结合双向法则的松弛迭代粒子追踪测速法

在分析基于松弛迭代的粒子追踪测速法(relaxation method based particle tracking veloci metry,简称RMPTV)原理基础上指出其计算"孤粒子无匹配"的缺陷,并提出解决此问题的双向法则。对若干自定义流场图像对中第二帧图像实施点抹除和点添加来分别模拟"粒子无匹配"和噪音点,分别运用单向及包含双向法则的RM-PTV计算其粒子匹配,通过对匹配准确率η的分析发现:单向RM-PTV抗噪能力较强,但受"孤粒子无匹配"影响严重;而双向RM-PTV则能在保持单向算法的优点下准确地计算孤粒子无匹配问题。以空间率Pv=21.845的旋转流场为例:尽管噪音百分比μa的变化对准确率η无甚影响,但无匹配孤粒子百分比μd达到30%时,单向算法准确率降至80%左右;而采用双向算法,即使μa、μd值均为30%,η仍保持在95%。最后通过对标准自定义流场图像的粒子匹配计算再次验证了双向法则去除伪逻辑匹配的可靠性。     

三角嵌铺粒子追踪算法的三维化扩展

针对连续帧三维流场粒子的匹配问题,对基于三角嵌铺的粒子追踪算法进行了三维化扩展并将其命名为3DT PTV。3DT PTV遵循从粒子样型匹配到粒子匹配的原则,即粒子匹配结果从粒子样型匹配结果中总结。首先通过自定义"粒子样型DT网格"实现了粒子样型匹配的参数无依赖性,使3DT PTV适用于粒子非均匀分布流场;其次通过自定义"样型唯一性标识向量"进行粒子样型匹配;最终通过"双向计算-概率择优"模块对样型匹配结果进行样本扩展并整合出粒子匹配。通过添加自定义干扰的JPIV人工流场对3DT PTV进行了检验。除了算法本身的简洁性,结果亦证明了3DT PTV处理粒子无匹配率较高的复杂流动的良好特性。     

喷管流场V3V试验示踪粒子特性研究

采用体3维测试系统(V3V)试验研究了拉伐尔喷管出口的速度场。为了选择适合V3V试验测量气流流场的示踪粒子,对3种不同物理属性的固体微粒进行测试分析,结果表明:二氧化钛粒径为5～10μm,对于激光散射性太差,粒子亮度较弱,在V3V处理软件识别时粒子匹配不成功;滑石粉和聚苯乙烯的粒径分别为20～25μm和30～35μm,在V3V软件处理4副图片时的粒子匹配率分别为30%和40%,试验得到的速度场与理论计算值误差分别约为2%和5%。     

全内反射测速技术（TIRV）中界面隐失波基准光强I_0的确定

基于隐失波全内反射的测速技术TIRV（Total internal reflection velocimetry）是微纳流动中测量壁面附近几百纳米范围内速度的有效方法。隐失波的光强分布I（z）随离开壁面的高度z指数衰减。若荧光粒子位于光强分布中,其亮度也将符合此指数关系,通过测量粒子亮度可确定粒子的垂向位置z,而确定隐失波的基准光强I0是该技术的关键之一。基于粒子近壁Boltzmann浓度分布、粒子粒径不均匀性和隐失波光强公式,给出了粒子亮度概率密度分布的数值解。实验测量粒子统计亮度分布后,依据实验和理论分布相同原则可定量确定基准光强I0。采用100nm和250nm荧光粒子验证此方法并定量分析了粒径分散性对确定I0的影响。进一步采用100nm粒子进行近壁速度测量实验,结果验证了本方法的有效性。     

数字全息法测量CO_2在RP-3燃油中的扩散系数

首先,介绍了数字全息激光干涉测量实验原理,设计并搭建扩散系数测量实验平台,运用MATLAB软件编写数字图像处理程序,利用傅里叶相位分析方法进行数字全息图像分析,得到扩散系数解。然后,分别测量温度为298.15K时0.33mol/L的KCl溶液和CO_2气体在水中扩散系数值并与文献研究数据进行对比,进行实验正确性验证,结果显示实验与文献标准值误差分别为1.63%和2.29%,满足实验要求。最后,运用此装置测试了278.15~323.15K时CO_2在RP-3航空燃油中的扩散系数随着温度升高扩散系数增大,并且不同温度下扩散系数值符合阿伦尼乌斯方程。     

任意运动变形边界流场测量PIV算法的研究：薄膜涡激振动

提出了一种精确测量任意运动变形边界流场的粒子图像速度场PIV算法,能智能识别强流固耦合问题流场测量中任意运动变形的边界信息,然后生成贴体自适应的图像互相关计算窗口,计算获取运动变形边界附近的速度场数据。这一算法可大大提高任意运动边界附近流场的测量精度,为流固耦合问题的理论分析和数值计算验证提供可靠的高质量实验数据。针对数字合成给定流场的粒子图像序列,采用所发展的PIV算法对粒子图像区域中的运动变形边界进行了精确识别,高质量地复现了原始流场信息。最后,对低速闭式循环水洞中的钝体尾流柔性薄膜涡激振动现象进行了PIV实验测量,获得了柔性薄膜大变形运动状态下的瞬态流场特征。     

基于轨迹拐点滤波的激光雷达里程计定位算法研究

在GPS拒止环境下，激光雷达里程计可以利用帧间匹配跟踪车辆实现定位，但是定位误差随时间累积的特性造成激光雷达里程计(LO)缺乏持续性。为解决LO的误差累积问题，引入轻量级地图OSM。基于粒子滤波框架，以LO作为运动模型的输入，通过两次筛选提取拐点，利用拐点匹配完成与地图的对齐，并以粒子的均值作为车辆校正后的位置，实现对定位误差的校正。提出了一种新的粒子权重模型，利用不同节点的相似度模型及测量值作为粒子权重的更新依据，避免拐点与路网节点的错误关联导致定位误差加大。经由KITTI数据集上的实验验证，该算法可以有效克服LO误差漂移问题，相较于原始LO定位精度至少提高了49.22%，且具有较好的实时性。     

基于压缩感知的整体叶盘多模态振动叶尖定时信号重构方法

叶尖定时测量技术是近年来发展的一种非接触式旋转叶片振动监测方法,具有非入侵性的优点,但是该系统测得的振动信号通常是欠采样的。为了能够重构叶尖定时欠采样信号,本文根据压缩感知理论以及叶尖定时采样原理引入了叶尖同步振动信号稀疏模型以及叶尖振动信号重构方法。对整体叶盘有限元模型进行瞬态分析得到叶尖振动信号,使用优化的正交匹配追踪算法以及基追踪对欠采样信号进行重构并和传统方法进行对比。计算结果表明：在信噪比为30dB的噪声环境下,限制频域的正交匹配追踪算法(OMP-RFD)可以准确地识别出叶尖振动信号的主要频率成分。最后使用试验所获得的叶尖振动信号进行重构,验证了OMP-RFD算法有效性。综上可知：压缩感知方法可以很好地应用于叶尖定时测量装置中,能够使用较少传感器识别叶尖同步振动欠采样信号参数,有效提高噪声环境下识别高阶频率的成功率以及准确度。     

PIV技术中的示踪粒子发生和布撤

示踪粒子发生和布撒，是粒子图像测速（PIV）技术的重要组成部分，是影响速度测量质量的关键环节。介绍PIV技术对其示踪粒子的基本要求和示踪粒子发生、布撒装置.介绍在风洞PIV测量中，示踪粒子发生、布撒的方式、方法及作者得到的实际经验和切身体会以及对避一步提高风洞PIV测量中示踪粒子发生、布撒质量的见解。     

用脉冲光屏法测量高温等离子体流场中的粒子

粒子场测量技术目前广泛用于气液，气固两相流中，但是在等离子体流场中的粒子测量目前尚未很好解决，本文采用序列脉冲激光屏多次曝光摄影法，克服了流场的严重干扰，在电弧加热器等离子体流场中，对飞行速度达２０００ｍ／ｓ的粒子实验获得成功，得到了某一截面内粒子的尺寸，空间分布及数密度等参数。     

导弹蒙皮红外辐射特性的数值计算与分析

采用逆向蒙特卡罗(RMC)计算方法,在给定的飞行状态下分别计算出亚声速与超声速导弹蒙皮辐射源在不同方位角的2～μm、8～14 μm波段红外光谱辐射强度及强度场分布.结果表明:对亚声速导弹,相对于8～14 μm,其2～μm的辐射可忽略不计;对超声速导弹,相对于2～μm,其8～14 μm的辐射只有0%左右,但其绝对值较大而不可忽略不计.导弹的红外辐射在0°～90°探测位置内增加,在90°～180°内减小.大气对低空亚声速导弹辐射衰减作用强,对高空超声速导弹辐射衰减作用弱.超声速导弹的最大辐射强度是亚声速的18倍.      

The Rosetta Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer (APXS)

The Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer (APXS) is a small instrument to determine the elemental composition of a given sample. For the ESA Rosetta mission, the periodical comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko was selected as the target comet, where the lander PHILAE (after landing) will carry out in-situ observations. One of the instruments onboard is the APXS to make measurements on the landing site. The APXS science goal is to provide basic compositional data of the comet surface. As comets consist of a mixture of ice and dust, the dust component can be characterized and compared with known meteoritic compositions. Various element ratios can be used to evaluate whether chemical fractionations occurred in cometary material by comparing them with known chondritic material. To enable observations of the local environment, APXS measurements of several spots on the surface and one spot as function of temperature can be made. Repetitive measurements as function of heliocentric distance can elucidate thermal processes at work. By measuring samples that were obtained by drilling subsurface material can be analyzed. The accumulated APXS data can be used to shed light on state, evolution, and origin of 67P/Churyumov- Gerasimenko.     

Investigation of Surface Integrity on TC17 Titanium Alloy Treated by Square-spot Laser Shock Peening

Laser shock peening(LSP) is an innovative surface treatment method,which has been shown to greatly improve the fatigue life of many metallic components.This work investigates surface integrity of TC17 titanium alloy treated by LSP with innovative square laser spot.Nd:glass laser with duration of 30 ns and spot size of 4 mm×4 mm is applied.The surface morphology and surface residual stress of the TC17 titanium alloy,treated with varying peening parameters such as laser power density and overlapping ratio,have been studied in detail.The results show that laser pulse energy greatly influences surface morphology and surface residual stress around single-spot treated areas,and compressive residual stresses are saturated as laser pulse energy is over 55 J.There are significantly different surface morphologies and residual stress distributions at the overlapped areas with different overlapping ratios.A relative smooth surface is produced with uniform compressive residual stress distribution at an overlapping ratio of 8 %.The experiment of residual stress relaxation is implemented by measuring residual stress at the center of four overlapped spots and by four point bending fatigue test at the frequency of 105 Hz.The compressive residual stresses induced by LSP are found to relax quite slowly under cyclic fatigue loading.     

槽道流动中湍斑的数值模拟

采用Navier-Stokes方程直接数值模拟槽道流动中湍斑的形成和发展.建立高精度、高分辨率的三维耦合中心差分格式,并和时间分裂法、高阶迎风差分格式一起组成高效的高阶紧致差分方法;克服一般高阶中心差分格式不适用于边界邻域的困难,可用于包括边界邻域在内的整个计算区域;在边界上满足Navier-Stokes方程的无反射和压力条件,保证了格式的精度和一致性.通过模拟槽道流动中从壁面脉冲到湍斑的演化过程,显示出湍斑内雷诺应力和速度、压力脉动等湍流的基本特征,表明了湍斑的生成与壁面脉冲的强度和Re数大小直接相关.     

Temperature-Driven Segmentation for Autonomous Anti-Tank Weapons

In this paper we discuss a simple temperature-driven segmentation technique that can be used for autonomous terminal guidance of anti-tank munitions. A ratio between two images from different IR bands is taken to form an emissivity independent image that is a function of temperature only. Size and temperature discrimination can then be used to find hot spots of interest. Candidate targets are segmented from the image about the points of interest using an.algorithm that finds all regions in multi-region objects and does not require a priori intensity information. Size and gross shape features are used to determine if the segmented objects are to be classified as targets. The key to this approach is the initial hot spot extraction. The temperature dependent ratio image allows quick and confident screening of the entire field of view, so that only the regions of interest require further processing. The described techniques effectively found tanks in the presence of common battlefield clutter when used with synthetic IR imagery provided by Georgia Tech Research Institute. The simplicity, effectiveness and potential speed of this technique make it ideal for autonomous guidance of expendable anti-tank weapons, especially where only low resolution IR imagery is available.     

Solar Drivers of 11-yr and Long-Term Cosmic Ray Modulation

In the current paradigm for the modulation of galactic cosmic rays (GCRs), diffusion is taken to be the dominant process during solar maxima while drift dominates at minima. Observations during the recent solar minimum challenge the pre-eminence of drift at such times. In 2009, the ～2 GV GCR intensity measured by the Newark neutron monitor increased by ～5% relative to its maximum value two cycles earlier even though the average tilt angle in 2009 was slightly larger than that in 1986 (～20° vs. ～14°), while solar wind B was significantly lower (～3.9 nT vs. ～5.4 nT). A decomposition of the solar wind into high-speed streams, slow solar wind, and coronal mass ejections (CMEs; including post-shock flows) reveals that the Sun transmits its message of changing magnetic field (diffusion coefficient) to the heliosphere primarily through CMEs at solar maximum and high-speed streams at solar minimum. Long-term reconstructions of solar wind B are in general agreement for the ～1900-present interval and can be used to reliably estimate GCR intensity over this period. For earlier epochs, however, a recent ¹⁰Be-based reconstruction covering the past ～10⁴ years shows nine abrupt and relatively short-lived drops of B to ?0 nT, with the first of these corresponding to the Spörer minimum. Such dips are at variance with the recent suggestion that B has a minimum or floor value of ～2.8 nT. A floor in solar wind B implies a ceiling in the GCR intensity (a permanent modulation of the local interstellar spectrum) at a given energy/rigidity. The 30–40% increase in the intensity of 2.5 GV electrons observed by Ulysses during the recent solar minimum raises an interesting paradox that will need to be resolved.     

激光微粒影象数字处理技术的探讨

激光显微摄影和激光全息摄影测粒技术在工程中应用的最大障碍是微粒影象的处理,由于激光摄影测粒技术含有的信息量很大,人工判读既费时,结果还受检测者的视差、熟练程度、疲劳情况等诸多因素的影响。特别当微粒离焦时,人工判读只能将其舍掉,无法加以利用。然而,在激光摄影测粒中,存在着大量的离焦微粒影象,可以根据三维判读技术加以利用[1]。因此需要解决激光微粒影象的图象处理技术。      

颗粒分布对绕流的影响

通过改进的格子Boltzmann方法对二维单颗粒绕流过程进行数值模拟，获得单颗粒分布在不同位置时出流速度的大小。同时，结合遗传算法与模拟退火算法导出遗传模拟退火算法，并将之用于优化颗粒分布，最终获得出流速度最小的单颗粒分布。所给数值算例验证了方法的有效性和可靠性。     

模拟机载分子筛供氧在高空迅速减压时对生理的影响

通过模拟分子筛制氧系统供气范围,即减压前富氧气体的高空迅速减压实验,观察对机体的生理影响和氧反向弥散的变化。实验结果表明,当供氧浓度低于60％,在缺氧暴露10ｓ内出现缺氧反应;而高于70％,在迅速减压后6～8ｓ之内的生理反应是等效的。高空迅速减压后氧的的反向弥散有两个过程,且与减压瞬间生理效应和有效意识时间有联系。     

一种随机表面间接触热阻的计算方法

介绍了一种随机表面间接触热阻的计算方法, 即将接触点简化为圆盘接触模型计算单点接触热阻, 用计数函数的方法确定接触点的分布函数, 最终得到接触热阻随接触表面所受挤压应力变化的半经验公式, 本文还依据实验数据拟合得出一种实验条件下的半经验公式, 并对此实验拟合曲线的分散度做了分析。