Stall flutter prediction based on multi-layer GRU neural network

The modeling of dynamic stall aerodynamics is essential to stall flutter, due to the flow separation in a large-amplitude pitching oscillation process. A newly neural network based Reduced Order Model (ROM) framework for predicting the aerodynamic forces of an airfoil undergoing large-amplitude pitching oscillation at various velocities is presented in this work. First, the dynamic stall aerodynamics is calculated by solving RANS equations and the transitional SST-γ model. Afterwards, the stall flutter bifurcation behavior is calculated by the above CFD solver coupled with structural dynamic equation. The critical flutter speed and limit-cycle oscillation amplitudes are consistent with those obtained by experiments. A newly multi-layer Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) neural network based ROM is constructed to accelerate the calculation of aerodynamic forces. The training and validation process are carried out upon the unsteady aerodynamic data obtained by the proposed CFD method. The well-trained ROM is then coupled with the structure equation at a specific velocity, the Limit-Cycle Oscillation (LCO) of stall flutter under this flow condition is predicted precisely and more quickly. In order to predict both the critical flutter velocity and LCO amplitudes after bifurcation at different velocities, a new ROM with GRU neural network considering the variation of flow velocities is developed. The stall flutter results predicted by ROM agree well with the CFD ones at different velocities. Finally, a brief sensitivity analysis of two structural parameters of ROM is carried out. It infers the potential of the presented modeling method to depict the nonlinearity of dynamic stall and stall flutter phenomenon.     

基于气/固耦合非定常流动的叶栅颤振分析

采用二维N-S方程／结构振动方程组耦合数值方法，分析计算了二维非定常气动力强迫振动条件下振动能量及气动力对叶栅所做的功，分别根据振动能量和气动力做功分析了叶栅的颤振特性。NACA0012和PROF叶栅在不同折合频率下气动参数随时间的变化表明，折合频率是影响叶栅颤振的重要因素。气固耦合方法得到的NA-CA0012叶栅颤振折合频率比非耦合的结果高，而对PROF叶栅则相反。这表明叶栅结构动力参数对其发生颤振时的折合频率影响很大且很复杂，要准确预测颤振应该考虑叶栅结构动力与气动力的耦合因素。     

Control law design for transonic aeroservoelasticity

Existing computational transonic aeroservoelastic researches focus on directly coupling the structural dynamic equations, CFD solver and servo system in time domain, study the effect of the given feedback control laws on the responses of the aeroelastic system. These works have not involved the design of the flutter active control law. The non-linearity of transonic flow brings great difficulties to aeroservoelastic analysis and design. Recent research of the unsteady aerodynamic reduced order models (ROM) based on CFD provides a challenging approach for transonic aeroservoelastic analysis and design. Coupling the structural state equations with the aerodynamic state equations of the wing and the control surface based on the ROM, we construct a transonic aeroservoelastic model in state-space. Then the sub-optimal control method based on output feedback is used to design the flutter suppressing law. The study first demonstrates the open loop of the Benchmark Active Controls Technology (BACT) wing. The computational results of the CFD direct simulation method and the ROM analysis method are both agree well with the experimental data. Then both the closed loop time responses and the flutter results by ROM technique are compared with those of numerical aeroservoelastic simulation based on Euler codes to validate the correctness of the design method of the control law and aeroservoelastic analysis method. An increase of up to 20% of the speed index can be achieved by the control law designed by sub-optimal control method for this model.     

操纵面对跨声速机翼气动弹性特性的影响

 运用基于非定常CFD的气动力辨识技术，得到跨声速非定常气动力降阶模型。耦合结构动力学方程，建立了基于状态空间的跨声速气动弹性分析模型。分析了典型三自由度二元机翼的颤振边界，分析结果与CFD/CSD直接耦合方法吻合。然后研究了操纵面结构参数（固有频率和重心位置）对跨声速气动弹性特性的影响。研究发现,一些传统的结构设计准则和颤振排除技术未必适用于跨声速状态;操纵面偏转模态常常成为诱发跨声速颤振的主要模态;经典的质量平衡技术可能会降低跨声速气动弹性系统的稳定性。     

Reliability and Sensitivity Analysis of Transonic Flutter Using Improved Line Sampling Technique

The improved line sampling (LS) technique, an effective numerical simulation method, is employed to analyze the probabilistic characteristics and reliability sensitivity of flutter with random structural parameter in transonic flow. The improved LS technique is a novel methodology for reliability and sensitivity analysis of high dimensionality and low probability problem with implicit limit state function, and it does not require any approximating surrogate of the implicit limit state equation. The improved LS is used to estimate the flutter reliability and the sensitivity of a two-dimensional wing, in which some structural properties, such as frequency, parameters of gravity center and mass ratio, are considered as random variables. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) based unsteady aerodynamic reduced order model (ROM) method is used to construct the aerodynamic state equations. Coupling structural state equations with aerodynamic state equations, the safety margin of flutter is founded by using the critical velocity of flutter. The results show that the improved LS technique can effectively decrease the computational cost in the random uncertainty analysis of flutter. The reliability sensitivity, defined by the partial derivative of the failure probability with respect to the distribution parameter of random variable, can help to identify the important parameters and guide the structural optimization design.     

适用于参数可调结构的非定常气动力降阶建模方法

基于计算流体力学(CFD)的非定常气动力降阶模型(ROM)可以极大提高气动弹性分析效率,然而现有的ROM只能针对固定参数结构,即只适合于固定模态振型,这使得现有ROM在气动弹性优化设计和不确定性分析等结构变参问题中应用受限。针对该问题,在文献[20]基础上提出了一种新的适用于任意模态振型的非定常气动力建模方法。首先将待设计/分析的结构进行参数化抽样和模态分析,之后通过主成分分析(PCA)得到若干基振型,再将这些基振型线性叠加即可拟合抽样空间内任何参数下结构的前若干阶振型。当结构参数改动时,仅仅是叠加系数发生变化。算例表明,仅用很少的基振型就能达到理想的拟合精度。经典的气动力降阶方法可用于基振型坐标下的气动力降阶,进一步变换可得到适用于不同结构的ROM,这意味着,结构参数可以在抽样空间内任意调节改动,而ROM却是通用的。该方法能广泛用于气动弹性优化设计和不确定性分析工作,可提高颤振分析精度和效率。     

基于非定常气动力辨识技术的气动弹性数值模拟

选择离散型输入输出差分模型,运用最小二乘方法进行非定常气动力建模,并将辨识得到的降阶模型用于气动弹性的数值模拟。1个马赫数下的颤振临界点的计算仅需调用一次非定常流场求解器。计算精度保持与非定常欧拉方程计算方法相当的同时计算效率提高了1~2个量级。计算了跨声速具有S型颤振边界的气动弹性标准算例－Isogaiwing和三维气动弹性标模算例AGARD445.6,辨识模型计算边界与非定常Euler方程计算结果吻合。证明非定常气动力辨识技术可以提供高效的高精度的气动弹性分析。     

大后掠翼前缘涡对其颤振特性的影响

大迎角三角翼的前缘涡不仅可以改善其气动力特性,也会显著影响机翼的气动弹性特性.运用基于Euler方程的非定常气动力降阶模型(ROM)方法,耦合结构运动方程,在状态空间内建立了气动弹性分析模型,研究了70°削尖三角翼的大迎角颤振特性.研究结果显示前缘涡对该机翼颤振特性的影响不可忽略.颤振速度随迎角的增加而大幅降低,迎角α=20°时的颤振速度比α=0°时降低了22%.发现了颤振特性随迎角变化时出现的不连续现象,并揭示了该现象是由于系统颤振分支随着静态迎角的增加发生转移所致.     

大后掠翼前缘涡对其颤振特性的影响

大迎角三角翼的前缘涡不仅可以改善其气动力特性,也会显著影响机翼的气动弹性特性。运用基于Euler方程的非定常气动力降阶模型（ROM）方法,耦合结构运动方程,在状态空间内建立了气动弹性分析模型,研究了70°削尖三角翼的大迎角颤振特性。研究结果显示前缘涡对该机翼颤振特性的影响不可忽略。颤振速度随迎角的增加而大幅降低,迎角α=20°时的颤振速度比α=0°时降低了22％。发现了颤振特性随迎角变化时出现的不连续现象,并揭示了该现象是由于系统颤振分支随着静态迎角的增加发生转移所致。     

高速颤振模型设计中颤振主要模态的判断

颤振模型设计时难以实现完全的动力学相似,需要对颤振主要模态进行合理选择。采用数值分析方法,对颤振模型设计时主要模态的选取问题进行研究。通过各阶模态振型下气动刚度系数的比较、指定运动形式下广义非定常气动力的计算和不同模态截断下颤振结果的收敛特性分析,研究了颤振分析时不同模态运动之间的相互影响,对模态运动引起的气动力和颤振特性变化进行评估。以高超翼面模型为研究对象的数值算例结果表明,几种分析方法所判断的颤振主要模态基本一致。其中基于振型的广义气动刚度系数参数,避免了非定常气动力的计算,可作为颤振模型设计或颤振分析时主要模态选取的快速判断方法。     

相位延迟边界条件在叶轮机械颤振分析中的应用

基于带相位延迟的周期边界条件,建立了某跨声速转子的双通道高效气动阻尼计算模型.数值计算了该转子的气动性能、颤振边界和叶片模态,和实验数据吻合较好.通过传统的多通道能量法以及双通道方法计算了叶片在一弯模态,不同叶片间相位角条件下的气动阻尼,获得了基本一致的计算结果,而双通道方法相比于传统的多通道能量法计算效率提升约7.7倍,内存需求约为后者的0.45倍.不同叶片振幅对气动阻尼结果的影响研究表明,对于较小的叶片振幅,流动非线性对气动阻尼计算结果仍然有显著的影响.不同工况的计算结果表明:叶片间相位角对转子叶片的气动阻尼有显著的影响,对于该转子最小的气动阻尼均在叶片间相位角为-42.4°时得到;同时,在近颤振状态,不同叶片间相位角对应的气动阻尼均小于近设计状态.     

Flutter and gust response analysis of a wing model including geometric nonlinearities based on a modified structural ROM

In this paper, a framework is established for nonlinear flutter and gust response analyses based on an efficient Reduced Order Model (ROM). The proposed method can be used to solve the aeroelastic response problems of wings containing geometric nonlinearities. A structural modeling approach presented herein describes the stiffness nonlinearities with a modal formulation. Two orthogonal spanwise modes describe the foreshortening effects of the wing. Dynamic linearization of the ROM under nonlinear equilibrium states is applied to a nonlinear flutter analysis, and the fully nonlinear ROM coupled with the non-planar Unsteady Vortex Lattice Method (UVLM) is applied to gust response analysis. Furthermore, extended Precise Integration Method (PIM) ensures accuracy of the dynamic equation solutions. To demonstrate applicability and accuracy of the method presented, a wind tunnel test is conducted and good agreements between theoretical and test results of nonlinear flutter speed and gust response deflection are reached. The method described in this paper is suitable for predicting the nonlinear flutter speed and calculating the gust responses of a large-aspect-ratio wing in time domain. Meanwhile, the results derived highlight the effects of geometric nonlinearities obviously.     

小展弦比压气机转子叶片颤振研究

针对小展弦比压气机转子叶片特点,在能量法计算基础上提出了两种颤振评判方法,即首先利用结构动力学分析结果对叶片频率分离度、振型和共振进行分析,判断某压气机小展弦比转子叶片存在高阶耦合颤振的可能;然后将结构动力学得到的振动位移插值到气动网格上,进行三维非定常黏性流场计算,得到非定常气动功,判断叶片是否存在失速颤振的可能.最后综合利用两部分分析结果和试验及断口分析情况,综合给出该小展弦比压气机叶片因失速颤振和耦合颤振共同作用,导致叶片在短时间内出现了裂纹.      

外挂俯仰连接刚度对机翼颤振的影响

本文使用v-g法、Niblett法和模型风洞试验3种方法,分析了机翼和外挂间俯仰连接刚度对机翼颤振的影响。并提出了“气动压力中心线”概念。用振型节线与压力中心线相对位置的变化,解释机翼/外挂颤振类型变化的机理。     

机身刚度对双体飞机颤振的影响规律分析

针对某双体飞机颤振特性复杂的问题,本文采用片条理论修正后的偶极子网格方法,建立了双体飞机非定常气动力模型,同时基于地面振动试验建立了不同机身刚度双体飞机等效梁模型。通过有限元方法,分析了机身刚度对双体飞机结构动力学的影响,同时通过求解耦合得到的频域方程,探究了机身刚度对双体飞机颤振的影响规律。研究结果表明,机身截面垂向刚度对机身一阶垂直对称弯曲模态、机身一阶垂直反对称弯曲模态与平尾滚转模态频率影响较大。机身截面垂向刚度降低到原设计刚度67%时,机身反对称弯曲模态对平尾扭转效应增强,机身一阶垂直反对称弯曲模态、平尾滚转模态与平尾一阶垂直反对称弯曲模态耦合,双体飞机在269.34 m/s时发生颤振,颤振频率为37.2 Hz。     

一种基于CFD的叶轮机非定常气动力组合建模方法

为了获得一个准确高效的非定常空气动力学模型并将其应用于叶轮机叶片颤振特性分析中去,论文发展了一种基于CFD方法的叶轮机非定常气动力组合建模方法,可以快速计算叶轮机叶片在等相角差振动时的气动阻尼系数。运用小扰动流场的叠加原理,通过不同通道数模型的非定常流场求解(通常需要两次或三次),针对流场的周期性边界条件,组合分析得到一系列更多通道数情况下的非定常气动力低阶模型。基于这种降阶模型计算的气动阻尼系数与直接的CFD方法计算结果吻合很好,计算效率提高10倍以上。     

Active Control Law Design for Flutter/LCO Suppression Based on Reduced Order Model Method

 Active stability augmentation system is an attractive and promising technology to suppress flutter and limit cycle oscillation (LCO). In order to design a good active control law, the control plant model with low order and high accuracy must be pro-vided, which is one of the most important key points. The traditional model is based on low fidelity aerodynamics model such as panel method, which is unsuitable for transonic flight regime. The physics-based high fidelity tools, reduced order model (ROM) and CFD/CSD coupled aeroservoelastic solver are used to design the active control law. The Volterra/ROM is applied to constructing the low order state space model for the nonlinear unsteady aerodynamics and static output feedback method is used to active control law design. The detail of the new method is demonstrated by the Goland+ wing/store system. The simu-lation results show that the effectiveness of the designed active augmentation system, which can suppress the flutter and LCO successfully.     

带有气动及结构非线性的二元机翼颤振分析

研究了翼型在低马赫数条件下的非定常气动特性,从翼型表面气流运动的角度对Leishman-Beddoes(L-B)模型进行了修正,并在此基础上建立了适合低马赫数颤振研究且带有气动及结构非线性的二元机翼气弹系统分析模型.对比低马赫数翼型气动载荷试验结果表明对L-B模型的修正是有效的,且机翼颤振试验结果亦验证了二元机翼气弹分析模型.研究结果表明:二元机翼气弹系统的失速颤振与初始变距角和来流速度密切相关,且耦合的三次非线性变距和浮沉刚度是造成系统呈现准周期运动的主要原因.      

大展弦比复合材料机翼失速颤振分析

研究了大展弦比复合材料机翼在较大迎角状态下的失速颤振特性,探讨了结构几何非线性和由复合材料剪裁产生的刚度耦合效果对机翼失速颤振特性的影响.首先,将复合材料机翼建模为转角和位移均可为有限值的非线性薄壁单闭室截面Euler梁,并在综合考虑结构几何非线性、气动非线性和材料各向异性对机翼运动状态的影响的基础上,建立机翼的运动微分方程.然后,使用小扰动分析的方法得到机翼在平衡位置附近的振动方程,采用ONERA半经验的非定常失速气动力模型,获得机翼在平衡位置附近的非线性失速颤振分析方程.最后,利用谐波平衡法求解并判定机翼颤振稳定性.通过算例,首先验证了算法的正确性,然后研究了几何非线性对失速颤振的影响,并讨论不同的复合材料铺层方式导致机翼失速特性的改变.     

Reduced order model for unsteady aerodynamic performance of compressor cascade based on recursive RBF

Based on Recursive Radial Basis Function (RRBF) neural network, the Reduced Order Model (ROM) of compressor cascade was established to meet the urgent demand of highly efficient prediction of unsteady aerodynamics performance of turbomachinery. One novel ROM called ASA-RRBF model based on Adaptive Simulated Annealing (ASA) algorithm was developed to enhance the generalization ability of the unsteady ROM. The ROM was verified by predicting the unsteady aerodynamics performance of a highly-loaded compressor cascade. The results show that the RRBF model has higher accuracy in identification of the dimensionless total pressure and dimensionless static pressure of compressor cascade under nonlinear and unsteady conditions, and the model behaves higher stability and computational efficiency. However, for the strong nonlinear characteristics of aerodynamic parameters, the RRBF model presents lower accuracy. Additionally, the RRBF model predicts with a large error in the identification of aerodynamic parameters under linear and unsteady conditions. For ASA-RRBF, by introducing a small-amplitude and high-frequency sinusoidal signal as validation sample, the width of the basis function of the RRBF model is optimized to improve the generalization ability of the ROM under linear unsteady conditions. Besides, this model improves the predicting accuracy of dimensionless static pressure which has strong nonlinear characteristics. The ASA-RRBF model has higher prediction accuracy than RRBF model without significantly increasing the total time consumption. This novel model can predict the linear hysteresis of dimensionless static pressure happened in the harmonic condition, but it cannot accurately predict the beat frequency of dimensionless total pressure.