or constrains should be added to the system. Here, additional parameters are derived with the help of the air flow analysis in the Sudety mountains (south-west region of Poland), and special Slant Wet Delay (SWD) trimming procedure. The flow’s synthetic parameters like the Bruint-Väisälä frequency and the Froude number are determined. This way the type of the flow is recognized and the analysis of the impact of orographic barrier has been quantified. The SWDs from the GNSS observations were tested against, SWD from raytracing through the COAMPS model field. The modified GNSS tomography model was tested for the real GNSS observations delivered from the GNSS network Karkonosze located in the Sudety mountains and compared with the COAMPS model. The solution shows a considerable improvement in comparison with plain tomographic model results.     

电容成像双共轭梯度图像重建改进算法

针对电容层析成像技术（ECT）逆问题中软场效应的影响,以及重建图像时使用的传统迭代类算法迭代次数多、成像速度慢等问题,将双共轭梯度（BICG）应用到电容层析成像技术中,为了得到更好的重建效果,提出了双共轭梯度与正则化思想相结合来求解逆问题的最佳解。通过COMSOL5.3软件进行建模,使用MATLAB 2014a进行图像重建与图像评估,分别使用Tikhonov、Landweber、共轭梯度（CG）、BICG、所提改进算法进行图像重建。实验表明:所提改进算法的成像效果不仅优于其他迭代类算法,而且大大缩短了图像重建需要的时间;尤其对一些复杂流型成像效果更佳,图像错误率低至约0.2,相关系数高达约0.88,成像时间缩短至2.77 s,迭代次数减少至20次。      

基于CE-PF算法的舰载机离场调度优化问题

甲板作业调度研究是提升航母战斗力的关键技术,而其具有时间、空间与资源受限的复杂约束调度问题已被证实为NP-hard。根据舰载机出动离场调度优化问题的特点,将其抽象为零缓存区混合流水车间调度模型,建立包含飞机避碰等约束的混合整数规划模型。提出一种交叉熵与作业剖面匹配(CE-PF)算法用于问题求解,并给出了算法流程架构。交叉熵算法通过高斯采样完成启发式规则下的工件分组,作业剖面匹配算法完成分组工件的任务排序、作业编排及约束检查等调度设计,Gap逼近算法进行目标值评估、精英种群选择、抽样参数更新及收敛判定。通过算例仿真,验证了CE-PF算法求解离场调度优化问题的有效性;灵敏度分析表明起飞模式和空间约束对出动效能影响较大。      

基于CS的正则化稀疏度变步长自适应匹配追踪算法

压缩感知(CS)能够突破Nyquist采样定理的瓶颈,使得高分辨率信号采集成为可能。重构算法是压缩感知中最为关键的部分,迭代贪婪算法是其中比较重要的研究方向。对压缩感知理论进行了详细分析,并在现有重构算法的基础上提出了一种新的迭代贪婪算法——正则化稀疏度变步长自适应匹配追踪(RSVss AMP)算法,可在信号稀疏度未知的情况下,结合正则化和步长自适应变化思想,快速精确地进行重构。相比于传统迭代贪婪算法,本文算法不依赖于信号稀疏度,并且应用正则化以确保选取支撑集的正确性。此外,应用自适应变化步长代替固定步长,能够提高重构速率,而且达到更高的精度。为了验证本文算法的正确性,选取高斯稀疏信号和离散稀疏信号分别进行仿真,并与现有算法进行比较。仿真结果表明,本文算法相比于现有算法可以实现更加精确快速的重构。     

磁层顶通量传输事件的经验重构

在地球磁层顶附近观测到的通量传输事件（Flux Transfer Event,FTE）一般被认为是瞬态局域磁重联的产物,是太阳风质量、动量和能量进入地球内磁层的重要通道.重构FTE的磁场结构可促进对其形成、演化过程及其与周围等离子体环境相互作用的理解.Grad-Shafranov重构法和磁通量绳拟合法等传统磁场重构方法适用于满足特定物理条件的磁场结构.基于平面线性插值原理,设计了一种不受具体物理条件限定的二维FTE磁场结构重构法.模型测试以及对THEMIS和Cluster卫星簇分别观测到的两个FTE的实际应用表明,在合适的多卫星位形条件下,该方法能快速有效重构出FTE的磁场空间分布,有助于推测FTE的磁场线位形,理解卫星测量数据的时间变化,以及分析等离子体物理量相对于FTE的磁场空间分布特征.      

基于波动光学的显微光场成像点扩散函数

光场Micro-PIV通过Lucy-Richardson（L-R）算法对光场图片进行反卷积重建,从而获得示踪粒子的三维坐标信息,准确的点扩散函数（PSF）是L-R算法完成重建的前提,而现有PSF模型不适用于光场Micro-PIV系统。为此,建立了基于波动光学的显微光场成像PSF模型,进行了数值仿真,获得了模拟PSF图像,并通过结构相似性算法计算了模拟PSF图像与实际PSF图像的相似度,进一步利用L-R算法结合PSF对单个粒子和不同浓度下示踪粒子的流场进行了三维重建。结果表明:模拟PSF图像与实际PSF图像相似度大于0.94,表明PSF模型具有较高的准确性;单个粒子的三维坐标误差在一个像素以内,并可准确地获得不同浓度下示踪粒子的三维坐标信息,进一步验证了模型的准确性,为光场Micro-PIV实现瞬时三维速度场测量奠定了基础。      

基于球投影的面阵探测器扭转角测量与校正

为了消除基于面阵探测器的锥束X射线计算机断层成像(XCT,X-ray Computed Tomography)检测系统中探测器的安装误差对重建断层图像的影响,使投影坐标系准确建立,并与重建坐标系精确配准,提出了基于椭圆拟合的平板探测器位姿参数的估计方法.并在此基础上,从锥束XCT的近似重建算法FDK(Feldkamp)出发,结合空间坐标变换原理,改进了重建算法中投影地址的计算方式,使之能在存在安装误差的情况下准确计算投影地址,重建出正确的断层图像.该方法简单有效,计算量小,无需对系统硬件进行调整.实验结果表明,利用该方法可以有效地消除由于探测器位姿引起的图像伪影.     

压缩感知OFDM稀疏信道估计导频设计

为提高稀疏信道估计性能, 基于压缩感知(CS)理论, 研究了正交频分复用(OFDM)系统中的导频设计问题。由于已有方法不能准确衡量采样矩阵重建性能, 从而导致根据已有方法设计的导频具有较差的信道估计性能, 因此提出以互相关矩阵元素的立方和为准则准确评价采样矩阵的重建性能。针对OFDM系统信道估计导频设计为离散组合优化问题, 提出了一种并行完全树分组替换搜索算法用于搜索最优的导频。在算法的每次循环中, 先将导频索引集合分组, 再根据每一组替换的结果更新导频, 提出的方法扩大了导频搜索空间, 避免了导频搜索的局部最优问题。仿真结果表明, 提出的评价方法相比现有方法能够准确评价采样矩阵重建性能, 使用提出的准则设计的导频与现有互相关准则相比信道估计均方误差可减小约3 dB。同时, 所提出的导频搜索算法具有更快的收敛速度和最优的导频搜索性能。      

一种电磁层析图像快速重建算法

针对电磁层析成像（EMT）逆问题中,灵敏度矩阵的病态性、不适定性等问题,提出了一种新的电磁层析图像快速重建算法。利用主成分分析（PCA）对灵敏度矩阵做降维映射,再利用奇异值分解（SVD）求广义逆矩阵,重建图像。在选取灵敏度矩阵的协方差矩阵的特征值个数中,利用灵敏度矩阵特有的多样本特性,提出图像相关系数最大化算法,更加合理地去除灵敏度矩阵中的冗余信息,在尽可能不丢失成像特征信息的条件下,提高了解稳定性。实际采集数据成像时,该算法只需一次矩阵乘法运算,为快速实时成像提供了可能。与传统单步算法和迭代算法相比,该算法在成像质量和速度上都有较明显优势。      

基于SMDO-TLC的高超声速飞行器姿态控制

针对高超声速飞行器快时变、强耦合以及存在参数不确定和外部干扰情况下的姿态控制问题,同时考虑到执行机构动态和输入受限,提出了基于滑模干扰观测器-轨迹线性化(SMDO-TLC,Sliding-Mode Disturbance Observer-Trajectory Linearization Control)的高超声速姿态控制方法.首先,引入二阶线性微分器(SOLD,Second-Order Linear Differentiator)的概念,通过理论分析指出了当前TLC中采用一阶惯性+伪微分器求取输入指令的微分信号时会存在与SOLD类似的峰值现象,随后利用韩式跟踪微分器求取姿态标称指令及其微分信号,可有效解决过渡过程中执行机构饱和问题;接着,分别在姿态和角速率回路设计二阶滑模干扰观测器,利用符号函数积分来重构内外回路的复合干扰,在此基础上设计补偿控制律,以实现姿态控制器设计.仿真结果表明,所提出的方法能够克服时变干扰及气动参数大范围摄动的影响,同时兼具良好的动态特性与静态品质,能够满足高超声速飞行器的快时变、高精度以及强鲁棒的控制需求.     

基于频域分析的ROSAR成像算法

在现有的ROSAR(Synthetic Aperture Radar with Rotating antennas)成像算法中,基于斜距泰勒级数展开的算法存在方位向失配问题,时域相关卷积算法不能快速校正距离弯曲.频域ROSAR成像算法采用驻相点原理,直接对ROSAR回波信号进行二维频域变换,保留回波信号的频谱特征,进而构造相应的频域去耦函数和频域匹配函数,实现频域距离弯曲校正和目标场景重构.仿真结果表明,该算法能够快速校正距离弯曲及有效克服方位向失配问题.     

基于高斯波束传输的高功率微波的大气击穿问题

提出了一种修正利用高斯波束传输高功率微波(High-Power Microwave,HPM)时的大气折射率的模型.在此模型中,把高斯波束横截面分成若干个同心圆环,并假定每一个同心圆环内的场强分布是均匀的.以基于电子流体力学方程和Maxwell方程的大气击穿理论,利用由实验数据拟合出来大气粒子的碰撞和大气电离参数,研究了高能量高斯波束的非线性传输,数值计算了在给定高斯波束参数时,在不同的压强下,波束以不同的电场强度、频率、脉冲宽度入射下的大气折射率.通过分析折射率的时间色散、空间色散以及时间空间色散,讨论了传输HPM脉冲的高斯波束的大气击穿问题,获得了一些有意义的结果.