利用α稳定分布的小波域SAR图像降斑算法

提出了一种改进的合成孔径雷达(SAR)图像α-MAP降斑算法,通过采用厚尾α稳定分布和引入噪声方差调整系数的方法,可以获得更好的降斑和纹理保持效果,同时应用平稳小波分解来解决Gibbs效应引入的伪噪声问题。最后通过对实际SAR图像的降斑处理,对本文的算法与最新的小波软阈值算法以及传统的局部自适应滤波器在性能参数和滤波效果上做了全面的比较。试验表明本文的算法更具适应性,实现了降斑与纹理保持更有效的综合滤波,在性能参数和复原图像效果上都有较好的表现。     

基于小波域贝叶斯估计模糊萎缩的SAR图像降斑算法

提出了基于小波域高斯混合模型贝叶斯估计模糊萎缩的SAR图像降斑算法.该算法分析了SAR图像在平稳小波变换(SWT)域中的统计模型,并用高斯混合模型对其进行描述,推导出基于贝叶斯估计的信号最小均方误差(MMSE)的模糊萎缩因子.籍此再根据小波域相邻尺度间小波系数的相关性,采用分区域模糊萎缩思想,很好地得到无斑点真实信号小波系数的估计值.仿真结果表明该算法在大大抑制斑点噪声的同时,有效地保持了边缘,其性能优于改进Lee滤波、小波软阈值和SWT萎缩降斑算法.     

基于塔形形态算法的SAR图像相干斑抑制

提出将塔形形态算法用于抑制SAR图像中相干斑处理，为减少塔形处理中由于下采样造成的信息损失，从并行处理的角度出发，对塔形形态滤波器提出了改进，将下采样中的各子图同时进行形态滤波处理，在上采样中将各子图合并。经分析和处理表明这两种算法用于SAR图像滤波都能有效地去除相干斑噪声。与塔形形态滤波、Lee滤波器算法比较，采用并行算法处理后图像的各项指标有明显的改善。     

一种基于重叠子孔径回波信息的SAR图像配准算法

合成孔径雷达（SAR）图像配准是寻找多幅SAR图像之间的几何变换关系的过程，使不同图像校正到统一空间坐标系。传统光学图像配准方法，如尺度不变特征变换（SIFT）结合随机抽样一致（RANSAC）用于SAR图像配准时，由于受到乘性相干斑噪声的干扰，配准性能受到较大影响。提出一种基于重叠子孔径回波信息的SAR图像配准算法，在对SAR回波复数据进行成像处理的过程中，利用相位信息并结合子孔径自聚焦方法得到强相关的重叠子孔径图像，并利用多图像配准方法实现成像孔径内和孔径间的子孔径图像配准，提高图像配准精度。多个不同场景的实测数据处理结果表明：所提算法相比于SIFT+RANSAC算法，同名点数量增加，误匹配点对减少，均方根误差减小，对相干斑噪声具有较强的鲁棒性，配准效果得到了显著提高。     

一种平稳小波方向能量阈值滤波的SAR图像去噪方法

由于 SAR图像相干斑噪声是非高斯分布的,无法直接采用光学成像系统的去噪技术处理,因此,目前还没有真正的理想算法广泛适用于 SAR图像去噪。在分析目前流行的空频域去噪方法优缺点的基础上,提出了 1种小波域 SAR图像去噪方法。为了克服离散小波变换缺乏平移不变性及方向选择性受限的缺点,该方法利用平稳小波将图像分解为低频逼近信号和高频细节信号;对于噪声信息较少的逼近信号,利用增强 Lee滤波去噪;对细节信号,根据相干斑噪声在小波域的方向能量特性进行自适应的阈值滤波;最后重建去噪后的 SAR图像。实验表明,该方法去噪能力强,同时边缘保持较好。     

聚束SAR扩展Chirp Scaling成像算法.

在合成孔径雷达（SAR Synthetic Aperture Radar)的成像算法中，Chrip Scaling成像算法具有计算效率高的优点，因此得到了较为广泛的应用。详细研究了子孔径扩展Chirp Scaling算法在高分辩率聚束模式SAR中的应用，包括子孔径划分和方位向处理问题，针对A.Moreira等1996年所提算法在处理聚束SAR数据时所产生的问题，给出了经过改进的适合于大斜视角处理的整个计算过程的完整表达式。在给出点目标仿真的同时，利用E-SAR实际数据对述方法进行了验证，结果对具体的兼容条带和聚束两种工作模式的SAR处理机设计具有一定的参考价值。     

条带模式合成孔径雷达回波数据的聚束成像算法处理

对条带模式SAR和聚束模式SAR的关系进行了研究,给出了一种如何利用聚束成像算法来处理条带模式SAR的原始回波数据的方法,这种方法基于两种模式成像处理器输入数据的不同特点和Dechirp解调原理,同时使用了频谱扩展的方法。在没有聚束模式SAR原始回波数据的情况下,可使用本文的方法利用条带SAR数据来模拟聚束SAR数据,以便研究聚束成像算法。此外在条带 SAR成像过程中,利用文中给出的算法,可以对某一小的目标区域进行精细成像。也可将此方法用于条带SAR的快视成像中。     

机载合成孔径雷达几何校准技术探讨

几何校准是合成孔径雷达(SAR)成像的关键技术之一。对几种能将失真的图象进行重新采样，使其投影到某一新的投影图，成为高质量且易于判读图象的几何校正算法作了介绍，并对其应用前景进行了探讨。     

一种机载雷达两级降维空时二维自适应处理方法

 提出了一种机载相控阵雷达杂波抑制的两级降维空时自适应处理(STAP)方法,即：先根据杂波分布先验信息进行空时局域化(JDL)降维处理,然后对局域化输出进行多级维纳滤波(MWF),实现二次降维。该方法综合了固定结构和自适应结构降维技术的优点,将JDL处理引入到MWF中,从而有效降低MWF的杂波自由度。计算机仿真和理论分析表明本文方法比JDL自适应处理方法和全空时MWF方法具有更小的运算量,对阵元随机幅相误差具有很好的容差能力,是一种稳健的两级降维自适应处理方法。最后,基于仿真和实测数据的实验验证了算法的有效性。     

方位降采样滤波器设计和FPGA实现

在SAR(合成孔径雷达)雷达实时信号处理中,为了降低运算量且不影响成象质量,通常需要对输入的距离-方向二维数据在方位上做降采样和滤波处理。为了满足实时处理的需要,本文提出了一种将降采样和方位滤波相结合的设计,以及利用窗函数设计滤波器系数的方法,运用硬件描述语言Verilog HDL构造了一种用现场可编程门阵列FPGA实现降采样滤波器的电路结构,并分析了其性能。该降采样滤波器的降采样率和滤波器阶数可变,可适应多种场合的需要。     

机载单通道雷达实波束扫描的前视探测

针对机载单通道雷达采用合成孔径雷达(SAR)技术、多普勒波束锐化(DBS)技术等途径难以实现载机飞行路线正前方高分辨率成像问题,研究了一种利用方位实波束重叠扫描的新型机载单通道雷达前视探测方法,讨论了提高方位分辨率的可行性和适用条件。该方法根据目标回波强度受到波束扫描增益调制的特点,通过计算修正的Capon空间谱来实现方位超分辨。模拟实验表明,所提方法能够实现机载单通道雷达的前视成像,可以显著提高波束主瓣区域内强弱临近目标的分辨能力。     

OGSRN: Optical-guided super-resolution network for SAR image

Although Convolutional Neural Networks(CNNs) have significantly improved the development of image Super-Resolution(SR) technology in recent years, the existing SR methods for SAR image with large scale factors have rarely been studied due to technical difficulty. A more efficient method is to obtain comprehensive information to guide the SAR image reconstruction.Indeed, the co-registered High-Resolution(HR) optical image has been successfully applied to enhance the quality of SAR image due to it...     

Spacecraft optimal rendezvous controller design using simulated annealing

A new global approach for rendezvous Linear Quadratic controller design is presented in this paper. Instead of solving the algebraic Riccati equation, a continuous simulated annealing (SA) algorithm is used to design rendezvous LQ controller. Optimization of one automatic rendezvous controller with 18 design parameters is illustrated. The results show that the SA algorithm can locate the global solution effectively and robust, besides a great number of global solutions have been obtained by the SA. The SA has demonstrated better performance than other optimization algorithms such as floating-coded Genetic Algorithm, Simplex method and Powell algorithm.     

An extended chirp scaling algorithm for spaceborne sliding spotlight synthetic aperture radar imaging

A system impulse response with low sidelobes is critical in synthetic aperture radar（SAR） images because sidelobes contribute to noise and interfere with nearby scatterers. However,the conventional tricks of sidelobe suppression are unable to be exactly applied to the case of spaceborne sliding spotlight SAR due to great azimuth shifts in both time and frequency domains. In this paper, an extended chirp scaling algorithm is presented for spaceborne sliding spotlight SAR data imaging. The proposed algorithm firstly uses the spectral analysis（SPECAN） technique to avoid the azimuth spectrum folding effect and then employs the chirp scaling（CS） algorithm to achieve data focusing, i.e., the so-called two-step approach. To suppress the sidelobe level, an efficient strategy for the azimuth spectral weighting which only involves matrix multiplications and short fast Fourier transformations（FFTs） is proposed, which is a post-process executed on the focused SAR image and particularly simple to be implemented. The SAR image processed by the proposed extended CS algorithm is very precise and perfectly phase-preserving. In the end, computer simulation results verify the analysis and confirm the validity of the proposed algorithm.     

A Generalized Approach to Multiresolution Complex SAR Signal Processing

Multiresolution synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image formation has been proven to be beneficial in a variety of applications such as improved imaging and target detection as well as speckle reduction. SAR signal processing traditionally carried out in the Fourier domain has inherent limitations in the context of image formation at hierarchical scales. We present a generalized approach to the formation of multiresolution SAR images using biorthogonal shift-invariant discrete wavelet transform (SIDWT) in both range and azimuth directions. Particularly in azimuth, the inherent subband decomposition property of wavelet packet transform is introduced to produce multiscale complex matched filtering without involving any approximations. This generalized approach also includes the formulation of multilook processing within the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) paradigm. The efficiency of the algorithm in parallel form of execution to generate hierarchical scale SAR images is shown. Analytical results and sample imagery of diffuse backscatter are presented to validate the method.     

A technique for enhanced slant range resolution for SAR systems inknowledge-based environment

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) is an airborne (or spaceborne) radar mapping technique for generating high resolution maps of surface target areas including terrain. High resolution is achieved by coherently combining the returns from a number of radar transmissions. The resolution of the images is determined by the parameters of the emissions, with more data giving greater resolution. A requirement of the Microwave Radar Division's SAR radar is to provide classification of targets. This paper presents a technique for enhancing slant range resolution in SAR images by dithering the carrier centre frequency of the transmitted signal. The procedure controls the radar waveforms so they will optimally perform the classification function, rather than provide an image of best quality. It is shown that a Knowledge-Based engineering approach to determining the waveform of the radar gives considerably improved performance as a classifier of targets (of large radar cross-section), even though the corresponding image is degraded     

Rendezvous phasing special-point maneuvers mixed discrete-continuous optimization using simulated annealing

The design of a rendezvous phasing special-point maneuvers can be formulated as a mixed one-zero, integer and continuous design variables problem. A hybrid approach combining simulated annealing (SA) with Newton's method is proposed for solving this problem. An integer-coded SA is used to handle the discrete design variables, while Newton's method is applied to handle the continuous design variables. Three improvements are employed to make the proposed approach more efficient and robust. A two-day low-earth rendezvous-phasing problem is used as an example. The effects of the improvements are investigated. The results show that the SA based hybrid approach is very effective and efficient and the SA has better convergence ability compared with an integer-coded genetic algorithm.     

A Novel Speckle Filter for SAR Images Based on Informationtheoretic Heterogeneity Measurements

Most adaptive speckle filters are based on the local coefficient of variation, which serves to measure the heterogeneity of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. However, the sensitivity of the measurements to speckle and noise of SAR images would greatly deteriorate the speckle reduction. This article, based upon the information theory, presents a novel parameter for the heterogeneity measurement as a general index to quantitate the SAR image heterogeneity. Further, as a new speckle reduction algorithm based on the aforesaid quantitative heterogeneity measurements, it puts forward a heterogeneity-based speckle reduction filter (HBSRF), which uses the information-theoretic heterogeneity measurements as a criterion to classify the SAR images as belonging to homogeneous or heterogeneous regions. Then the finite iteration procedure and edge detection algorithms are adopted to strike the best balance between speckle reduction and edge preservation. The results from the computer simulation have demonstrated that the proposed effective method is superior to the conventional speckle filters based on the local coefficient of variation both in textural preservation and speckle reduction.     

基于复Shearlet域高斯混合模型的SAR图像去噪

 结合双树复小波的平移不变性、多分辨率性和剪切波变换的灵活可选的多方向性,提出一种新的图像表达方法——复Shearlet变换。针对合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像的相干噪声特点,建立了复Shearlet系数域的高斯混合模型(Gaussian Mixture Model,GSM),在此基础上应用贝叶斯最小二乘法进行系数估计,最后进行复Shearlet反变换得到去噪以后的SAR图像。仿真结果和分析表明:本文提出的算法相比其他变换域去噪算法,不仅去噪后的图像的峰值信噪比(Peak Signal to Noise Ratio, PSNR)有所提高,而且去噪后的图像更平滑,且与Shearlet域高斯混合模型相比,本文算法速度快了两倍多。     

Feature enhancement and ATR performance using nonquadratic optimization-based SAR imaging

We present an evaluation of the impact of a recently proposed synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging technique on feature enhancement and automatic target recognition (ATR) performance. This image formation technique is based on nonquadratic optimization, and the images it produces appear to exhibit enhanced features. We quantify such feature enhancement through a number of criteria. The findings of our analysis indicate that the new feature-enhanced SAR image formation method provides images with higher resolution of scatterers, and better separability of different regions as compared with conventional SAR images. We also provide an ATR-based evaluation. We run recognition experiments using conventional and feature-enhanced SAR images of military targets, with three different classifiers. The first classifier is template based. The second classifier makes a decision through a likelihood test, based on Gaussian models for reflectivities. The third classifier is based on extracted locations of the dominant target scatterers. The experimental results demonstrate that the new feature-enhanced SAR imaging method can improve the recognition performance, especially in scenarios involving reduced data quality or quantity.