切尖三角翼极限环振荡的气动弹性模拟

 建立了高精度的气动弹性计算模型,对切尖三角翼风洞试验中的极限环振荡（LCO）现象进行数值模拟。结构部分引入大变形产生的几何非线性和塑性引起的材料非线性,气动部分采用Euler方程描述跨声速流动。结构/气动交界面精确匹配,并选取三维插值进行界面载荷传递。依据所建模型分析切尖三角翼的颤振和LCO,并与试验值进行比较。在小来流动压情况下,结构几何非线性引起了切尖三角翼的LCO,计算结果和试验值吻合较好。在大来流动压情况下,结构材料非线性导致了LCO幅值的急剧增大,其变化趋势与试验观察相符。研究结果显示,切尖三角翼的LCO不仅与结构几何非线性密切相关,而且受到结构材料非线性的显著影响。     

基于径向基函数的网格变形及非线性气动弹性时域仿真研究

为开展非线性气动弹性研究,基于非线性结构有限元软件NASTRAN和自主研制的多块结构化计算流体力学(CFD)求解器,开发了一套基于计算流体力学/计算结构动力学(CFD/CSD)耦合求解方法的气动弹性时域仿真程序.该程序采用径向基函数(RBF)交换两套求解器之间的数据并进行网格变形.为提高RBF方法的效率,构造了基于多次插值的空间待插值点精简算法.在多次插值过程中,每次插值的对象为上次插值的误差,并同时限制插值区域,以此实现了空间待插值网格数的精简.数个网格变形的算例表明该方法可支持大变形运动,并且具有较高的计算效率.采用此程序开展了AGARD 445.6机翼颤振计算、大展弦比机翼的静气动弹性计算与切尖三角翼极限环振荡(LCO)现象的动气动弹性仿真,结果揭示了当机翼展弦比较大或者响应幅值较大时,结构非线性对于气动弹性有显著影响.     

基于CFD/CSD耦合的跨声速非线性气动弹性研究

跨声速气动弹性数值数值模拟中,流场非线性特征明显,传统线化理论不再适用,需要采用时域方法,计算任意时刻的流场信息,进而得到正确的气动弹性现象。为AVICFD-X软件开发了气动弹性模块,该模块基于CFD/CSD(计算流体力学/计算结构力学)耦合模拟方法,包含流体、固体求解器以及交界面信息传输程序,在模块中分别求解流体控制方程和固体结果方程,通过界面进行流、固体之间的气动载荷以及运动状态等信息交换。AVICFD-X软件气动弹性模块数值模拟强迫振荡、静气弹、颤振等问题,验证气动弹性模块是否正确。数值模拟结果满足预期效果,与实验结果相吻合,充分说明了AVICFD-X软件气动弹性模块适用于跨声速非线性气动弹性研究。     

低雷诺数下二维翼型层流分离颤振特性

低雷诺数范围内的层流分离颤振现象伴随着强气动非线性和复杂的黏性效应,因此对该现象进行预测和分析具有很高的难度。层流分离颤振会显著地影响部分飞行生物和微型飞行器的飞行稳定性,所以有必要探究其触发和维持振动的机制,以便可以在飞行中抑制甚至避免该类型颤振的发生。采用非定常雷诺平均Navier-Stokes(RANS)方程和γ-Re_(θt)转捩模型对翼型表面的复杂黏性流动现象进行数值模拟,通过耦合结构运动方程,建立时域气动弹性分析方法,其中结构运动方程采用基于预估-校正技术的四阶隐式Adams线性多步法进行时域推进求解。采用该气动弹性分析方法对NACA0012翼型的层流分离颤振响应进行数值模拟,结果表明,该方法可以准确地模拟层流分离颤振现象。对不同湍流度下的层流分离颤振特性进行对比研究,结合瞬时流场结果分析,发现层流分离是触发和维持层流分离颤振的主要因素,高频的尾涡脱落仅增加了气动的非线性,而湍流对此类极限环振荡(LCO)具有一定程度的抑制作用。对比具有不同厚度和弯度的翼型的层流分离颤振响应,发现适当地减小翼型厚度或者增大翼型弯度可以抑制层流分离颤振。     

基于CFD技术的高效叶栅耦合颤振分析方法

为了考虑叶轮机叶片结构与流体之间的耦合效应,同时提高叶轮机颤振数值研究的效率,发展了一种基于非定常气动力降阶模型(ROM)的叶栅耦合颤振分析方法。该方法运用时域计算流体力学(CFD)技术计算少数几个叶片的非定常气动力,通过系统辨识及一些假设构建整个叶栅振动的非定常气动力降阶模型,并在状态空间耦合叶栅结构动力学方程建立叶栅气动弹性方程,采用特征值和时域仿真分析该系统稳定性。运用该降阶耦合方法对STCF4(Standard Test Configuration 4)以及NASA Rotor67叶栅系统的稳定性进行了计算。通过与直接计算流体力学/计算结构动力学(CFD/CSD)耦合方法和非耦合方法计算结果的比较验证了该方法的准确性,且该降价耦合方法的计算效率相对于直接CFD/CSD耦合方法提高了1~2个量级,为叶轮机气动弹性参数研究、失谐研究以及多模态耦合计算等提供了便利。     

一种CFD/CSD耦合计算方法

针对柔性大展弦比机翼气动弹性分析和主动弹性机翼(AAW)设计发展了一种计算流体动力学(CFD)和计算结构动力学(CSD)的耦合计算方法。其主要思想是采用在同一物理时间弱耦合求解CFD/CSD技术。气动力采用非定常N-S方程的双时间有限体积求解技术,结构响应则采用有限元数值求解技术。CFD和CSD耦合计算的边界信息(气动力和网格)由所设计的界面程序传输。网格信息传输采用守恒体积转换(CVT)方法将CSD计算结构响应位移插值到CFD网格点上。变形已有的CFD网格技术用以确定CFD的变形网格。以位移或载荷的迭代误差为判断耦合计算的收敛标准。最后得到了机翼在Ma=0.8395,α=5.06°时CFD/CSD耦合计算的收敛值。针对计算结果分析了机翼受静气动弹性过程中结构响应和气动特性随时间变化的效应。初步研究结果表明:这种弱耦合方法求解非线性气动弹性问题是可行的。     

大后掠翼前缘涡对其颤振特性的影响

大迎角三角翼的前缘涡不仅可以改善其气动力特性,也会显著影响机翼的气动弹性特性.运用基于Euler方程的非定常气动力降阶模型(ROM)方法,耦合结构运动方程,在状态空间内建立了气动弹性分析模型,研究了70°削尖三角翼的大迎角颤振特性.研究结果显示前缘涡对该机翼颤振特性的影响不可忽略.颤振速度随迎角的增加而大幅降低,迎角α=20°时的颤振速度比α=0°时降低了22%.发现了颤振特性随迎角变化时出现的不连续现象,并揭示了该现象是由于系统颤振分支随着静态迎角的增加发生转移所致.     

非线性壁板颤振分析

利用一种改进的计算流体力学与计算结构动力学(CFD/CSD)耦合方法研究了由气动和结构几何非线性引起的壁板颤振问题。在非定常气动力计算中,考虑了通量分裂格式、隐式时间推进方法和几何守恒律;二维和三维壁板的结构几何非线性建模则采用了有限元的协同旋转理论,并利用一种近似能量守恒算法求解结构的非线性响应。流场和结构求解器采用二阶松耦合方法联立求解,并将其应用于壁板在超声速、跨声速和亚声速的颤振计算中。当考虑结构几何非线性和气动非线性时,出现了典型的极限环振荡现象,并对颤振边界和极限环振荡幅度进行了对比分析。     

基于降阶模型的翼型颤振主动抑制研究

为了解决CFD/CSD计算效率低下的问题,基于气动力降阶模型建立开环气动弹性分析系统,耦合操纵面模态对应的气动状态空间方程,发展了一套伺服气动弹性分析系统,设计主动控制律从而进行二维翼型颤振抑制。结果表明,基于ROM计算的无量纲颤振速度准确性及精度高;使用开、闭环气弹系统时基于ROM和CFD分别仿真时域仿真结果吻合较好;基于ROM闭环气弹系统的NACA0012翼型气弹颤振边界比开环气弹系统提高了约20%。研究结果为有效抑制翼型颤振提供一种快速计算和设计方法。     

基于降阶模型的不同厚度翼型颤振边界预测

为了解决CFD/CSD计算效率低的问题,基于CFD技术,构造降阶的非定常气动力模型,并耦合结构运动方程,建立频域/时域气动弹性系统ROM,采用线性自回归滑动平均模型的系统辨识方法,分析了气动弹性系统的标准模型Isogai二维翼型的颤振边界。结果表明,在翼型最大厚度所在位置保持不变时,计算不同翼型厚度下对应的颤振边界得出,随着翼型厚度增加,跨声速凹坑逐渐左移。因此,当翼型最大厚度所在位置保持不变时,为了达到提高颤振速度的目标,通过采用该方法的计算结果来调整机翼翼型厚度,提高机翼对飞行环境的适应能力。     

基于CFD/CSD技术的压气机叶片流固耦合及颤振分析

针对叶片故障的原因颤振问题,基于计算流体动力学/计算结构力学(CFD/CSD)耦合算法,研究了压气机典型叶片的流固耦合(FSI)问题及颤振特性.使用有限体积法求解非定常三维Navier-Stokes方程和有限元法求解三维结构体模型,在两个求解器间由载荷转换、网格变形传递和同步化方法完成数据交换及求解.以高性能风扇NAS...     

Nonlinear Aeroelastic Response of High-aspect-ratio Flexible Wings

The aeroelastic analysis of high-altitude, long-endurance (HALE) aircraft that features high-aspect-ratio flexible wings needs take into account structural geometrical nonlinearities and dynamic stall. For a generic nonlinear aeroelastic system, besides the stability boundary, the characteristics of the limit-cycle oscillation (LCO) should also be accurately predicted. In order to conduct nonlinear aeroelastic analysis of high-aspect-ratio flexible wings, a first-order, state-space model is developed by combining a geometrically exact, nonlinear anisotropic beam model with nonlinear ONERA (Edlin) dynamic stall model. The present investigations focus on the initiation and sustaining mechanism of the LCO and the effects of flight speed and drag on aeroelastic behaviors. Numerical results indicate that structural geometrical nonlinearities could lead to the LCO without stall occurring. As flight speed increases, dynamic stall becomes dominant and the LCO increasingly complicated. Drag could be negligible for LCO type, but should be considered to exactly predict the onset speed of flutter or LCO of high-aspect-ratio flexible wings.     

基于CFD和CSM耦合的通用静气弹分析方法

提出了一种适用于有限元精细化建模的流固耦合插值点选择方法,通过RBF(径向基函数)方法实现流固耦合面的数据交换,实现了基于CFD/CSM(computational fluid dynamics/computational structural mechanics)耦合的通用非线性静气弹分析方法。以HIRENASD(high Reynolds number aero-structural dynamics)风洞试验模型为验证对象,数值结果很好地与风洞试验结构变形、气动压力分布吻合,验证了所发展非线性CFD/CSM耦合静气弹求解器的精度。详细研究了HIRENASD模型在大迎角(AOA)流动下的静气动弹性特性,以及该模型弹性变形对机翼气动特性影响规律。研究表明:HIRENASD弹性模型变形后其升力小于刚性模型;在小迎角范围内刚性、弹性模型升力差随迎角增大呈线性增长;当迎角大于4°后,升力差先减小后基本保持不变,呈非线性关系。      

Stall flutter prediction based on multi-layer GRU neural network

The modeling of dynamic stall aerodynamics is essential to stall flutter, due to the flow separation in a large-amplitude pitching oscillation process. A newly neural network based Reduced Order Model (ROM) framework for predicting the aerodynamic forces of an airfoil undergoing large-amplitude pitching oscillation at various velocities is presented in this work. First, the dynamic stall aerodynamics is calculated by solving RANS equations and the transitional SST-γ model. Afterwards, the stall flutter bifurcation behavior is calculated by the above CFD solver coupled with structural dynamic equation. The critical flutter speed and limit-cycle oscillation amplitudes are consistent with those obtained by experiments. A newly multi-layer Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) neural network based ROM is constructed to accelerate the calculation of aerodynamic forces. The training and validation process are carried out upon the unsteady aerodynamic data obtained by the proposed CFD method. The well-trained ROM is then coupled with the structure equation at a specific velocity, the Limit-Cycle Oscillation (LCO) of stall flutter under this flow condition is predicted precisely and more quickly. In order to predict both the critical flutter velocity and LCO amplitudes after bifurcation at different velocities, a new ROM with GRU neural network considering the variation of flow velocities is developed. The stall flutter results predicted by ROM agree well with the CFD ones at different velocities. Finally, a brief sensitivity analysis of two structural parameters of ROM is carried out. It infers the potential of the presented modeling method to depict the nonlinearity of dynamic stall and stall flutter phenomenon.     

Control law design for transonic aeroservoelasticity

Existing computational transonic aeroservoelastic researches focus on directly coupling the structural dynamic equations, CFD solver and servo system in time domain, study the effect of the given feedback control laws on the responses of the aeroelastic system. These works have not involved the design of the flutter active control law. The non-linearity of transonic flow brings great difficulties to aeroservoelastic analysis and design. Recent research of the unsteady aerodynamic reduced order models (ROM) based on CFD provides a challenging approach for transonic aeroservoelastic analysis and design. Coupling the structural state equations with the aerodynamic state equations of the wing and the control surface based on the ROM, we construct a transonic aeroservoelastic model in state-space. Then the sub-optimal control method based on output feedback is used to design the flutter suppressing law. The study first demonstrates the open loop of the Benchmark Active Controls Technology (BACT) wing. The computational results of the CFD direct simulation method and the ROM analysis method are both agree well with the experimental data. Then both the closed loop time responses and the flutter results by ROM technique are compared with those of numerical aeroservoelastic simulation based on Euler codes to validate the correctness of the design method of the control law and aeroservoelastic analysis method. An increase of up to 20% of the speed index can be achieved by the control law designed by sub-optimal control method for this model.     

Coupling fluid (CFD) and structural (FE) models using finite interpolation elements

In the field of aeroelasticity, interactions between elastic structures and fluid flow are investigated. Recently, numerical aeroelastic models have been built composing those of the combining fluid dynamics (CFD) and the computational structural dynamics (CSD) domains. Since the fluid and the structural models differ in their formulation and discretization, an interface model has to be introduced that represents the connectivity and physical interaction between the two single domain models. In the following, a scheme for coupling fluid (CFD) and structural models (FE) in space is presented which is based on finite interpolation elements. It is applied to static aeroelastic problems, in order to predict the equilibrium of elastic wing models in transonic fluid flow. The structure is represented by finite elements and the related equations are solved using commercial FE analysis codes. The transonic fluid flow is described by the three-dimensional Euler equations, solved by an upwind scheme procedure. The resulting coupled field problem containing the fluid and the structural state equations, is solved by applying a partitioned solution procedure. In each solution step the interface and boundary conditions are exchanged and updated. Here, a fixed-point iteration scheme is used for the coupled aeroelastic equations.     

Aeroelastic prediction and analysis for a transonic fan rotor with the “hot” blade shape

This paper focuses on aeroelastic prediction and analysis for a transonic fan rotor with only its “hot” (running) blade shape available, which is often the case in practical engineering such as in the design stage. Based on an in-house and well-validated CFD solver and a hybrid structural finite element modeling/modal approach, three main aspects are considered with special emphasis on dealing with the “hot” blade shape. First, static aeroelastic analysis is presented for shape transformation between “cold” (manufacturing) and “hot” blades, and influence of the dynamic variation of “hot” shape on evaluated aerodynamic performance is investigated. Second, implementation of the energy method for flutter prediction is given and both a regularly used fixed “hot” shape and a variable “hot” shape are considered. Through comparison, influence of the dynamic variation of “hot” shape on evaluated aeroelastic stability is also investigated. Third, another common way to predict flutter, time-domain method, is used for the same concerned case, from which the predicted flutter characteristics are compared with those from the energy method. A well-publicized axial-flow transonic fan rotor, Rotor 67, is selected as a typical example, and the corresponding numerical results and discussions are presented in detail.     

Static aeroelastic analysis including geometric nonlinearities based on reduced order model

This paper describes a method proposed for modeling large deflection of aircraft in non-linear aeroelastic analysis by developing reduced order model (ROM). The method is applied for solving the static aeroelastic and static aeroelastic trim problems of flexible aircraft containing geo-metric nonlinearities; meanwhile, the non-planar effects of aerodynamics and follower force effect have been considered. ROMs are computational inexpensive mathematical representations com-pared to traditional nonlinear finite element method (FEM) especially in aeroelastic solutions. The approach for structure modeling presented here is on the basis of combined modal/finite ele-ment (MFE) method that characterizes the stiffness nonlinearities and we apply that structure mod-eling method as ROM to aeroelastic analysis. Moreover, the non-planar aerodynamic force is computed by the non-planar vortex lattice method (VLM). Structure and aerodynamics can be cou-pled with the surface spline method. The results show that both of the static aeroelastic analysis and trim analysis of aircraft based on structure ROM can achieve a good agreement compared to anal-ysis based on the FEM and experimental result.