Time-domain nonlinear aeroelastic analysis and wind tunnel test of a flexible wing using strain-based beam formulation

A theoretical formulation for time-domain nonlinear aeroelastic analysis of a flexible wing model is presented and validated by wind tunnel tests. A strain-based beam model for nonlinear structural analysis is combined with the Unsteady Vortex Lattice Method (UVLM) to form the complete framework for aeroelastic analysis. The nonlinear second-order differential equations are solved by an implicit time integration scheme that incorporates a Newton-Raphson sub-iteration technique. An advanced fiber optic sensing technique is firstly used in a wind tunnel for measuring large structural deformations. In the theoretical study, the nonlinear flutter boundary is determined by analyzing the transient response about the nonlinear static equilibrium with a series of flow velocities. The gust responses of the wing model at various gust frequencies are also studied. Comparisons of the theoretical and experimental results show that the proposed method is suitable for determining the nonlinear flutter boundary and simulating the gust response of flexible wings in the time domain.     

Gust response analysis and wind tunnel test for a high-aspect ratio wing

A theoretical nonlinear aeroelastic response analysis for a flexible high-aspect ratio wing excited by harmonic gust load is presented along with a companion wind tunnel test. A multidisci-plinary coupled numerical calculation is developed to simulate the flexible model wing undergoing gust load in the time domain via discrete nonlinear finite element structural dynamic analysis and nonplanar unsteady vortex lattice aerodynamic computation. A dynamic perturbation analysis about a nonlinear static equilibrium is also used to determine the small perturbation flutter bound-ary. A novel noncontact 3-D camera measurement analysis system is firstly used in the wind tunnel test to obtain the spatial large deformation and responses. The responses of the flexible wing under different static equilibrium states and frequency gust loads are discussed. The fair to good quanti-tative agreements between the theoretical and experimental results demonstrate that the presented analysis method is an acceptable way to predict the geometrically nonlinear gust response for flex-ible wings.     

基于CFD/CSD的非线性气动弹性分析方法

提出了一种基于计算流体力学/计算结构动力学(CFD/CSD)的非线性气动弹性分析方法,并应用于切尖三角翼的非线性颤振和极限环振荡(LCO)研究。该方法将非线性有限元(FEM)和CFD计算相结合,并辅以高精度的界面插值,能够分析结构和气动非线性共存的气动弹性问题。结构部分以四边形平板壳元为基础,采用更新的拉格朗日(UL)方法分析结构大变形引起的几何非线性问题。气动部分以Navier-Stokes(N-S)方程作为控制方程,采用CFD方法计算跨声速气动力。机翼的非线性颤振计算表明了方法的有效性。最后应用该方法研究了切尖三角翼的LCO现象,其计算精度明显优于已有结果。     

大展弦比复合材料机翼失速颤振分析

研究了大展弦比复合材料机翼在较大迎角状态下的失速颤振特性,探讨了结构几何非线性和由复合材料剪裁产生的刚度耦合效果对机翼失速颤振特性的影响.首先,将复合材料机翼建模为转角和位移均可为有限值的非线性薄壁单闭室截面Euler梁,并在综合考虑结构几何非线性、气动非线性和材料各向异性对机翼运动状态的影响的基础上,建立机翼的运动微分方程.然后,使用小扰动分析的方法得到机翼在平衡位置附近的振动方程,采用ONERA半经验的非定常失速气动力模型,获得机翼在平衡位置附近的非线性失速颤振分析方程.最后,利用谐波平衡法求解并判定机翼颤振稳定性.通过算例,首先验证了算法的正确性,然后研究了几何非线性对失速颤振的影响,并讨论不同的复合材料铺层方式导致机翼失速特性的改变.     

机翼的气动伺服弹性设计优化研究

以气动伺服弹性特性为约束和目标,对一个大展弦比机翼进行了结构/控制设计优化。该机翼具有双梁式结构和一个用于阵风响应减缓的主动控制面。在气动伺服弹性分析模型的基础上,建立了优化问题的数学描述。选取结构刚度和控制器参数为设计变量,以发散、无控和有控情况的颤振为约束条件,以结构重量和阵风响应组合性能为目标函数。采用遗传算法进行优化,得到的最优设计结果与原基准模型相比,机翼在满足气动弹性稳定的约束条件下,结构重量有所减轻,且阵风响应显著地减缓。     

大展弦比复合材料机翼的非线性颤振分析

大展弦比机翼在气动力作用下产生较大变形,颤振速度和颤振频率随之发生明显变化,线性理论难以获得比较合理的解答。综合考虑了结构几何非线性、气动非线性和材料各向异性对机翼运动状态的影响,将复合材料机翼建模为非线性薄壁单闭室截面梁,建立机翼的运动方程,并使用小扰动分析的方法得到机翼在平衡位置附近的振动方程。采用Theodorsen非定常气动理论构建气动模型,获得机翼在平衡位置附近的非线性颤振方程,并利用v-g法判定机翼颤振稳定性。通过算例演示了一些非线性颤振的特点,讨论了铺层角、展弦比、机翼线密度等参数对颤振速度的影响,并与线性理论得到的结果进行对比。     

基于CFD降阶模型的阵风减缓主动控制研究

飞行器飞行时会受到大气紊流的影响,降低飞行品质。阵风减缓控制是改善飞行器飞行性能的关键技术。现有的阵风响应分析多以离散阵风为研究对象,对更加真实描述大气紊流的连续型阵风时域分析关注较少。采用成形滤波器方法将频域形式给出的大气紊流信号转换为时域信号。在跨声速区域内,利用系统辨识技术,基于计算流体力学(CFD)方法建立阵风激励下的气动载荷状态空间降阶模型(ROM)。为方便控制器设计,借助平衡模态法进行模型的进一步降阶。使用模型预测控制(MPC)算法通过控制操纵面偏转实现阵风减缓主动控制。以AGARD445.6标模作为仿真算例,验证基于ROM设计的阵风减缓控制律的有效性。仿真结果表明,在跨声速飞行状态下,模型预测控制器能够在满足操纵面偏转范围的约束下,对连续阵风激励下的翼根弯矩输出进行有效抑制。     

Active Control Law Design for Flutter/LCO Suppression Based on Reduced Order Model Method

 Active stability augmentation system is an attractive and promising technology to suppress flutter and limit cycle oscillation (LCO). In order to design a good active control law, the control plant model with low order and high accuracy must be pro-vided, which is one of the most important key points. The traditional model is based on low fidelity aerodynamics model such as panel method, which is unsuitable for transonic flight regime. The physics-based high fidelity tools, reduced order model (ROM) and CFD/CSD coupled aeroservoelastic solver are used to design the active control law. The Volterra/ROM is applied to constructing the low order state space model for the nonlinear unsteady aerodynamics and static output feedback method is used to active control law design. The detail of the new method is demonstrated by the Goland+ wing/store system. The simu-lation results show that the effectiveness of the designed active augmentation system, which can suppress the flutter and LCO successfully.     

Static aeroelastic analysis including geometric nonlinearities based on reduced order model

This paper describes a method proposed for modeling large deflection of aircraft in non-linear aeroelastic analysis by developing reduced order model (ROM). The method is applied for solving the static aeroelastic and static aeroelastic trim problems of flexible aircraft containing geo-metric nonlinearities; meanwhile, the non-planar effects of aerodynamics and follower force effect have been considered. ROMs are computational inexpensive mathematical representations com-pared to traditional nonlinear finite element method (FEM) especially in aeroelastic solutions. The approach for structure modeling presented here is on the basis of combined modal/finite ele-ment (MFE) method that characterizes the stiffness nonlinearities and we apply that structure mod-eling method as ROM to aeroelastic analysis. Moreover, the non-planar aerodynamic force is computed by the non-planar vortex lattice method (VLM). Structure and aerodynamics can be cou-pled with the surface spline method. The results show that both of the static aeroelastic analysis and trim analysis of aircraft based on structure ROM can achieve a good agreement compared to anal-ysis based on the FEM and experimental result.     

多控制面机翼阵风减缓主动控制与风洞试验验证

 针对某大展弦比多控制面弹性机翼风洞模型,分别从频域和时域进行阵风响应分析和阵风响应减缓控制律设计。采用经典控制理论设计控制律,通过操纵位于0.6和0.8翼展处的内外侧控制面减小由正弦阵风引起的翼尖加速度(WTA)。低频段的阵风减缓的数值分析与风洞试验结果均表明：多控制面的阵风减缓效果优于单控制面。当来流速度为14 m/s时,针对频率为2～5 Hz的阵风,采用多控制面得到的WTA减小10%～24%;当来流速度在8～16 m/s时,针对频率为2 Hz的正弦阵风,闭环状态下的翼尖加速度减小10%～40%;结构有限元模型与真实模型存在工程允许的误差导致理论与试验结果存在一定的误差。本文的工作对工程实际中采用阵风减缓技术具有参考价值。     

系统识别与飞机颤振

本文在简要综述了系统识别技术在飞机颤振研究中的应用后,介绍了三种系统识别方法。重点讨论了其算法要点及理论基础。对有关数据处理问题也作了适当说明。基于复模态分析和优化技术的传递函数法可以精确识别出全部模态参数,并在带外挂机翼颤振模型试验中获得成功,该法可推广到仅有响应数据的风洞与飞行试验情况。脉冲响应和自回归滑动平均模型法采用了相关和最小二乘技术,可以在较强干扰情况下得到精确结果,后者还可求出估计值与真值的协方差。两种时域方法皆可无需专用信号分析设备而直接利用测量采样数据进行系统识别。     

基于非定常气动力辨识技术的气动弹性数值模拟

选择离散型输入输出差分模型,运用最小二乘方法进行非定常气动力建模,并将辨识得到的降阶模型用于气动弹性的数值模拟。1个马赫数下的颤振临界点的计算仅需调用一次非定常流场求解器。计算精度保持与非定常欧拉方程计算方法相当的同时计算效率提高了1~2个量级。计算了跨声速具有S型颤振边界的气动弹性标准算例－Isogaiwing和三维气动弹性标模算例AGARD445.6,辨识模型计算边界与非定常Euler方程计算结果吻合。证明非定常气动力辨识技术可以提供高效的高精度的气动弹性分析。     

低速流场中柔性悬臂板的后颤振响应

建立了一个新的非线性气动弹性模型,对低速流场中柔性悬臂板的后颤振响应特性进行了分析。建模中考虑了结构几何非线性、气动力非线性以及两者之间的强耦合效应。通过实验数据对所建立的气动弹性模型进行了验证。发现在低速流场中柔性悬臂板可能会以周期加倍的方式进入混沌运动。结构几何非线性效应和翼尖涡引起的非定常气动力效应对柔性悬臂板的结构响应有显著影响,而尾涡变形引起的非定常气动力对结构运动的影响较小。还研究了不同耦合算法的差异,给出了小展弦比大柔性结构非线性气动弹性数值仿真时耦合策略的选择依据。     

翼梢装置对某机翼气动弹性行为影响研究

以大客某方案机翼为基本翼,通过数值模拟的方法研究了翼梢装置对机翼气动弹性特性影响,包括静气动弹性及颤振特性。其中通过CFD/CSD弱耦合求解的方法研究其静气动弹性响应,气动力计算采用面元法,结构响应计算采用结构有限元法,通过插值实现翼面气动力与有限元节点力之间的传递,以及有限元模型与气动网格之间的变形传递。对基本翼及带翼梢装置机翼静力学有限元模型局部修改得到动力学模型,应用MSC NASTRAN进行颤振特性分析。研究发现翼梢装置使得机翼的气动弹性特性不同程度均有降低,而不同翼梢装置对其影响又有所不同,可见,翼梢装置的设计在追求气动特性改善的同时必须关注其带来的结构特性的损失。     

Recent advance in nonlinear aeroelastic analysis and control of the aircraft

A review on the recent advance in nonlinear aeroelasticity of the aircraft is presented in this paper. The nonlinear aeroelastic problems are divided into three types based on different research objects, namely the two dimensional airfoil, the wing, and the full aircraft. Different non- linearities encountered in aeroelastic systems are discussed firstly, where the emphases is placed on new nonlinear model to describe tested nonlinear relationship. Research techniques, especially new theoretical methods and aeroelastic flutter control methods are investigated in detail. The route to chaos and the cause of chaotic motion of two-dimensional aeroelastic system are summarized. Var- ious structural modeling methods for the high-aspect-ratio wing with geometric nonlinearity are dis- cussed. Accordingly, aerodynamic modeling approaches have been developed for the aeroelastic modeling of nonlinear high-aspect-ratio wings. Nonlinear aeroelasticity about high-altitude long- endurance （HALE） and fight aircrafts are studied separately. Finally, conclusions and the chal- lenges of the development in nonlinear aeroelasticity are concluded. Nonlinear aeroelastic problems of morphing wing, energy harvesting, and flapping aircrafts are proposed as new directions in the future.     

Constrained adaptive neural network control of an MIMO aeroelastic system with input nonlinearities

A constrained adaptive neural network control scheme is proposed for a multi-input and multi-output (MIMO) aeroelastic system in the presence of wind gust, system uncertainties, and input nonlinearities consisting of input saturation and dead-zone. In regard to the input nonlinear-ities, the right inverse function block of the dead-zone is added before the input nonlinearities, which simplifies the input nonlinearities into an equivalent input saturation. To deal with the equiv-alent input saturation, an auxiliary error system is designed to compensate for the impact of the input saturation. Meanwhile, uncertainties in pitch stiffness, plunge stiffness, and pitch damping are all considered, and radial basis function neural networks (RBFNNs) are applied to approximate the system uncertainties. In combination with the designed auxiliary error system and the backstep-ping control technique, a constrained adaptive neural network controller is designed, and it is pro-ven that all the signals in the closed-loop system are semi-globally uniformly bounded via the Lyapunov stability analysis method. Finally, extensive digital simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme towards flutter suppression in spite of the integrated effects of wind gust, system uncertainties, and input nonlinearities.     

Control law design for transonic aeroservoelasticity

Existing computational transonic aeroservoelastic researches focus on directly coupling the structural dynamic equations, CFD solver and servo system in time domain, study the effect of the given feedback control laws on the responses of the aeroelastic system. These works have not involved the design of the flutter active control law. The non-linearity of transonic flow brings great difficulties to aeroservoelastic analysis and design. Recent research of the unsteady aerodynamic reduced order models (ROM) based on CFD provides a challenging approach for transonic aeroservoelastic analysis and design. Coupling the structural state equations with the aerodynamic state equations of the wing and the control surface based on the ROM, we construct a transonic aeroservoelastic model in state-space. Then the sub-optimal control method based on output feedback is used to design the flutter suppressing law. The study first demonstrates the open loop of the Benchmark Active Controls Technology (BACT) wing. The computational results of the CFD direct simulation method and the ROM analysis method are both agree well with the experimental data. Then both the closed loop time responses and the flutter results by ROM technique are compared with those of numerical aeroservoelastic simulation based on Euler codes to validate the correctness of the design method of the control law and aeroservoelastic analysis method. An increase of up to 20% of the speed index can be achieved by the control law designed by sub-optimal control method for this model.     

多控制面机翼阵风减缓主动控制与风洞试验验证

针对某大展弦比多控制面弹性机翼风洞模型,分别从频域和时域进行阵风响应分析和阵风响应减缓控制律设计.采用经典控制理论设计控制律,通过操纵位于0.6和0.8翼展处的内外侧控制面减小由正弦阵风引起的翼尖加速度(WTA).低频段的阵风减缓的数值分析与风洞试验结果均表明:多控制面的阵风减缓效果优于单控制面.当来流速度为14 m/s时,针对频率为2～5 Hz的阵风,采用多控制面得到的WTA减小10%～24%;当来流速度在8～16 m/s时,针对频率为2 Hz的正弦阵风,闭环状态下的翼尖加速度减小10%～40%;结构有限元模型与真实模型存在工程允许的误差导致理论与试验结果存在一定的误差.本文的工作对工程实际中采用阵风减缓技术具有参考价值.     

大后掠翼前缘涡对其颤振特性的影响

大迎角三角翼的前缘涡不仅可以改善其气动力特性,也会显著影响机翼的气动弹性特性.运用基于Euler方程的非定常气动力降阶模型(ROM)方法,耦合结构运动方程,在状态空间内建立了气动弹性分析模型,研究了70°削尖三角翼的大迎角颤振特性.研究结果显示前缘涡对该机翼颤振特性的影响不可忽略.颤振速度随迎角的增加而大幅降低,迎角α=20°时的颤振速度比α=0°时降低了22%.发现了颤振特性随迎角变化时出现的不连续现象,并揭示了该现象是由于系统颤振分支随着静态迎角的增加发生转移所致.     

基于CFD的机翼突风响应计算

利用网格速度理论,计算机翼在锐边突风和1-cos突风下的响应,研究气动非线性和自由度耦合对翼尖加速度和升力系数的影响.采用中心格式有限体积法进行空间离散,并用双时间推进法求解非定常Euler方程.计算了刚性(沉浮)和弹性机翼在锐边突风下的加速度响应,以及刚性机翼(沉浮+俯仰)在1-cos突风下的升力响应过程,并分别与片...