合成射流控制主流矢量的发展过程

合成射流激励器射流矢量控制具有对吸气式发动机进气道出流和发动机喷管流动进行矢量控制的潜力。通过对四种不同出口构型合成射流激励器控制主流矢量偏转的数值模拟和分析,对合成射流控制主流矢量的发展过程进行了研究。结果表明:合成射流控制主流矢量的发展过程可分为三个不同阶段,第一阶段,在主流通道内,激励器工作引起的主流通道压强梯度形成的侧向力致偏主流,在出口处主流矢量偏转Ⅰ;第二阶段,在主流出口附近,合成射流对主流的卷吸作用和引射作用,致偏主流Ⅱ;第三阶段,在出口下游,合成射流与主流自由剪切层发生相互耦合作用,致偏Ⅲ。因此,主射流最终偏转角度是其在经历三个不同阶段时受到的合成射流致偏作用之和,即=Ⅰ+Ⅱ+Ⅲ。     

喷管加装小突片强化射流混合的PIV测量

在常温、超声速流动状态下,采用PIV技术定量测量了收敛喷管和收扩喷管加装小突片时射流纵截面的速度场和涡量场,并对其速度场和涡量场进行了比较。结果表明,对于收扩喷管,虽然其速度边界层厚度明显大于收敛喷管,但加装小突片结构也能够明显的强化射流的混合。并且发现,小突片结构不仅能产生流向涡,而且对周向涡有明显的强化作用。     

零质量自耦合射流控制喷流矢量实验

以压电陶瓷振为激振源的自耦合射流激发器,在发射孔产生一系列平均质量流率为零的涡环,对垂直布置的主流产生复杂的相互作用,使主流实现矢量偏转。研究了自耦合射流激发器自身机理和自耦合射流使主流实现矢量偏转的实验,在实验条件下,自耦合射流使20m s流速的主流产生了最大17°的矢量偏转。     

Relativistic MHD Simulations of Jets with Toroidal Magnetic Fields

This paper presents an application of the recent relativistic HLLC approximate Riemann solver by Mignone & Bodo to magnetized flows with vanishing normal component of the magnetic field. The numerical scheme is validated in two dimensions by investigating the propagation of axisymmetric jets with toroidal magnetic fields. The selected jet models show that the HLLC solver yields sharper resolution of contact and shear waves and better convergence properties over the traditional HLL approach.     

孔壁通透率对平面附壁射流的影响

本文研究了不同壁面通透率对平面附壁射流动态特性的影响。实验结果表明孔壁减弱、甚至消除了流场中的低频摆动现象。随着孔壁通透率的增加,射流时均附壁点向下游逐渐移动,射流和壁面之间的回流区长度逐渐增大,而射流内侧剪切层内的涡旋与壁面之间的相互作用减小,壁面压强脉动强度变小,附壁射流的动态特性逐渐向自由射流转化。当孔壁通透率为40％左右时,射流与二维平面自由射流类似。距离射流出口不同位置上的壁面脉动压强之间的互谱表明,当孔壁通透率增大以后,射流内侧剪切层中的旋涡向下游传播距离变得更长,传播速度加快,这说明低孔壁通透率情况下的附壁射流中存在的低频摆动现象阻碍了剪切层高频旋涡向下游的发展。     

喷流对飞机尾流涡影响的试验研究

飞机产生的尾流涡,特别是大尺度的翼尖涡,对尾随其后的飞行器是非常有害的,本文旨在探索利用飞机发动机产生的喷流加速尾流涡消亡的方法。试验采用简化的飞机模型(有尾翼),建立了包含一对翼尖涡及一对反向旋转的尾翼涡(通过以负迎角安装尾翼得到)的4涡尾流系统。在无外来扰动的情况下,不同的尾翼设置下得到的尾翼涡对翼尖涡的作用效果不同,有的能导致翼尖涡提前消亡,有的则不能。考察了不同强度的喷流对不同4涡尾流系统的影响,且作为对比,对无尾翼(2涡系统)及无喷流下的各种情况也分别作了观测。试验在拖曳水槽中进行,运用体视粒子图像测速(SPIV)技术,观测了与模型拖曳方向垂直的、从机翼后缘到下游约45翼展间均布的一系列切面。结果表明:当喷流直接作用于涡时,其效果主要取决于两者之间的初始距离及相对强度;而当喷流作用于整个4涡尾流系统时,其引入的扰动对不同的系统均能起到一定程度的改善作用,这种作用的关键在于利用喷流优化对翼尖涡进行扰动的机制,而不仅仅取决于喷流的强度。     

支板喷射超声速湍流燃烧的大涡模拟

为了发展可行的超声速湍流燃烧大涡模拟方法,将设定型PDF(Probability Density Function)模型与LES(Large Eddy Simulation)相结合以封闭亚格子湍流-燃烧相互作用,并将模型用于支板喷射超声速湍流燃烧流场的数值模拟。分别对冷流及燃烧流场进行了模拟,计算结果与实验测量符合较好,表明了所采用方法及模型的可行性。冷流条件下,大尺度湍流涡通过卷吸、拉伸运动主导支板尾迹区的近场混合,并通过破碎过程影响远场混合。燃烧条件下,回流区尺度扩大,剪切层中形成的高温燃烧产物通过大涡卷吸以及回流区末端对流作用进入回流区并与其中的燃料喷流相互作用,使部分燃料预热升温并进入回流区两侧剪切层与主流空气混合、燃烧,从而实现火焰稳定。在薄反应剪切层及大尺度反应涡的边界区域,LES网格不足以直接求解湍流与燃烧的相互作用,PDF模型给出了较强的亚格子脉动。     

二维射流的稳定性分析与流动控制

本文在绝对／对流不稳定性的理论框架下，对二维射流的稳定性进行了数值分析。研究表明射流流场各局部剖面是对流不稳定的，不会产生整体失稳，射流频率由流场中最大增长的不稳定频率确定。将一ＮＡＣＡ０１２翼型放置于射流势流核心区中，改变翼型的偏转角度θ，可使射流剪切层频率与翼型尾流频率发生共振，整个流场产生自激振荡，加强了射流与外界流场和混合，并使射流发生矢量偏转。     

Vortex dynamics and entropy generation in separated transitional flow over a compressor blade at various incidence angles

The transition process within a Laminar Separation Bubble（LSB） that formed on a compressor blade surface was investigated using Large Eddy Simulations（LESs） at a Reynolds number of 1.5×10⁵ and incidence angles of 0°,+3°,and+5°.The vortex dynamics in the separated shear layers were compared at various incidence angles and its effects on the loss generation were clarified through entropy analysis.Results showed that transition onset,which was accurately identified by the Linear Stabilit...     

火花型激励合成射流瞬时流场测试

采用粒子图像测速仪(PIV)相位锁定采样方法对一个特定结构的火花型合成射流的非定常流场进行了实验测量，得到了火花型合成射流形成的涡对在外场的发展过程；同时采用热线风速仪对喷孔下游固定位置的瞬时速度进行了测试，对火花型合成射流激励参数(放电器储能、激励频率)的影响进行了初步的对比分析。结果表明:合成射流在孔口喷射初期呈现球面扩散状，在发展过程中不断剪切和卷吸外部气流，形成一系列旋向相反的涡串；合成射流的最大瞬时峰值法向速度出现在放电后大约005T时刻，随后其作用范围迅速扩大，瞬时峰值速度和涡量逐渐降低。在该激励器结构参数和激励参数范围内，合成射流随激励频率和放电器储能的增大而有所增加。      

亚声速旋拧射流噪声中的温度效应

采用大涡模拟（LES）方法模拟亚声速旋拧射流,着重考察温度效应对旋拧射流近场流动演化过程、湍流脉动空间发展和远场噪声的影响。线性稳定性分析表明,旋拧射流中提高射流中心温度会增加剪切层的扰动增长率;数值结果显示,加热会促进剪切层中大尺度结构的产生及相互作用,促使流动更快进入湍流状态,并缩短射流势核区的长度。在初始层流发展阶段,加热会提高中心线上的流向速度脉动峰值,但是对剪切层中的流向速度脉动峰值几乎没有影响;在湍流发展阶段,提高射流中心温度会提高流向速度脉动衰减率,并降低脉动幅值。此外,在非等温射流中,密度脉动幅值要远高于等温射流。在30°方位角附近,等温射流的总声压级幅值最高,冷射流的噪声幅值最低。方位角大于50°时,加热使总声压级降低,且随着方位角幅值的增大,降低越明显;而冷却则会提高总的声压级幅值。     

Separation control on NACA23012 using synthetic jet

A numerical study of separation control has been made to investigate aerodynamic characteristics of NACA23012 airfoil with synthetic jets. Computed results demonstrated that stall characteristics and control surface performance could be substantially improved by resizing separation vortices. The maximum lift was obtained when the separation point coincides with the synthetic jet location and the non-dimensional frequency is about 1. In addition, separation control effect was proportional to the peak velocity of the synthetic jet. It was observed that the actual flow control mechanism and flow structure is fundamentally different depending on the range of synthetic jet frequency. For low frequency range, small vortices due to synthetic jet penetrated to the large leading edge separation vortex, and as a result, the size of the leading edge vortex was remarkably reduced. For high frequency range, however, small vortex did not grow up enough to penetrate into the leading edge separation vortex. Instead, synthetic jet firmly attached the local flow and influenced the circulation of the virtual airfoil shape which is the combined shape of the main airfoil with the separation vortex. As a way to reduce the jet peak velocity, performance of a multi-array synthetic jet was investigated. Moreover, a high frequency multi-location synthetic jet was exploited to efficiently eliminate the unstable flow structure which was observed in low frequency range. Finally, by changing the phase angle in multi-location synthetic jets, highly controlled flow characteristics could be obtained with multi-array/multi-location synthetic jets. This shows efficiency of the current approach in separation control using synthetic jet.     

贫燃预混旋流火焰PIV和OH-PLIF瞬态同步测量

为了研究贫燃预混旋流火焰流场与火焰结构特性,设计了强受限预混旋流燃烧器,搭建了PIV(粒子图像测速)和OH-PLIF(平面激光诱导荧光)瞬态同步测量系统。针对典型贫燃工况开展了瞬态同步测量研究,获得了多个截面的瞬态和时均流场速度和OH分布信息。研究表明:低当量比不稳定燃烧工况下,伴随着角涡回火现象,燃烧室底部角落存在明显火焰反应区;由于旋流拉扯效应导致OH分布结构边缘产生褶皱,并出现多个OH“孤岛”;旋流火焰外沿位于喷嘴射流的内侧剪切层;增加当量比,火焰流场结构与反应区分布与低当量比类似,但燃烧更稳定,火焰高度有所增加;内部回流区的经典双涡结构分裂为多个旋涡,存在旋涡进动、破碎的现象。     

Evolution of wall flow structure and measurement of shear stress issuing from supersonic jet with extended shelf

This paper reports an experimental study on the supersonic jet surface flow structure visualization and shear stress field measurement issuing from a rectangular nozzle with extended shelf. The evolution of the near-field surface flow structures with an increased Nozzle Pressure Ratio (NPR) is successfully captured by the surface oil flow, infrared detection technology, and the Shear-Sensitive Liquid Crystal Coating (SSLCC) technique. Results reveal that under smaller NPR, the wall flow structure is similar to that of a jet without the extended shelf i.e., clean jets, and this is caused by insufficient effect on the boundary layer. However, at higher amplitudes of NPR, there exists a significant effect of the boundary layer, as a near triangular separation forms on the trailing edge of the Mach stem due to the adverse pressure gradient, which is visualized for the very first time in this paper. Furthermore, the vector field of shear stress is measured quantitatively by SSLCC technique. Results shows that the magnitude of shear stress heightened with NPR increasing, and the directions of shear stress changes across the shock wave and expansion fans. In addition, surface streamlines measured by SSLCC is significantly consistent with the streamlines visualized using the oil flow technique.     

CONTROL OF TWO DIMENSIONAL JETS USING MINIATURE ZERO MASS FLUX JETS

Zero mass flux jets, synthesized by acoustic actuators, have been used for the purpose of jet mixing enhancement and jet vectoring. Zero mass flux jets composed of entirely entrained fluid allow momentum transfer into the embedding flow. In the present experiments, miniature-scale high aspect ratio actuator jets are placed along the long sides and near the exit plane of a primary two-dimensional jet. In different modes, the primary jet can be vectored either towards or away from the actuator jets and the jet mixing is enhanced. The disturbance of the excitation frequency is developed while the unstable frequency of the primary jet is completely suppressed.     

空气涡流器的机理实验

 本文首先用实验表明了空气涡流器可以改善未分离和分离的附面层,其效果可与金属涡流器相比美。而后用荧光微丝法找到空气涡流器后的涡,并找出了涡的轨迹与强度随射流速比、射流侧射角等的变化情况。最后通过水洞中的观察,初步弄清了空气涡流器涡的形成的机理。本文对空气涡流器的设计理论基础进行了一一些探索。     

Parametric analyses for synthetic jet control on separation and stall over rotor airfoil

Numerical simulations are performed to investigate the effects of synthetic jet control on separation and stall over rotor airfoils. The preconditioned and unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations coupled with a k x shear stream transport turbulence model are employed to accomplish the flowfield simulation of rotor airfoils under jet control. Additionally,a velocity boundary condition modeled by a sinusoidal function is developed to fulfill the perturbation effect of periodic jets. The validity of the present CFD procedure is evaluated by the simulated results of an isolated synthetic jet and the jet control case for airfoil NACA0015. Then, parametric analyses are conducted specifically for an OA213 rotor airfoil to investigate the effects of jet parameters(forcing frequency, jet location and momentum coefficient, jet direction, and distribution of jet arrays) on the control effect of the aerodynamic characteristics of a rotor airfoil. Preliminary results indicate that the efficiency of jet control can be improved with specific frequencies(the best lift-drag ratio at F+= 2.0) and jet angles(40 or 75) when the jets are located near the separation point of the rotor airfoil. Furthermore, as a result of a suitable combination of jet arrays, the lift coefficient of the airfoil can be improved by nearly 100%, and the corresponding drag coefficient decreased by26.5% in comparison with the single point control case.     

The effects of pulse frequency and duty cycle on the skin friction downstream of pulsed jet vortex generators in an adverse pressure gradient turbulent boundary layer

An investigation on the viability of pulsed jets as active vortex generator devices was conducted. The devices were installed and tested on an adverse pressure gradient turbulent boundary layer designed to simulate the suction side of a conventional aircraft wing. Both co-rotating and counter-rotating jet geometries were used. The duty cycle and frequency of pulsation were varied and their effects were investigated by measuring the skin friction gains at a predefined location (the location of the minimum skin friction for the un-actuated situation) on the adverse pressure gradient turbulent boundary layer. Pulsing the jets proved to be successful in increasing the wall skin friction and therefore potentially delaying separation. The improvements in wall shear stress were approximately proportional to the duty cycle. The frequency of jet pulsation was found to be important for attaining optimal gains, however no clear relationship between frequency and shear stress gain was observed. Phase averaged wall shear stress measurements far downstream of actuation indicate that quasi-steady structures are introduced by the vortex generators when actuating with a sufficiently high pulse frequency. In this situation interactions between successive structures produced by the jets were likely to be occurring.     

波瓣混合器涡系结构及射流掺混机理的数值研究

借助流体力学软件ANSYS CFX,对波瓣混合器射流掺混流场进行了全三维定常数值模拟,研究了流场中各涡系结构的形成机理及发展过程,并详细探讨了其加速射流掺混过程的作用机制.结果表明:基于SST(shear stress transport)模型的封闭N-S方程能较好地模拟波瓣混合器射流掺混过程,波瓣特殊几何外形诱导产生的流向涡主要通过扭曲内外涵交界面的间接方式加速射流掺混过程,波瓣下游剪切层中K-H(Kelvin-Helmholtz)不稳定性发展而成的正交涡是直接加速射流掺混的关键因素,波谷附近二次流之间的相互作用所产生的通道涡对该区域内的射流掺混有明显的加速作用,受波瓣前缘切割的边界层在径向压力梯度作用下沿波瓣表面卷起而形成的马蹄涡对射流掺混的影响不是特别明显.