Impact Potential of New Power Electronic Technologies

New technological advances in the area of power electronics are having an increasing impact on the design of aerospace control systems. These next generation power components promise improved system performance through increased electronic efficiencies. Applying state-of-the-art packaging concepts as an integral part of the system design will allow these devices to be utilized in a space efficient and reliable manner. The first portion of this paper looks at two such next generation components. The first is a High Voltage Integrated Circuit (HVIC) that provides a bridge between the low voltage controller logic and the high voltage motor winding invertor. This device achieves size reduction and an increase in reliability through integration of low and high voltage logic networks on a single integrated circuit. The second is the Insulated Gate Transistor (IGT). This device provides a high voltage switch with MOS-like drive characteristics. The present and future expectations of these power devices are discussed. This paper then looks at new packaging techniques for power devices. The impact of parasitic circuit effects have significant impact on power circuit performance. Finally, this paper looks at an example control application. The design is that of a permanent magnet motor driven actuator. The drive motor uses 270 vdc for supply voltage. Within the intelligent system controller, is the capability to control the current demands of the motor. The new power electronics devices are making the design feasible in both thermal and volume efficiency. This topic includes projected controller sizing into the 1990s.     

Recent active thermal management technologies for the development of energy-optimized aerospace vehicles in China

Recently, the development of modern vehicles has brought about aggressive integration and miniaturization of on-board electrical and electronic devices. It will lead to exponential growth in both the overall waste heat and heat flux to be dissipated to maintain the devices within a safe temperature range. However, both the total heat sinks aboard and the cooling capacity of currently utilized thermal control strategy are severely limited, which threatens the lifetime of the on-board equipment and even the entire flight system and shrink the vehicle’s flight time and range. Facing these thermal challenges, the USA proposed the program of “INVENT” to maximize utilities of the available heat sinks and enhance the cooling ability of thermal control strategies. Following the efforts done by the USA researchers, scientists in China fought their ways to develop thermal management technologies for Chinese advanced energy-optimized airplanes and spacecraft. This paper elaborates the available on-board heat sinks and aerospace thermal management systems using both active and passive technologies not confined to the technology in China. Subsequently, active thermal management technologies in China including fuel thermal management system, environment control system, non-fuel liquid cooling strategy are reviewed. At last, space thermal control technologies used in Chinese Space Station and Chang’e-3 and to be used in Chang’e-5 are introduced. Key issues to be solved are also identified, which could facilitate the development of aerospace thermal control techniques across the world.     

民用飞机第23.867条款要求及适航审定研究

随着越来越多先进复合材料应用在民用飞机上以及民用飞机上使用的电子电气设备重要度和集成度越来越高,飞机的闪电防护设计越来越重要。CCAR-23第23.867条对民用飞机机体结构闪电直接效应防护进行了规定。研究了该条款的制定和修订的背景和历程,明确了条款的实质要求。23部飞机的使用用途和设计特点使得23部飞机的闪电防护设计和符合性验证也有自己的特点,为此,重点研究了23.867条款的基本设计、审定步骤和审查关注要素等,梳理出了飞机机体结构的闪电直接效应防护设计和适航审定的基本流程,给出了可接受的符合性方法,提出了23部飞机闪电直接效应防护设计、审定各流程的主要工作、可指导或可参考的文件、重点关注要素和技术审查要点,为民用飞机的闪电直接效应防护的设计和适航审定提供了参考。     

Bipolar nickel-metal hydride batteries for aerospace applications

Electro Energy Inc. (EEI) is developing high power, long life, bipolar nickel-metal hydride batteries for aerospace applications. Bipolar nickel-metal hydride designs allow for high energy and high power designs with a 25 percent reduction in both weight and volume as compared to prismatic and/or cylindrical Ni-MH designs. Utilizing a sealed wafer cell design EEI has demonstrated a 1.2 kW/kg power capability. Prototype designs have achieved 70 Wh/kg. Designs studies show 80 Wh/kg are achievable with EEI's state-of-the-art technology. The sealed wafer cell is the building block for EEI's high power and high voltage bipolar batteries making the assembly easy and significantly lower in cost. Satellite and aircraft batteries are being developed which provide high power and long life. Sealed cells now show excellent rate capability and life. Cells tested in a low earth orbit (LEO) cycle have reached 9000 cycles and continue on test. High power, bipolar battery designs are ideal in applications where using conventional aerospace battery technology would require excessive capacity; weight and volume, thereby reducing usable payload on the vehicle     

航天智能控制技术让运载火箭“会学习”

高可靠和智能化是未来智能航天器的主要特点,本文聚焦航天器高可靠、智能化的发展需求。梳理了中国运载火箭从无到有、从有到全的发展历程,提出了航天智能技术从航天器的可靠性做起,航天器的可靠性从航天智能控制做起,航天智能控制从"会学习"的火箭做起。围绕航天智能控制技术如何使运载火箭"会学习"的发展架构,进一步探索了"边飞边学"和"终身学习"智能控制技术的理论研究和应用现状,支撑中国"会学习"运载火箭高可靠和智能化的发展。     

Spacecraft engineering and research at Saint Louis University

Parks College of Engineering and Aviation of Saint Louis University [1i] has a tradition of offering an outstanding aerospace engineering education to prepare students at the undergraduate and graduate level for careers in commercial aviation, defense systems, and space systems fields. Courses are offered across the engineering spectrum (aerospace, electrical and computer engineering, and physics departments) ranging from an introduction to aerospace engineering to spacecraft design, spacecraft communications, and space physics. Students participate in courses that include orbital mechanics, space dynamics, spacecraft engineering, and space systems. Senior capstone project work is also included. A separate Astronautics Engineering track as well as a Minor in Space Systems Engineering for non-aerospace engineering students is currently being developed. A, number of student-driven space systems projects are in process that involve design, development, and test of small satellites similar to those recently highlighted in the March 2009 Systems article entitled The First one Hundred University-Class Spacecraft 1981 - 2008. Reference [4] identifies student spacecraft launched over the past 27 years.     

小型无人机发电系统的研制

本文介绍了一种适用于无人机的专用电源系统的设计方案,该方案由永磁同步发电机和宽电压输入范围的电源变换/调节装置组成.该方案具有系统结构简单、可靠性高、电源品质高和转速范围宽的优点,并对电源系统进行了实验验证,实验结果和理论分析一致.     

A Comparison of Solar-Cell and Battery-Type Power System for Spacecraft

The electrical power systems of orbiting unmanned spacecraft generally consist of energy-conversion devices in combination with energy-storage and conditioning components. The development of efficient pulse-duration modulation regulators suggests configurations smaller, lighter, and cheaper than conventional dissipative voltage regulators. These savings may or may not be realizable, depending upon the system reliability design goal and amount of redundancy required to meet the goal. Three spacecraft electrical power systems, each containing a solar-cell energy converter and using different voltage regulation schemes, are compared for a common mission specification. Each system is made to meet a given reliability goal by a technique that adds redundant components in a manner that minimizes a system design characteristic such as weight. The reliability design goal is kept constant as mission length is increased, permitting system comparison in terms of weight and cost as a function of time.     

Simulating Electrical Faults within Future Aircraft Networks

There is a growing need for accurate and time efficient modelling of electrical distribution networks within the aerospace industry, for which power electronic converters are an integral part. Simplifying converter models is necessary to improve simulation execution times, however many existing techniques do not necessarily give accurate results for all types of system level studies. This paper describes an alternative modelling approach to these, which provides accurate results and reduced simulation times for studies of electrical fault analyses.     

Introduction [A century of powered flight:1903-2003]

The term Avionics is used loosely to identify that electronic equipment necessary to fly an aircraft. The term is nearly 50 years old with origins in military electronics. With the increasing dependence of aviation on electronics the amount of equipment that falls into this category has skyrocketed. This issue is intended to commemorate the Wright Brothers' Centennial of Powered Flight. It emphasizes aviation-related electrical/electronic advances for the years 1903 to 1953. The following paragraphs highlight some of the major topics discussed in this special issue.     

民用飞机辅助动力装置起动电气系统研究

辅助动力装置系统的主要作用是为飞机在地面和空中提供备用电源并为发动机起动及环控系统提供气源。起动系统作为辅助动力装置系统的重要组成部分,是保证APU正常工作的前提条件。对辅助动力装置起动系统几个典型构型的电气原理和电气接口进行了介绍和分析,并通过对各种电气设计的对比,分析得出民用飞机在辅助动力装置起动系统电气设计上的发展方向,为民用飞机辅助动力装置起动系统设计方案的选择提供参考和借鉴     

Electrical power distribution on space based radar satellites

The radar payload on a space-based radar (SBR) satellite could require tens of kilowatts of power distributed to many small loads over a large area. This poses special problems for the power distribution and control system (PDCS). A study that examined the power requirements of an SBR spacecraft is reported. A baseline prime power system, generating about 30 kW, was derived. The proposed distribution network would transmit 240 V at 20 kHz. The voltage would be downconverted in one converter for about 100 transmit/receive modules. The design considerations are discussed, and the baseline PDCS is described     

便携式计算机电源的系统适应性研究

从便携式计算机的电源能否接在飞机电源系统这个实际问题出发．研究了便携式电子设备的电源及其充电器的适应性问题。首先根据整流理论进行了适应性论证，然后进行了计算机电源在400Hz频率系统的空载和加载试验，理论分析及试验数据结果表明，这种装置对400Hz电源系统是适应的，输出参数符合原设计要求．没有发热、振动等不良现象，可以使用。因此在新设计的飞机上，供旅客使用的电源，不必专门提供工频电源系统接口。     

High Voltage/High Power for Airborne Applications

The Air Force has requirements for large amounts of electrical power at high voltage (up to hundreds of kilovolts) for certain airborne applications. Because of the severe weight and volume constraints, these systems cannot be realized using conventional technology. The Air Force, therefore, has been heavily involved in the development of lightweight power generation and conditioning equipment. Programs have been undertaken to reduce the weight of rotating machines, transformers, switches, inverters, and capacitors. The advances made in these areas are described, and some aspects of the use of these components in the design of lightweight systems are discussed.     

电子设备故障预测与健康管理技术发展新动态

电子设备是各类航空、航天等高新技术装备必不可少的重要组成部分。与机械类设备存在明显退化状态征兆不同，电子设备退化状态无明显的外在表现，尚无有效征兆对其状态进行刻画，对其进行故障预测与健康管理存在一定的困难。针对该问题，梳理了电子设备故障预测与健康管理技术的基本概念和内涵，介绍了电子设备故障预测与健康管理技术的国内外研究现状，分析了当前复杂电子设备故障预测与健康管理技术面临的挑战和对策。在此基础上，结合未来复杂电子设备新特点及该领域最新研究进展，从基于间歇故障特征的健康状态表征、面向故障预测与健康管理的测试性设计和多源特征融合的健康状态评估等方面，提出了电子设备故障预测与健康管理技术发展的新方向。     

Multifunctional structures technology experiment on Deep Space 1Mission

Lockheed Martin Astronautics has developed the Multifunctional Structure (MFS) concept as a new system for spacecraft design that eliminates chassis, cables, connectors and folds the electronics into the walls of the spacecraft. Concurrent engineering will be essential to integrate the electronic, structure, and thermal design. Design methodologies are in work to manage all power, grounding and shielding concerns. The MFS approach offers significant savings in mass and volume and supports the “faster-better-cheaper” philosophy in new spacecraft programs. The technology will be demonstrated as an experiment on the New Millenium Program Deep Space 1 (DS 1) mission     

某型发电机模拟源的设计与应用

介绍了一种基于ICL8038芯片的飞行器发电机模拟源设计方法,该模拟源可模拟飞行器发动机开车时发电机和永磁机产生的交流电,且电压和频率可调,解决了飞行器在地面无须发动机开车即可对电子设备实施自检测所需的电源问题,可作为飞行器发动机启动系统和其他机载电子设备原位检测系统的电源。     

飞行管理计算机系统双计算机主从结构的运行

本文先叙述了飞行管理计算机系统在我国目前民航飞机上的配备情况,说明了系统在飞机上的余度配置。装有两套飞行管理计算机系统的飞机上,为了协调工作,要区分为“主”和“从”系统。分析了“主”“从”系统在工作中的区别以及如何确定“主”或“从”系统的布局,最后说明在工作中如何进行故障检测,一旦某台设备失效,如何使系统重组以恢复正常工作。     

In this issue technically: 12th DASC report-our archaic airtransport control: What can be done?

Commercial airplanes in the Fiji archipelago fly straight from take-off to their destination, using global-positioning-satellite (GPS) receivers. So can general-aviation airplanes in the United States. Commercial airplanes on U.S. transcontinental routes fly dog-legs from city to city. An airplane flying across the Atlantic occupies an exclusive 10,000-cubic-mile moving box. These practices, plus waiting for take-off and landing opportunities, cost United Airlines $2 billion a year. The available USAF flight-management technology is reviewed to see what can be adapted for use in management of the commercial air-space. The problems and plans for implementing a seamless world-wide flight management system, are examined     

供电系统的干扰模式及抑制措施

供电系统的电磁干扰主要由发电机噪声、整流谐波、开关频率和它的谐波,以及在开关转换中高速电流和电压的瞬变所引起,这些干扰可通过传导和辐射的方式直接影响交流电网和用电设备。所以,本文所要讨论的主要问题就是电磁干扰的解决方法。