不同GNSS星载原子钟周期特性分析

高精度的卫星时钟修正是全球卫星导航系统实时精密单点定位和授时服务的重要基础。为了提高GNSS钟差预报精度，需要对GNSS星载原子钟的周期特性进行分析。基于2016年全年的GNSS精密卫星钟差数据，利用中位数方法进行了数据预处理，使用多项式拟合模型分析了卫星钟的拟合残差，利用频谱分析法分析了BDS、GPS卫星钟差的周期特性，全面分析了BDS、GPS星载原子钟的周期特性。分析结果表明：除Cs钟外，其他卫星钟差都表现出较好的周期特性，BDS、GPS的主周期项基本在12h、24h、6h附近；同时不同的轨道、原子钟，其钟差周期项不同，而相同的轨道类型，其钟差周期项也存在一定差异；卫星的钟差主周期分别近似为其卫星轨道周期的1/2倍、1倍、2倍。     

原子钟性能对卫星导航系统定位精度的影响分析

星载原子钟是卫星导航系统的关键设备,原子钟主要通过影响卫星钟差对定位精度产生影响,分析了GNSS星载原子钟性能对定位精度的影响.通过原理分析,建立了原子钟稳定度与卫星导航系统定位精度的关系.在不考虑控制段对星钟校准误差的前提下,将原子钟噪声与星上工作环境因素作为主要因素,分析了GPS-IIF铷钟和铯钟对钟差/定位误差的影响,并给出了分析结果.最后,利用iGMAS提供的钟差产品数据,对比了北斗和GPS部分原子钟的稳定度及其对定位精度的影响,为后续星载原子钟的发展与选择提供了一定参考.     

基于IPTA数据的毫秒脉冲星综合稳定度评估

利用脉冲星极其稳定的自转频率可以形成一种天文时间基准，部分毫秒级脉冲星的稳定度甚至超越了原子钟，但其观测稳定度易受多种噪声源的影响。一般来说，不同的脉冲星的噪声大部分是相互独立的，因此可以通过加权综合和滤波算法构建综合脉冲星时，有效去除计时残差中的噪声。针对此问题，采用10颗毫秒级脉冲星的国际脉冲星计时阵列（international pulsar timing array, IPTA）数据进行了稳定度评估分析，其中7颗脉冲星的观测数据长度在10年以上。综合考虑单颗脉冲星稳定度评估的结果和观测数据的长度后，筛选出了4颗脉冲星用于构建综合脉冲星时。同时对比了经典加权算法、小波分解算法和维纳滤波算法的综合脉冲星时稳定度结果。结果表明：脉冲星的长期稳定度优于短期稳定度，2颗脉冲星在1年处稳定度达10-15量级，8颗在1 000天处也达到了10-15量级，其中PSR J1600-3053在5年处稳定度达到了最佳，为7.023×10-16 。此外，三种算法中，维纳滤波建立的综合脉冲星时稳定度最佳，在5年处达到了1.502×10-15，优于参与构建的其他所有脉冲星的5年稳定度。     

Galileo卫星星钟故障前后信号质量分析

星载原子钟是卫星导航系统的核心器件,是影响导航信号质量的重要因素。2016年11月,Galileo系统利用一箭四星发射升空4颗新一代Galileo卫星。根据观测显示,截至2017年7月,仅能接收到其中1颗卫星发射的导航信号。在2017年1月,欧洲航天局通告称多颗卫星原子钟大规模故障。针对此,40m 大口径高增益天线系统设备对不同批次和星钟故障情况的3颗Galileo卫星E5频点信号进行了数据采集处理,对各信号分量的功率谱、星座图、码片波形、相关损失、相关峰、S曲线偏差等信号质量指标进行了分析评估。结果表明,此次星载原子钟的大面积故障并未影响Galileo卫星信号的可用性,足够的星载备份钟避免了信号质量的严重恶化。     

光抽运小铯钟及其在PNT应用

对比分析了大小铯原子钟及其在PNT中的应用,在此基础上介绍了基于光抽运技术方案实现的国际上第一台商用小铯钟。在研制原理样机和工程样机的过程中,解决了激光稳频、铯束准直等关键技术和工作温度、振动、EMC等环境难题,技术状态满足小批量生产要求,频率稳定度可达10-15,频率准确度优于10-12,技术指标达到国际同类小铯钟5071A水平。分析了光抽运小铯钟作为守时原子钟如何应用于时间频率基准实验室、数字通信同步网、卫星导航地面站、长波导航路基站等PNT体系。     

Characterization of NAVSTAR GPS and GLONASS on-board clocks

Investigation into navigation satellite on board clock frequency references and performance are reported. The focus is on the stability of the clocks aboard the NAVSTAR GPS (Global Positioning System) and GLONASS satellites as well as those used by their respective maser control stations and associated time scales. Allan-variance techniques have been applied to determine the long-term time-domain behavior of satellite clocks in an attempt to identify different regions of power spectral density. Coupled with analysis of relative-frequency drift over a period of many weeks, this behavior allows the type of satellite onboard standard to be tentatively identified. The known nature of the GPS clocks has shown that the different types of clocks aboard the satellites (crystal, rubidium, and cesium) are distinguishable given a sufficient sample time. The same approach has been applied to the GLONASS satellites, and a comparison of the results obtained from GPS has allowed conjecture on the type of clock used by the GLONASS satellites. It appears that GLONASS has used clocks of the quality of rubidium atomic oscillators since at least 1986, and that the quality and performance of onboard standards have increased steadily with time. Some current satellites perform well enough in terms of frequency drift, flicker FM noise floor, and long-term stability to compare favorably with the cesium beam standards carried on NAVSTAR GPS satellites launched in 1983-84     

Experiments with numerically controlled atomic clocks

Long term timing stability of present atomic clocks can be considerably improved by simple numerical algorithms which correct both the inherent frequency bias and the effects of supply voltage variations and outside temperature. Rubidium units are demonstrated to operate with less than 100 ns errors per week or any sensible longer interval corresponding to relative uncertainties of 10^-13. Often a linear subtraction of frequency offset which can be realized by a microprocessor controlled digital delay line is sufficient. A cesium clock could be run at 10^-15 level, but reliable and reasonable real-time measurement techniques do not yet exist     

Pulsar Timing and Its Application for Navigation and Gravitational Wave Detection

Pulsars are natural cosmic clocks. On long timescales they rival the precision of terrestrial atomic clocks. Using a technique called pulsar timing, the exact measurement of pulse arrival times allows a number of applications, ranging from testing theories of gravity to detecting gravitational waves. Also an external reference system suitable for autonomous space navigation can be defined by pulsars, using them as natural navigation beacons, not unlike the use of GPS satellites for navigation on Earth. By comparing pulse arrival times measured on-board a spacecraft with predicted pulse arrivals at a reference location (e.g. the solar system barycenter), the spacecraft position can be determined autonomously and with high accuracy everywhere in the solar system and beyond. We describe the unique properties of pulsars that suggest that such a navigation system will certainly have its application in future astronautics. We also describe the on-going experiments to use the clock-like nature of pulsars to “construct” a galactic-sized gravitational wave detector for low-frequency (\(f_{GW}\sim 10^{-9} \text{--} 10^{-7}\) Hz) gravitational waves. We present the current status and provide an outlook for the future.     

不同基准钟对BDS实时钟差估计的影响分析CSCD

BDS原始观测量是站星之间的相对时间延迟,在实时卫星钟差估计过程中需要引入一个基准钟,求解该基准约束下的钟差产品。基于两种不同的基准约束条件实时估计BDS卫星钟差,并从实时钟差的估计精度、钟差频率特性(频率漂移率、频率准确度、频率稳定度)及钟差预报精度等方面分析其对BDS实时钟差估计的影响。算例结果表明,在两种不同的基准模式下,估计得到的BDS实时卫星钟差性能基本一致,在实际使用中可根据情况采用不同的基准钟进行钟差估计,为BDS实时卫星钟差估计时基准钟的选择提供了参考。     

Space time clock: An on-chip clock with 10−12 instability

High precision and stable clock is extremely important in communication and navigation. The miniaturization of the clocks is considered to be the trend to satisfy the demand for 5G and the next generation communications. Based on the concept of meter bar and the principle of the constancy of light velocity, we designed a micro clock, Space Time Clock (STC), with the size smaller than 1 mm × 1 mm and the power dissipation less than 2 mW. Designed in integrated circuit of 0.18 μm technology, the instability of STC is assessed to be 2.23 × 10^?12 and the trend of the instability is reversely proportional to τ. With the potential ability to reach the level of 10^?16 instability on chip in the future, the period of the STC’s signal is locked on the delay time defined by the meter bar which keeps the time reference constant. Because of its superior performance, the STC is more suitable for mobile communication, PNT (Positioning, Navigation and Timing), embedded processor and deep space application, and becomes the main payload of the ASRTU satellite scheduled to launch next year and investigate in space environment.     

导航卫星时频系统发展综述

全球各大卫星导航系统近年来发展迅速,性能持续提升,其中卫星时频系统的高性能、稳定可靠和保持星间时频同步是系统实现高精度测量的基础.介绍了目前应用于各卫星导航系统的铷钟、氢钟、铯钟等星载原子钟和时频生成与保持技术的特点、发展概况及在轨应用情况.面向精度提升和自主运行能力提升的需求,分析了可能应用于下一代导航卫星的星载原子钟技术、星上时频生成与保持单元性能提升方法以及星间高精度激光时频同步技术,以支撑未来时频基准的天基化和我国综合PNT体系的建设.     

Hard X-ray structure of the Crab Nebula

Two-dimensional maps of the Crab Nebula have been synthesized in 22–64 keV range through the modulation collimator experiment. The effective angular resolution is about 15. The result indicates that the Crab morphology is strictly controlled by the pulsar.     

磁场对冷镱原子光钟稳定度影响的仿真分析

在光晶格钟运行时，不停起伏的杂散磁场会引入一阶塞曼频移和二阶塞曼频移，从而影响光晶格钟的频率不稳定度。此外，突变的磁场可能导致激光频率参考到钟跃迁频率的伺服闭环过程发生不可恢复的失锁，从而阻碍光钟的持续运行。在实验中，光钟进行频率闭环锁定前，通常通过控制三维线圈对光钟主腔中心原子处的杂散磁场进行补偿。首先使用三维磁强计，对真空主腔附近的磁场进行监测和记录，以分析杂散磁场对光钟性能的影响。然后利用正态分布模型和二项分布模型等，对光钟频率伺服锁定过程的阿伦偏差进行仿真拟合。在引入实际磁场监测数据的基础上，模拟光钟频率的伺服锁定过程，分析其仿真结果可以得出：减小杂散磁场起伏和控制磁场漂移，在提高冷镱原子光钟的短期稳定性和长期稳定性方面具有重要意义。     

Grouping bi-chi-squared method for pulsar navigation experiment using observations of Rossi X-ray timing explorer

X-ray pulsar-based navigation is a revolutionary technology which is capable of providing the required navigation information in the solar system. Performing as an important pulsar-based navigation technique, the Significance Enhancement of Pulse-profile with Orbit-dynamics (SEPO) can estimate orbital elements by using the distortion of pulse profile. Based on the SEPO technique, we propose a grouping bi-chi-squared technique and adopt the observations of Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) to carry out experimental verification. The pulsar timing is refined to determine spin parameters of the Crab pulsar (PSR B0531+21) during the observation periods, and a short-term dynamic model for RXTE satellite is established by considering the effects of diverse perturbations. Experimental results suggest that the position and velocity errors are 16.3 km (3σ) and 13.3 m/s (3σ) with two adjacent observations split by one day (exposure time of 1.5 ks), outperforming those of the POLAR experiment whose results are 19.2 km (3σ) and 432 m/s (3σ). The approach provided is particularly applicable to the estimation of orbital elements via using high-flux observations.     

基于“当前”统计模型的卡尔曼滤波在北斗单向授时中的应用

为了提高北斗单向授时的授时精度，提出了一种基于“当前”统计模型的卡尔曼滤波单向授时方法。将“当前”统计模型应用于接收机时钟频率漂移的建模以建立状态方程，使用经过卡尔曼滤波后的钟差和钟速对本地时钟进行修正。实验结果表明，在选取合适的机动频率和最大频率漂移的情况下，相比于未滤波修正，温补晶振时钟的峰峰值最多可以减小36.7%，标准差最多可以减小42.5%；恒温晶振时钟的峰峰值最多可以减小71.8%，标准差最多可以减小67.0%。基于“当前”统计模型的卡尔曼滤波单向授时方法，可以有效地降低观测量的误差与噪声对于接收机钟差与钟速的影响，从而提高授时精度。     

芯片原子钟的工作原理及其研究进展

作为导航设备的重要部件,芯片原子钟可作为战术导弹、卫星接收机、小型无人机等所用导航设备的时钟源,也可与陀螺仪和加速度计组合实现微型定位、导航与授时。介绍了相干布局囚禁(Coherent Population Trapping, CPT)现象,以及芯片原子钟的发展历程,阐述了CPT实现方案的缺点(产生极化暗态、降低原子利用率),并给出了优化方案。此外,分析了微机电系统(Micro Electro Mechanical System, MEMS)加工工艺等用于芯片原子钟制造的关键技术,并对芯片原子钟的发展趋势进行了展望。     

导航星座的自主导航技术--卫星自主时间同步

基于星载原子时钟频率稳定性的Allan方差表达,建立系统状态方程,并以星间双向测量伪距差作为基本观测量,组成系统测量方程,从而可以设计适用于导航星座卫星时间同步的Kalman滤波算法。系统仿真结果表明：通过对星间双向测量数据的滤波处理,能够实现星座卫星时间精密同步。     

Moving clocks, reference frames and the twin paradox

It is the act of moving a clock out of one inertial frame of reference (IFR) and into another IFR which causes the clock to slow. But what of identical clocks constructed and calibrated in different IFRs? This paper takes a look at such a scenario, demonstrating that two such clocks would tick synchronously and concludes with a new look at the famous “twin-paradox” of special relativity     

Satellite Broadcasting of WWV Signals

An experiment concerning the broadcasting of time and frequency information from geostationary satellites is discussed. Included are discussions on satellite motion, time delay, Doppler shift, and delay calculations. Ground station requirements, time recovery techniques, and timing resolution and accuracy are also included. Delay computation aids for the user were designed to provide free space delays between the master clock and the user. Measurements made in North and South America demonstrated a timing resolution of about 10 ?s and an accuracy of 25 ?s.     

差分码偏差对PPP授时精度影响的研究

论文分析了不同机构差分码偏差(DCB)产品的天稳性.选取了2个外接氢原子钟的测站进行实验,以国际GNSS服务组织(IGS)发布的接收机钟差为参考值,分析了不同机构DCB产品对2个测站PPP授时精度的影响.实验结果表明:1)不同机构DCB产品的天稳性差异不大,中国科学院天稳性略优于德国宇航中心;2)2个测站使用不同机构的DCB产品估计钟差的均方差(RMS)和时间偏差(Bias)均优于0.4ns,其中中国科学院产品精度最高,RMS和Bias均优于0.2ns;德国宇航中心和欧洲定轨中心精度略差,但也能够达到亚纳秒级,可为下一步推广PPP授时应用提供一定的参考.