基于碟形砂轮磨齿的面齿轮包络残差研究

介绍了采用碟形砂轮磨削面齿轮的原理及过程,研究了齿廓包络和齿宽包络两种包络方式产生包络残差的机理.分别建立了两种加工方式下包络残差的计算模型和方法,并研究了所产生包络残差的特点.通过数值算例分析了包络过程中刀具周向进给角度、齿宽方向进给量以及碟形砂轮外径对齿面包络残差的影响规律.计算结果表明:齿宽包络比齿廓包络具有更高的效率.进行了以齿廓包络方式的面齿轮磨齿加工实验,当刀具周向进给角度分别取为2°,1°,0.5°及0.2°时,齿面表面粗糙度逐渐明显提高,齿面磨削加工印痕的数目和方向与包络仿真计算结果一致.初步证明根据包络残差计算结果选取合适的进给量参数,可以保证面齿轮磨齿加工的表面粗糙度水平并能提高加工效率.      

基于圆弧刀廓的端面滚切锥齿轮啮合接触分析

为改善端面滚切法加工的锥齿轮齿面接触质量,基于奥利康锥齿轮全展成加工方法,对直线刀廓圆弧修形及齿面啮合接触分析进行了研究.首先对圆弧刀廓进行了几何设计,推导出了刀齿切削刃方程.在建立锥齿轮端面滚切加工数学模型的基础上,推导出了被加工齿轮理论齿面方程.研究了刀廓圆弧修形对齿面形状的影响,利用数值方法计算出了齿面修形量.建立了考虑安装误差的齿轮副滚检数学模型,推导出了齿面接触分析简化算法.最后对采用圆弧刀廓加工的一对奥利康锥齿轮进行了啮合分析,结果表明,选取合理的圆弧刀廓半径对齿面修形可以降低边缘接触风险,降低对安装误差的敏感性,改善内对角接触,此外还可以实现对两齿面接触区进行独立修正.      

非正交弧线齿面齿轮齿面设计及根切研究

非正交弧线齿面齿轮是以端面渐开线弧线齿圆柱齿轮为假想刀具包络展成的面齿轮。根据面齿轮啮合原理推导了非正交弧线齿面齿轮齿面方程,结合Matlab数学模型和根切理论研究了该种面齿轮的根切现象,计算出面齿轮不产生根切的最大内径,并通过Catia仿真滚齿来验证计算的准确性。该研究旨在提出一种新型非正交面齿轮,通过理论推导及仿真模拟来研究该种面齿轮的根切现象,在此基础上探究非正交弧线齿面齿轮的内径影响因素。研究结果表明:在同等参数下,当位置参数增大时,刀具渐开线截面高度和内径逐渐减小,当刀具圆弧半径增大时,内径逐渐减小,刀具渐开线截面高度逐渐增大。     

人字齿轮修形优化设计

针对齿廓修形的特点,小轮齿廓采用三段修形.通过改变刀具切削刃的形状,以三段抛物线代替齿条的直线齿廓,推导出了刀具齿面方程.建立了人字齿轮啮合的坐标关系,进而提出了人字齿轮齿接触分析和承载接触分析的方法.以承载传动误差最小为目标函数,采用复形调优法进行优化,可以获得最佳修形优化参数.通过实例表明,在不考虑安装误差情况下优化后的结果与未优化相比仍可以明显降低轴线误差对承载传动误差的影响.最后,给出了小轮齿廓修形量的计算方法.      

大型数控成形磨齿机床装配误差–齿面误差研究

如何根据齿轮齿面精度要求,精准调整装配几何误差,是提升大型数控成形磨齿机床性能的关键技术之一.基于成形磨削系统的误差传递链,砂轮与工件之间的共轭运动关系,利用曲面族包络法建立了包含装配几何误差的成形磨削齿面模型;通过计算理论齿面和包络齿面的差值,进行成形磨削齿面的误差评价,并提出了实现磨削齿面误差评价的流程方法;在此基...     

弧线齿面齿轮齿面几何设计及径向齿宽特性

为适应航空领域对面齿轮传动的设计要求，综合弧线齿圆柱齿轮、面齿轮传动的各项优点，提出了弧线齿面齿轮齿面设计并研究了其径向齿宽特性。以端面渐开线齿廓弧线齿圆柱齿轮作为产形齿轮通过包络成形建立面齿轮齿面数学模型；结合齿面方程在MATLAB中进行齿面可视化分析，并通过MATLAB软件的数值计算和CATIA软件的复杂曲面造型实现面齿轮的参数化建模；确立内端根切、外端顶尖对径向有效齿宽的限制条件，计算面齿轮的径向有效齿宽，分析刀具齿轮的齿线圆弧半径和坐标系位置参数对径向有效齿宽的影响。研究表明:当增大齿线的圆弧半径，面齿轮的内径减小，外径、径向有效齿宽均增大；当增大坐标系位置参数，面齿轮的内径、外径均增大，径向有效齿宽减小。      

采用碟形砂轮的面齿轮磨齿方法理论分析

为了制造出高精度硬齿面面齿轮和获得抛物线传动误差并提高传动稳定性,提出一种采用碟形砂轮加工面齿轮的磨齿方法.分析了碟形砂轮磨削面齿轮的展成原理和碟形砂轮的运动,根据展成原理推导了碟形砂轮的齿面方程,使用渐开线失配的碟形砂轮和改变砂轮的运动,推导出双向修形面齿轮的齿面方程.建立了双向修形面齿轮和常规渐开线小齿轮啮合的齿面接触分析模型,齿面计算和齿面接触分析实例表明,采用碟形砂轮加工双向修形面齿轮的磨齿方法是可行的,获得了面齿轮抛物线传动误差,避免了边缘接触并提高了传动的稳定性.      

装配偏置误差对正交面齿轮传动接触特性的影响

 分析装配误差对正交面齿轮传动的影响是开展面齿轮传动工程应用的重要基础理论之一。为了分析装配偏置误差对正交面齿轮传动接触特性的影响,建立了考虑装配偏置误差影响的点接触正交面齿轮传动坐标系;推导了正交面齿轮齿廓和过渡曲面方程以及考虑装配偏置误差影响的接触点方程,分析了装配偏置误差对传动中正交面齿轮上接触点位置的影响;根据曲面上任意点处主方向和主曲率的求解方法,分析了装配偏置误差对接触点处主曲率的影响;利用布希涅斯克问题的解法,推导了传动中正交面齿轮上接触点处接触特性方程,分析了装配偏置误差对正交面齿轮上接触点处接触特性的影响。     

成形法加工的弧线齿面齿轮几何接触分析

研究了成形法加工的弧线齿面齿轮齿面接触分析及齿面修形.弧线产形齿条是由具有一定刀倾角的刀盘形成,用其推导展成加工的弧线齿圆柱齿轮和成形法加工的弧线齿面齿轮齿面方程,同时通过刀具抛物线齿廓对大轮齿面进行修形;在此基础上,建立了包括考虑安装误差在内的弧线齿面齿轮齿面接触分析(TCA)模型;最后通过算例的啮合性能分析,表明对大轮齿面修形可降低传动误差幅值和获得较好传动误差曲线,且该类传动装置对安装误差敏感性较低.      

用球形滚刀滚切面齿轮的理论误差

提出了利用现有球形滚刀与改造滚齿机加工面齿轮的方案.推导了球形滚刀基本蜗杆螺旋面方程,建立了滚切面齿轮的坐标系统.通过对成形误差曲面的研究发现用现有球形滚刀加工面齿轮的理论造形误差很小,且远小于插齿成形误差.轮齿接触分析表明滚切得到的面齿轮与标准圆柱齿轮啮合轨迹的位置及方向与理论啮合轨迹基本一致,而滚切得到的面齿轮副传动误差为有利的抛物线形.该文的研究为面齿轮的加工找到了新方法,并为球形滚刀开辟了新用途.      

飞刀展成蜗轮的数控方法

介绍了利用先进数控设备加工飞刀并展成蜗轮的方法,阐述了该方法的优点、飞刀的齿形计算和数控滚齿机展成蜗轮的操作流程。为利用高新设备改进旧的工艺方法提供了借鉴。     

Modeling and experiment of grinding wheel axial profiles based on gear hobs

Hobbing is one of the crucial gear manufacturing processes with high precision and high efficiency. In order to improve the accuracy of hobbing and hob relief grinding, more precise grinding wheels are demanded for relief grinding in the production of gear hobs. In this paper, a new and accurate mathematical method for calculating the axial profile of grinding wheel based on the corresponding gear hob to be ground is proposed. Considering that most researches have been conducted to focus on the optimization of hob geometric feature and only can be applied to a specific type of hand of helix and rake angle of gear hobs. The method in this paper can be served as a general algorithm for generating axial profile of grinding wheels on the basis of the spatial envelope theory, the principle of coordinate system transformation, and studies on normal profile of single-tooth. The accuracy of grinding hobs is based on applying the approach in practical manufacturing. Taking two typical different kinds of pre-grinding gear hobs as examples for calculation and experiment, the results of tooth profile errors strengthen the position that the validity and feasibility of this method, it can be employed for gear hob design and grinding processing.     

用球形滚刀滚切面齿轮的理论误差研究

提出了利用现有球形滚刀与改造滚齿机加工面齿轮的方案。推导了球形滚刀基本蜗杆螺旋面方程,建立了滚切面齿轮的坐标系统。通过对成形误差曲面的研究发现用现有球形滚刀加工面齿轮的理论造形误差很小,且远小于插齿成形误差。轮齿接触分析表明滚切得到的面齿轮与标准圆柱齿轮啮合轨迹的位置及方向与理论啮合轨迹基本一致,而滚切得到的面齿轮副传动误差为有利的抛物线形。该文的研究为面齿轮的加工找到了新方法,并为球形滚刀开辟了新用途。     

蜗轮蜗杆参数化设计及运动仿真

在Pro/E环境下,以蜗轮蜗杆零件的三维建模为基础,将变参设计巧妙融入到零件三维实体的创建过程中,通过生成的可视化变参对话框,实现蜗轮蜗杆的快速建模,在此基础上,对快速建模的蜗轮蜗杆进行了虚拟装配和运动仿真。     

激光宏观结构化金刚石砂轮磨削氧化铝工艺

为了研究砂轮表面结构化对砂轮磨削性能的影响,利用脉冲激光对树脂结合剂金刚石砂轮进行了表面宏观结构化。采用6种不同类型的金刚石砂轮表面宏观结构进行了氧化铝的磨削实验,建立了激光宏观结构化金刚石砂轮的磨削力模型,比较了6种不同激光宏观结构化金刚石砂轮与非结构化砂轮在不同磨削参数下磨削力的差异,分析了砂轮制造后的表面形貌与结构化砂轮的磨损特性。实验结果表明,砂轮宏观结构化对磨削性能有很大影响,激光宏观结构化砂轮的磨削力可以减小2. 5%~24. 5%,砂轮结构化后的表面形貌出现石墨化现象;宏观结构化砂轮沟槽边缘磨损加剧,但沟槽磨损并没有明显加快宏观结构化砂轮的磨损。     

航空发动机自适应全局快速非奇异Terminal滑模控制

针对航空发动机控制系统须具有强鲁棒性和快速响应等特点及Terminal滑模控制存在奇异性等缺点,提出了一种航空发动机自适应全局快速非奇异Terminal滑模控制器设计方法.设计了一种快速非奇异Terminal滑模面,同时解决了传统Terminal滑模控制的奇异性和远离平衡点收敛速度慢两个缺点.采用自适应方法估计等效干扰,无需已知航空发动机的干扰上界,利用Lyapunov理论分析了其稳定性.仿真结果表明:设计的Terminal滑模控制器具有良好的动态性能,状态输出响应快速,调节时间在2s左右,无稳态误差,无超调,未发生奇异现象.      

MATLAB优化工具箱在蜗杆传动优化设计中的应用

在研究蜗轮蜗杆传动优化数学模型的基础上,以蜗轮的体积最小为优化目标函数,提出了利用MATLAB的优化工具箱对蜗杆传动进行优化设计的方法。与传统设计方法比较,该方法既满足了强度要求,又大大减小了蜗轮蜗杆机构的体积,提高了设计效率和质量。     

Specific grinding energy and surface roughness of nanoparticle jet minimum quantity lubrication in grinding

Nanoparticles with the anti-wear and friction reducing features were applied as cooling lubricant in the grinding fluid. Dry grinding, flood grinding, minimal quantity of lubrication（MQL）, and nanoparticle jet MQL were used in the grinding experiments. The specific grinding energy of dry grinding, flood grinding and MQL were 84, 29.8, 45.5 J/mm³, respectively. The specific grinding energy significantly decreased to 32.7 J/mm³ in nanoparticle MQL. Compared with dry grinding, the surface roughness values of flood grinding, MQL, and nanoparticle jet MQL were significantly reduced with the surface topography profile values reduced by 11%, 2.5%, and 10%,respectively, and the ten point height of microcosmic unflatness values reduced by 1.5%, 0.5%,and 1.3%, respectively. These results verified the satisfactory lubrication effects of nanoparticle MQL. MoS₂, carbon nanotube（CNT）, and ZrO₂ nanoparticles were also added in the grinding fluid of nanoparticle jet MQL to analyze their grinding surface lubrication effects. The specific grinding energy of MoS₂ nanoparticle was only 32.7 J/mm³, which was 8.22% and 10.39% lower than those of the other two nanoparticles. Moreover, the surface roughness of workpiece was also smaller with MoS₂ nanoparticle, which indicated its remarkable lubrication effects. Furthermore,the role of MoS₂ particles in the grinding surface lubrication at different nanoparticle volume concentrations was analyzed. MoS₂ volume concentrations of 1%, 2%, and 3% were used.Experimental results revealed that the specific grinding energy and the workpiece surface roughness initially increased and then decreased as MoS₂ nanoparticle volume concentration increased.Satisfactory grinding surface lubrication effects were obtained with 2% MoS₂ nanoparticle volume concentration.     

Grinding temperature and energy ratio coefficient in MQL grinding of high-temperature nickel-base alloy by using different vegetable oils as base oil

Vegetable oil can be used as a base oil in minimal quantity of lubrication(MQL). This study compared the performances of MQL grinding by using castor oil, soybean oil, rapeseed oil, corn oil, sunflower oil, peanut oil, and palm oil as base oils. A K-P36 numerical-control precision surface grinder was used to perform plain grinding on a workpiece material with a high-temperature nickel base alloy. A YDM–III 99 three-dimensional dynamometer was used to measure grinding force,and a clip-type thermocouple was used to determine grinding temperature. The grinding force, grinding temperature, and energy ratio coefficient of MQL grinding were compared among the seven vegetable oil types. Results revealed that(1) castor oil-based MQL grinding yields the lowest grinding force but exhibits the highest grinding temperature and energy ratio coefficient;(2) palm oil-based MQL grinding generates the second lowest grinding force but shows the lowest grinding temperature and energy ratio coefficient;(3) MQL grinding based on the five other vegetable oils produces similar grinding forces, grinding temperatures, and energy ratio coefficients, with values ranging between those of castor oil and palm oil;(4) viscosity significantly influences grinding force and grinding temperature to a greater extent than fatty acid varieties and contents in vegetable oils;(5) although more viscous vegetable oil exhibits greater lubrication and significantly lower grinding force than less viscous vegetable oil, high viscosity reduces the heat exchange capability of vegetable oil and thus yields a high grinding temperature;(6) saturated fatty acid is a more efficient lubricant than unsaturated fatty acid; and(7) a short carbon chain transfers heat more effectively than a long carbon chain. Palm oil is the optimum base oil of MQL grinding, and this base oil yields 26.98 N tangential grinding force,87.10 N normal grinding force, 119.6 °C grinding temperature, and 42.7% energy ratio coefficient.