空间高能粒子与器件布线层核反应后次级粒子LET分布研究

空间高能质子和重离子是导致元器件发生单粒子效应的根本原因,为准确评估元器件在轨遭遇的单粒子效应风险,必须清楚高能质子、重离子与器件材料发生核反应的物理过程及生成的次级重离子LET（Line EnergyTransfer）分布规律。针对典型CMOS工艺器件模拟计算了不同能量质子和氦核粒子在器件灵敏单元内产生的反冲核、平均能量及线性能量转移值,并分析了半导体器件金属布线层中重金属对次级重离子LET分布的影响规律。计算结果表明：高能粒子与器件相互作用后产生大量次级重离子,且高能质子作用后产生的次级粒子的LET值主要分布为0～25MeV·cm²/mg;高能氦核粒子作用后产生的次级粒子的LET值主要分布为0～35 MeV·cm²/mg;有重金属钨（W）存在时能提高次级粒子的LET值,增加了半导体器件发生单粒子效应的概率,该研究结果可为元器件单粒子效应风险分析、航天器抗单粒子效应指标确定提供重要依据。     

质子引发的单粒子翻转率估算的研究

根据质子单粒子翻转事件的物理本质,及空间高能质子环境特性,给出了一种基于重离子单粒子翻转实验数据基础之上的估算质子引发的单粒子翻转的方法.利用这种方法计算了几种器件的翻转情况,与地面模拟实验及飞行观测结果符合得非常好.      

基于TCAD和Geant 4的SRAM单粒子效应评估

基于Geant4和TCAD (Technology-Computer Aided-Design)建立了一套评估静态存储器(SRAM)单粒子效应的方法. 该方法利用TCAD软件模拟半导体存储单元对粒子能量沉积的响应, 获得SRAM的重离子单粒子翻转截面, 并应用蒙特卡罗工具包Geant 4计算质子与硅材料的核反应以及次级粒子在灵敏体积内的能量沉积, 进而获得质子的单粒子翻转率. 利用该方法, 计算了TSMC 0.18 μm未加固SRAM的重离子和质子翻转率, 通过与同工艺SRAM的重离子实验结果进行比较, 初步验证了该方法的有效性. 该方法不依赖于地面模拟实验, 可以用来评估处于设计阶段的抗辐射加固器件.      

临近空间中子辐射环境分析及其引起的单粒子效应预计研究

使用Space Radiation 7.0工具分析临近空间中子辐射环境，研究其与海拔高度、太阳活动和经纬度的关系及内在原因.在此基础上，提出了一种基于蒙特卡罗方法的大气中子实时错误率预计方法，并以航空电子系统关键集成电路FPGA为例，预计其单粒子翻转敏感模块包括配置存储器、块存储器和用户触发器，单粒子功能中断敏感模块包括上电复位电路、SelectMAP接口等的实时飞行错误率.结果表明，配置存储器中发生的单粒子翻转达到总单粒子翻转率的77%，而上电复位电路和SelectMAP接口中发生的单粒子功能中断各占总单粒子功能中断率的36%.根据RTCA DO-254对飞行系统失效等级的划分，该FPGA器件不可用于航空电子系统关键位置.      

空间粒子环境对单粒子效应影响的比较

空间的高能重离子和高能质子都能引起单粒子效应。几种典型环境中的重离子和质子对不同器件单粒子效应的影响的比较表明，在地磁捕获质子强度较大的区域，捕获质子对单粒子效应的作用必须考虑；而在该区域以外，对单粒子效应的发生有显著影响的是宇宙射线的重离子而不是占绝大多数的质子。     

临近空间大气中子诱发电子器件单粒子翻转模拟研究

根据重离子试验数据, 采用长方体(RPP)模型, 用GEANT4软件工具包编程, 建立了垂直于器件表面入射的中子诱发电子器件的单粒子翻转模型. 考虑敏感体积及其附近的次级粒子对单粒子翻转的贡献, 统计了次级粒子在敏感体积内沉积能量的微分能谱分布, 对在敏感体积内沉积不同能量的次级粒子对单粒子翻转的贡献进行了区分计算, 模拟计算结果与地面试验结果符合较好.      

脉冲激光模拟空间载荷单粒子效应研究进展

脉冲激光作为模拟测试空间探测载荷半导体器件的单粒子效应现象的一种较新型手段,具有可以定位器件对单粒子效应敏感的具体单元以及动态测试电路系统对单粒子效应的时间响应特性的特点,能够满足工程部门、器件研发部门的不同需求。通过实验与理论研究,建立单粒子锁定与翻转效应的激光阈值能量与重离子LET值的对应关系,解决了脉冲激光模拟测试的激光结果如何定量的关键问题,据此可以定量摸底评估器件的单粒子效应敏感度,使脉冲激光测试载荷的结果更具评价以及指导意义,这对建立统一的脉冲激光单粒子效应评估试验标准以及对脉冲激光试验的推广具有重要意义。空间探测载荷发生单粒子效应后器件功能特性及电路系统的影响、防范单粒子效应电路条件影响的手段下电路系统的抗单粒子效应设计措施是的有效性,以及为空间探测专门研制的抗辐射ASIC电路评价,都需要更加精细的单粒子效应测试方法。通过建立便捷、低成本的脉冲激光定量试验的手段,解决了空间探测载荷上述单粒子效应试验的问题。     

80C31单粒子效应敏感度评估

采用串列静电加速器对同步轨道气象卫星扫描辐射计控制器用８０Ｃ３１微控制器进行了单粒子效应模拟试验，得到了器件的错误截面与ＬＥＴ关系曲线；根据试验结果，对器件在同步轨道重离子环境中的翻转率进行了预计。     

高能重离子径迹结构对单粒子翻转的影响

利用解析法计算了高能重离子的径迹结构,通过MonteCarlo方法研究了径迹结构对微电子芯片单粒子翻转的影响.结果表明,考虑了径迹结构的影响后,当离子能量较高时,具有小尺寸灵敏单元、低翻转阈值的芯片的翻转截面较传统的LET描述结果小许多;当离子更重时,这种差别对灵敏单元尺寸较大、翻转阈值较高的芯片也变得较明显.即离子径迹结构的影响是通过其有效地沉积到灵敏单元中的能量与翻转阈值相比较而表现出来的.还研究了作用距离较深、结构宽大的径迹造成的相邻多个灵敏单元的同时翻转,即多位翻转现象,这是用LET所不能反映的.      

0.13μm部分耗尽SOI工艺反相器链SET脉宽传播

基于0.13 μm部分耗尽绝缘体上硅（PD-SOI）工艺,设计了一款片上反相器链（DFF）单粒子瞬态（SET）脉宽测试电路并流片实现,SET脉宽测试范围为105~3 150 ps,精度为±52.5 ps。利用重离子加速器和脉冲激光模拟单粒子效应试验装置对器件进行了SET脉宽试验。采用线性能量传输（LET值）为37.6 MeV·cm2/mg的86Kr离子触发了反相器链的三级脉宽传播,利用脉冲激光正面测试器件触发了相同级数的脉宽,同时,激光能量值为5 500 pJ时触发了反相器链的双极放大效应,脉宽展宽32.4%。通过对比激光与重离子的试验结果,以及明确激光到达有源区的有效能量的影响因子,建立了激光有效能量与重离子LET值的对应关系,分析了两者对应关系偏差的原因。研究结果可为其他种类芯片单粒子效应试验建立激光有效能量与重离子LET值的对应关系提供参考。      

A comparison of two different types of geosynchronous satellite measurements during the 1989 solar proton events.

The proton telescope aboard the GOES-7 satellite continuously records the proton flux at geosynchronous orbit, and therefore provides a direct measurement of the energetic protons arriving during solar energetic particle (SEP) events. Microelectronic devices are susceptible to single event upset (SEU) caused by both energetic protons and galactic cosmic ray (GCR) ions. Some devices are so sensitive that their upsets can be used as a dosimetric indicator of a high fluence of particles. The 93L422 1K SRAM is one such device. Eight of them are on the TDRS-1 satellite in geosynchronous orbit, and collectively they had been experiencing 1-2 upset/day due to the GCR background. During the large SEP events of 1989 the upset rate increased dramatically, up to about 250 for the week of 19 Oct, due to the arrival of the SEP protons. Using the GOES proton spectra, the proton-induced SEU cross section curve for the 93L422 and the shielding distribution around the 93L422, the calculated upsets based on the GOES satellite data compared well against the log of measured upsets on TDRS-1.     

Radiation measured during ISS-Expedition 13 with different dosimeters

Radiation in low Earth orbit (LEO) is mainly composed of galactic cosmic rays (GCR), solar energetic particles and particles in SAA (South Atlantic Anomaly). The biological impact of space radiation to astronauts depends strongly on the particles’ linear energy transfer (LET) and is dominated by high LET radiation. It is important to measure the LET spectrum for the space radiation field and to investigate the influence of radiation on astronauts. At present, the preferred active dosimeters sensitive to all LET are the tissue equivalent proportional counter (TEPC) and the silicon detectors in various configurations; the preferred passive dosimeters are CR-39 plastic nuclear track detectors (PNTDs) sensitive to high LET and thermoluminescence dosimeters (TLDs) as well as optically stimulated luminescence dosimeters (OSLDs) sensitive to low LET. The TEPC, CR-39 PNTDs, TLDs and OSLDs were used to investigate the radiation field for the ISS mission Expedition 13 (ISS-12S) in LEO. LET spectra and radiation quantities (fluence, absorbed dose, dose equivalent and quality factor) were measured for the space mission with different dosimeters. This paper introduces the role of high LET radiation in radiobiology, the operational principles for the different dosimeters, the LET spectrum method using CR-39 detectors, the method to combine the results measured with TLDs/OSLDs and CR-39 PNTDs, and presents the LET spectra and the radiation quantities measured and combined.     

Analysis of secondary electron emission spectra of equal-LET protons and alpha particles for purposes of radiation quality and spaceflight hazard assessment.

Amongst the great variety of heavy particles present in the galactic and solar cosmic ray spectra, hydrogen and helium nuclei are significantly more abundant than all other heavier ions and, as such, represent a major radiation hazard to humans in space. Experimental data have suggested that differences in relative biological effectiveness (RBE) exist between the two species at the same value of linear energy transfer (LET). This has consequences for heavily ionising radiation protection procedures, which currently still assume a simple dependence of radiation quality on LET. By analysing the secondary electron (delta-ray) emission spectra of protons and alpha particles, in terms of the spatial characteristics of energy deposition in cellular targets and the likelihood of complex lesion formation, a numerical quantity representing biological effectiveness is generated. When expressed relative to a reference radiation, this quantity is found to differ for protons and a particles of the same LET, demonstrating not only the ion-specific nature of RBE but also the inadequacy of specifying radiation quality as a function of LET only. Such a method for numerically assessing radiation quality may have implications for procedures for heavy ion protection in space at low doses and for understanding the initial mechanisms of radiation action.     

Single-event upset in geostationary transfer orbit during solar-activity maximum period measured by the Tsubasa satellite

This paper reports single-event upset (SEU) occurrence related to the space radiation environment in geostationary transfer orbit during solar-activity maximum period measured by the Tsubasa satellite. Most SEUs are measured in the inner radiation belt, indicating that they are mainly caused by trapped protons. Thus, the spatial distribution and the temporal variation of the SEU count correlate well with those of trapped protons. The peak SEU rate appears around L = 1.4. The transition point from SEUs caused by trapped protons to those caused by galactic cosmic rays is around L = 2.6. During the experiment period, increased SEU count was sometimes detected due to solar and geomagnetic events outside the inner radiation belt.     

Fragmentation of 1 GeV/nucleon iron ions in thick targets relevant for space exploration.

We have measured charged nuclear fragments produced by 1 GeV/nucleon 56Fe ions interacting with aluminium, polyethylene and lead. These materials are relevant for assessment of radiation risk for manned space flight. The data will be presented in a form suitable for comparison with models of nuclear fragmentation and transport, including linear energy transfer (LET) spectrum, fluence for iron and fragments, event-tack- and event-dose-averaged LET, total dose and iron contribution to dose.     

HZE effects on mammalian cells.

In track segment experiments cell survival and chromosome aberrations of mammalian cells have been measured for various heavy ion beams between helium and uranium in the energy range between 0.5 and 960 MeV/u, corresponding to a velocity range of 0.03 to 0.87 C, and an LET spectrum from 10 to 15 000 keV/micrometers. At low LET, the cross section (sigma) for cell killing increases with increasing LET and shows a common curve for all ions regardless of the atomic number. This indicates that in this region the track structure of the different ions is of only a minor influence, and it is rather the total energy transfer, which is important for cell killing. At higher LET values, deviations from a common sigma-LET curve can be observed which indicate a saturation effect. The saturation of the lighter ions occurs at lower LET values than for the heavier ions. These findings are also confirmed by the chromosome data, where the efficiency for the induction of chromosomal aberrations for high LET particles depends on the track structure and is nearly independent of LET. In the heavier beams (Z > or = 10) individual particles cause multiple chromosome breaks in mitotic cells.     

Inactivation, mutation induction and repair in Bacillus subtilis spores irradiated with heavy ions.

Studies on the response of bacterial spores to accelerated heavy ions (HZE particles) help in understanding problems of space radiobiology and exobiology. Layers of spores of Bacillus subtilis strains, differing in repair capabilities, were irradiated with accelerated boron, carbon and neon ions of linear energy transfer (LET) values up to 14000 MeV cm2/g. Inactivation as measured by loss of colony forming ability and induction of mutations as measured by reversion to histidine prototrophy and resistance to 150 micrograms/ml sodium azide were tested, as well as the influence of repair processes on these effects. For inactivation, the cross-sectional values sigma plotted as a function of LET follow a saturation curve. The plateau, which is reached around a LET of 2000 MeV cm2/g, occurs at 2.5 x 10(-9) cm2, a value in good agreement with the dimensions of the spore protoplast. Lethal damage produced at LET values < 2000 MeV cm2/g is reparable. Recombination repair is more effective than excision repair. At higher LET values, lethal damage could not be reconstituted by the repair mechanisms studied. In addition, at these high LET values, the frequency of induced mutations was drastically decreased. The data support the assumption of at least two qualitatively different types of lesion, depending on the LET of the affecting heavy ion.