H∞ output tracking control for flight control systems with time-varying delay

For flight control systems with time-varying delay, an H∞ output tracking controller is proposed. The controller is designed for the discrete-time state-space model of general aircraft to reduce the effects of uncertainties of the mathematical model, external disturbances, and bounded time-varying delay. It is assumed that the feedback-control loop is closed by the communication network, and the network-based control architecture induces time-delays in the feedback information. Suppose that the time delay has both an upper bound and a lower bound. By using the Lyapu- nov-Krasovskii function and the linear matrix inequality （LMI）, the delay-dependent stability criterion is derived for the time-delay system. Based on the criterion, a state-feedback H∞ output tracking controller for systems with norm-bounded uncertainties and time-varying delay is presented. The control scheme is applied to the high incidence research model （HIRM）, which shows the effectiveness of the proposed approach.     

基于自适应动态规划的运载火箭智能姿态容错控制

针对运作火箭主动段发动机摆动执行机构故障下的姿态控制问题,结合自适应动态规划（ADP）方法设计了一种智能容错控制策略。该智能容错控制器主要包括2部分：容错稳定控制部分和优化补偿部分。容错稳定控制部分利用自适应和滑模变结构控制设计,主要维持执行机构故障下姿态控制系统的稳定,保证姿态跟踪误差的有限时间收敛;优化补偿部分采用执行-评价结构,利用ADP的在线学习优势,根据姿态系统的跟踪误差（尤其是系统故障、强干扰导致的跟踪偏差）,设计ADP算法产生补偿控制来进一步优化姿态控制系统的跟踪性能。仿真验证表明,即使存在外部干扰和执行机构故障的情况下,所提方法仍能保证系统稳定且精确跟踪指令信号。     

Robust adaptive compensation control for unmanned autonomous helicopter with input saturation and actuator faults

This paper studies a robust adaptive compensation Fault Tolerant Control(FTC) for the medium-scale Unmanned Autonomous Helicopter(UAH) in the presence of external disturbances,actuator faults and input saturation.To improve the disturbance rejection capacity of the UAH system in actuator healthy case, an adaptive control method is adopted to cope with the external disturbances and a nominal controller is proposed to stabilize the system.Meanwhile, compensation control inputs are designed to reduce the negative effects derived from actuator faults and input saturation.Based on the backstepping control and inner-outer loop control technologies, a robust adaptive FTC scheme is developed to guarantee the tracking errors convergence.Under the presented FTC controller, the uniform ultimate boundedness of all closed-loop signals is ensured via Lyapunov stability analysis.Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control algorithm.     

超低空空投航迹倾角自适应跟踪控制

针对超低空空投下滑阶段考虑执行器输入死区、不确定性大气扰动以及模型存在未知非线性等因素干扰轨迹精确跟踪等问题,提出了一种自适应神经网络动态面跟踪控制方法.建立了含执行器输入死区的超低空空投载机纵向非线性模型,采用神经网络逼近模型中未知非线性函数,引入非线性鲁棒补偿项消除了执行器死区建模误差和外界扰动.应用Lyapunov稳定性理论证明了闭环系统所有信号均是有界收敛的.仿真验证表明,所提方法既保证了轨迹跟踪的精确性,又具有强鲁棒性.     

Anti-disturbance attitude control of combined spacecraft with enhanced control allocation scheme

In this paper, we propose a novel anti-disturbance attitude control law for combined spacecraft with an improved closed-loop control allocation scheme. More specifically, a saturated approach is adopted to guarantee the global asymptotic stability under control input saturation. To enhance the robustness of the system, a nonlinear disturbance observer is constructed to compensate the disturbances caused by inertial parameter uncertainty and unmodeled dynamics. Next, the quadratic programming algorithm is used to obtain an optimal open-loop control allocation scheme, where both energy consumption and actuator saturation have been considered in the allocation of the virtual control command. Then, a modified closed-loop control allocation scheme is proposed to reduce the allocation error under the actuator uncertainty. Finally, stability analysis of the closed-loop system with the proposed allocation scheme is provided. Simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.     

带时变通信时间延迟的卫星编队姿态协同自适应L2增益控制

针对卫星编队姿态协同分布式控制问题,提出一种基于Lyapunov方法的编队飞行协同控制策略.首先,考虑到实际编队飞行中星问通信存在时变时间延迟及模型不确定问题,结合变结构控制的思想设计一种针对时滞系统稳定性分析的Lyapunov函数,从而由直接Lyapunov方法得到可对模型参数进行估计的自适应分布式姿态协同控制器,并...     

Adaptive Integral-type Sliding Mode Control for Spacecraft Attitude Maneuvering Under Actuator Stuck Failures

A fault tolerant control (FTC) design technique against actuator stuck faults is investigated using integral-type sliding mode control (ISMC) with application to spacecraft attitude maneuvering control system. The principle of the proposed FTC scheme is to design an integral-type sliding mode attitude controller using on-line parameter adaptive updating law to compensate for the effects of stuck actuators. This adaptive law also provides both the estimates of the system parameters and external disturbances such that a prior knowledge of the spacecraft inertia or boundedness of disturbances is not required. Moreover, by including the integral feedback term, the designed controller can not only tolerate actuator stuck faults, but also compensate the disturbances with constant components. For the synthesis of controller, the fault time, patterns and values are unknown in advance, as motivated from a practical spacecraft control application. Complete stability and performance analysis are presented and illustrative simulation results of application to a spacecraft show that high precise attitude control with zero steady-error is successfully achieved using various scenarios of stuck failures in actuators.     

SE(3)上航天器姿轨耦合固定时间容错控制

针对相对运动航天器姿轨一体化控制问题,考虑执行器故障和控制输入饱和的影响,提出了一种基于滑模的模糊自适应固定时间容错控制方法。首先,在李群SE（3）的框架下建立并推导相对运动航天器姿轨一体化误差动力学模型;其次,引入执行器故障和控制输入饱和的问题,采用双幂次快速终端滑模面,并结合模糊自适应方法设计了固定时间稳定的容错控制器,可以实现执行器故障情况下相对运动航天器的高精度快速跟踪控制;然后,运用Lyapunov方法证明了系统的稳定性,该控制器不仅能不依赖于系统的初始状态实现滑模趋近和到达阶段的固定时间稳定性,而且由于采用模糊逼近方法结合自适应更新策略可以实时高精度地估计系统的总扰动信息,因此可以达到快速高精度的容错控制目标;最后,对所提出的的控制方法进行数值仿真分析,结果验证了该方法的有效性和可行性。     

基于自适应不对称高斯基函数网络的可靠飞行跟踪控制

针对歼击机操纵面结构故障,提出了一种基于自适应不对称高斯基函数网络（AGBFN）的可靠跟踪控制方案。该方案的特点是在传统的线性控制器的基础上,引入基于自适应AGBFN的自适应控制器,用于在线补偿由于建模误差、外扰、以及操纵面卡死或损伤所造成的影响,并且采用控制隔离技术来处理执行机构的饱和问题。完全自适应AGBFN采用不对称高斯基函数,并且可以在线更新网络所有参数,克服了传统RBF网络对称性约束,提高了网络的适应性和学习能力,从而保证歼击机的操纵品质,且输出较好地跟踪参考模型输出。飞行仿真结果表明,文中采用的控制方法使飞机在正常状态和故障状态下均可获得满意的控制效果。     

推力器故障的刚体航天器自适应变结构容错控制

 针对刚体航天器存在未知惯量参数、推力器故障以及控制受限的姿态控制问题,提出了一类自适应变结构容错控制方法,显式地引入推力器输出的饱和幅值,以确保控制输出在其要求界的范围内;同时,引入控制参数在线自适应调整技术,提高了控制律对参数、干扰以及故障变化的自适应能力;对设计者而言,推力器故障信息不需要进行在线检测和分离。此外,进一步考虑存在推力偏差对系统性能的影响,设计控制器参数使得闭环系统对这类推力偏差具有L₂增益稳定性。最后,将设计的控制器应用于航天器的姿态机动控制,仿真结果表明该控制器能有效地抑制外部干扰、参数不确定性和推力器各种故障的约束,在完成姿态机动的同时,保证其控制输出满足饱和受限界的要求。     

尾座式无人飞行器鲁棒容错编队控制

针对尾座式无人飞行器编队在执行器故障、严重的非线性和耦合性、参数不确定性、外界扰动等影响下的容错控制问题进行了研究。提出了一种鲁棒容错编队控制方法来实现一群尾座式无人飞行器在执行器故障情况下的期望编队飞行。所构建的控制器由2部分组成：标称控制器和干扰补偿控制器。设计标称控制器使系统实现期望的控制性能,利用干扰补偿控制器抑制多种不确定性和执行器故障的影响。通过理论分析证明了系统的鲁棒稳定性,并通过数值仿真验证了算法的有效性。     

一类控制受限不确定系统的控制分配重构控制

针对一类控制受限的不确定性系统,提出了一种基于控制分配理论的重构控制策略。该重构策略充分考虑了作动器偏转受约束的情形,基于伪逆控制分配算法,利用自适应控制理论和李雅普诺夫稳定理论,设计了控制分配阵的自适应控制律,使得系统在作动器发生饱和的情形下自适应地调节控制分配阵,从而改变作用于作动器的控制指令,完成系统的重构任务。最后以某多操纵面战机模型为算例对算法予以验证,仿真结果表明了算法的合理性。     

Robust adaptive fault-tolerant control of a tandem coaxial ducted fan aircraft with actuator saturation

This paper is concerned with the robust adaptive fault-tolerant control of a tandem coaxial ducted fan aircraft under system uncertainty, mismatched disturbance, and actuator saturation. For the proposed aircraft, comprehensive controllability analysis is performed to evaluate the controllability of each state as well as the margin to reject mismatched disturbance without any knowledge of the controller. Mismatched disturbance attenuation is ensured through a structured H-infinity controller tuned by a non-smooth optimization algorithm. Embedded with the H-infinity controller, an adaptive control law is proposed in order to mitigate matched system uncertainty and actuator fault. Input saturation is also considered by the modified reference model. Numerical simulation of the novel ducted fan aircraft is provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The simulation results reveal that the proposed adaptive controller achieves better transient response and more robust performance than classic Model Reference Adaptive Control (MRAC) method, even with serious actuator saturation.     

Integrated fault estimation and fault-tolerant control for a flexible regional aircraft

The article focuses on the design and application of an active reconfigurable controller that mitigates the effects of gust load and actuator faults on a flexible aircraft. A novel integrated adaptive output feedback scheme is investigated to address the actuator faults. The real-time fault values provided by the fault estimation module are considered in the reconfigurable control law to improve the fault-tolerant capability. The estimate values of faults and control gains are calculated by anal...     

Friction compensation for low velocity control of hydraulic flight motion simulator: A simple adaptive robust approach

Low-velocity tracking capability is a key performance of flight motion simulator (FMS), which is mainly affected by the nonlinear friction force. Though many compensation schemes with ad hoc friction models have been proposed, this paper deals with low-velocity control without friction model, since it is easy to be implemented in practice. Firstly, a nonlinear model of the FMS middle frame, which is driven by a hydraulic rotary actuator, is built. Noting that in the low velocity region, the unmodeled friction force is mainly characterized by a changing-slowly part, thus a simple adaptive law can be employed to learn this changing-slowly part and compensate it. To guarantee the boundedness of adaptation process, a discontinuous projection is utilized and then a robust scheme is proposed. The controller achieves a prescribed output tracking transient performance and final tracking accuracy in general while obtaining asymptotic output tracking in the absence of modeling errors. In addition, a saturated projection adaptive scheme is proposed to improve the globally learning capability when the velocity becomes large, which might make the previous proposed projection-based adaptive law be unstable. Theoretical and extensive experimental results are obtained to verify the high-performance nature of the proposed adaptive robust control strategy.     

Robust and adaptive actuator failure compensation designs for a rocket fairing structural-acoustic model

The actuator failure compensation problem is formulated for active vibration control of a rocket fairing structural-acoustic model with unknown actuator failures. Performance of a nominal optimal control scheme in the presence of actuator failures is studied to show the need of effective failure compensation. A robust control scheme and two adaptive control schemes are developed, which are able to ensure the closed-loop system signal boundedness in the presence of actuator failures whose failure pattern and values are unknown. The adaptive scheme for parameterizable failures ensures asymptotic stability despite failure uncertainties. Simulation results verified their failure compensation effectiveness.     

Reconfigurable fault-tolerant control for supersonic missiles with actuator failures under actuation redundancy

Aircraft undergoing actuator failures into under-actuation have been seldom studied in literature. Aiming at addressing actuator failures of Total Loss of Effectiveness (TLOE) as well as Partial Loss of Effectiveness (PLOE) resulting in different system actuations, reconfigurable Fault-Tolerant Control (FTC) is proposed for supersonic wingless missiles under actuation redundancy. The under-actuated system of TLOE failure patterns is solved by transformation to cascade systems through a ‘shape variable’. Meanwhile, actuator TLOE faults of different unknown failure patterns from proper actuation to under-actuation are accommodated by a reconfigurable adaptive law on a multiple-model basis. The backstepping technique with the Extended State Observer (ESO) method adopted as a basic strategy is applied to an established symmetric coupled missile system with actuator PLOE faults, modeling errors, and external disturbances. Additionally, the nonlinear saturation characteristics of actuators are settled by an auxiliary system with the Nussbaum function technique. The stability of the control system is analyzed and proven through Lyapunov theory. Numerical simulations are implemented in the presences of aerodynamic uncertainties, gust disturbance, and actuator failures. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method with satisfactory tracking performance and actuator fault tolerance capacity.     

基于多模型的飞控系统自适应重构技术研究

针对飞控系统执行器故障引起参数大范围跳变的问题,提出了一种基于多模型的自适应重构控制方法。建立了执行器故障参数模型,根据故障的特征模型设计一系列并行的辨识模型,采用固定模型与自适应模型相结合的方式,依据转换标准选择与当前飞机状态最匹配的辨识模型所对应的控制器。通过对某型飞机侧向控制系统进行仿真,表明在执行器严重受损的情况下,飞机仍能保持良好的性能。     

航天器有限时间自适应姿态跟踪容错控制

非刚体航天器存在时变的惯量、执行器完全失效或衰退故障以及外界干扰的情况,提出一种有限时间自适应姿态跟踪容错控制方法。首先,基于有限时间理论和自适应方法,设计惯量不确定性自适应估计项和外界干扰参数自适应估计项进行系统补偿,克服惯量不确定性和抑制外界干扰;然后,基于容错控制和双幂次方法,设计一种自适应有限时间姿态跟踪容错控制算法,并且利用Lyapunov稳定性理论证明所提算法能够保证航天器姿态跟踪系统实际有限时间稳定;最后,对仿真结果进行验证。结果表明:所提有限时间姿态跟踪容错控制方法是有效的。     

Closed-loop dynamic control allocation for aircraft with multiple actuators

A closed-loop control allocation method is proposed for a class of aircraft with multiple actuators. Nonlinear dynamic inversion is used to design the baseline attitude controller and derive the desired moment increment. And a feedback loop for the moment increment produced by the deflections of actuators is added to the angular rate loop, then the error between the desired and actual moment increment is the input of the dynamic control allocation. Subsequently, the stability of the closed-loop dynamic control allocation system is analyzed in detail. Especially, the closedloop system stability is also analyzed in the presence of two types of actuator failures: loss of effectiveness and lock-in-place actuator failures, where a fault detection subsystem to identify the actuator failures is absent. Finally, the proposed method is applied to a canard rotor/wing (CRW) aircraft model in fixed-wing mode, which has multiple actuators for flight control. The nonlinear simulation demonstrates that this method can guarantee the stability and tracking performance whether the actuators are healthy or fail.