后掠翼边界层横流不稳定性的实验研究(英文)

在西北工业大学的低湍流度风洞中,采用升华法研究有无粗糙带情况下,45°后掠翼三维边界层内的横流驻波不稳定性及其转捩模式。在未引入人工粗糙带,雷诺数为5.50×105~1.65×106范围内,模型的转捩分界始终为位于最小压力点之后的一条直线,转捩由T-S波触发。当Re≥1.38×106时,对应最不稳定横流驻波的3.5~4.0mm条纹出现在转捩的上游区域,条纹间距与线化稳定性理论的结果吻合。当Re=1.65×106时,实验证实了横流驻波扰动对前缘粗糙度的极度敏感。考虑到抑制最不稳定横流驻波就很有可能抑制后掠翼飞行器上由其主导的转捩,在机翼前缘布置不同间距的粗糙带,研究其对边界层内横流驻波的影响。当Re=1.38×106时,2.5mm间距的粗糙带有效的抑制了3.5~4.0mm最不稳定驻波,该现象为后掠翼上的转捩控制技术提供了一条新思路。此外,当6.0mm、7.0mm和8.0mm的粗糙带被引入时,条纹间隔表现为3.0mm、3.5mm和4.0mm的谐波波长。     

基于升华法实验研究后掠翼三维边界层的转捩

在西北工业大学的低湍流度风洞,采用升华法研究不同雷诺数下后掠翼上表面的转捩现象。实验发现雷诺数较低时,后掠翼上的转捩由流向不稳定触发,转捩位置在最小压力点之后,转捩分界为一条直线;当雷诺数足够大时,转捩由横流驻波不稳定触发,转捩提前到最小压力点之前,转捩分界呈现尖楔形状。该结果表明升华法不但能够较准确地分辨出后掠翼上的转捩位置,还能够区分不同的转捩机理,判断转捩是由流向不稳定还是横流驻波不稳定触发。此外,实验中还发现在横流驻波不稳定增长较大时,升华法能够提供转捩上游区域边界层内的横流不稳定信息;当横流驻波不稳定进一步增强时,该不稳定受模型表面粗糙度的影响较大,萘的喷涂有可能会影响到升华法的结果。     

后掠翼可压缩三维边界层稳定性计算

采用可压缩线化稳定性理论对后掠机翼的层流边界层稳定性进行了计算研究。对三维边界层中三维扰动波的可压缩稳定性方程组特征问题采用相关两步格式求解。与常用的初值法相比,具有不需预估特征值和快速收敛的特点。为得到渐近边界条件的准确表达式,导出了外边界上方程的解析解,这对精确的特征值计算和分析至关重要。为避免出现伪不稳定模态,选择了合适的稳定性方程组形式。最后,通过层流控制机翼和自然层流机翼的算例,研究了后掠翼上典型Tollmien-Schlichting(T-S)型扰动和横流(C-F)扰动稳定性问题,其结果与已有计算结果符合甚好。     

边界层横流驻定扰动稳定性问题

采用直接对稳定性方程进行数值积分的方法,计算和研究三维可压（可带边界层控制）边界层横流驻定扰动（ｓｔａｔｉｏｎａｒｙｄｉｓｔｕｒｂａｎｃｅ）稳定性问题。导出积分初始边界处用于数值计算的矩阵表达式。通过改进的正则正交化并与误差判断相结合的方法,有效地控制正交化进程,克服了稳定性方程是刚性方程在积分求解中的困难。算例分析研究了跨音速后掠翼前部横流驻定扰动稳定性变化的关键因子和主要影响因素,结果是满意的     

基于线性稳定性理论的转捩控制试验

 使用线化稳定性理论研究了某后掠机翼试验模型在风洞试验条件下可能的试验结果。在当前试验条件下,三维边界层中横流驻波的不同波长扰动发展趋势不同,根据理论分析和数值计算给出了最大放大率波长为4.0 mm。通过升华法试验验证了理论分析与数值计算结果。在试验中使用丝网印刷技术在后掠机翼前缘添加粗糙带,成功地引入了理论计算的最大放大率波长。根据预期影响了三维边界层的转捩。     

后掠平板横流不稳定性

本文研究了无限后掠平板三维边界层的横流不稳定性，证明行进波和定常波几平同时失稳，且行进波比定常波更不稳定；     

基于双eN方法的翼身组合体流动转捩自动判断

发展翼身组合体复杂外形流动转捩自动判断方法,对高亚声速民机自然层流（NLF）机翼设计具有重要意义。使用多块结构化网格和三维雷诺平均Navier-Stokes（RANS）方程求解器,耦合边界层方程求解和基于线性稳定性理论（LST）的完全双e^N方法,发展了一套可同时计及Tollmien-Schlichting波和横流不稳定性扰动诱导转捩的翼身组合体流动转捩自动判断方法。对DLR-F4翼身组合体绕流进行了转捩自动判断,将得到的转捩位置与试验结果进行比较,验证了所发展方法的正确性。使用上述方法对配置自然层流机翼的中短程民机翼身组合体外形进行了数值模拟,并将结果与单独机翼的转捩位置进行了对比,结果表明机身三维位移效应增强了自然层流后掠机翼边界层的横流不稳定性强度,导致翼根转捩位置提前至前缘区。     

抛物化稳定性方程在曲面边界层中的应用

为了研究抛物化稳定性方程在曲面边界层中的应用,选取了等曲率圆环管道、等曲率板和NACA0012翼型3种典型的曲面边界层.通过计算小幅值扰动波的演化,抛物化稳定性方程的计算结果和线性稳定性理论、数值模拟扰动方程结果相符,说明可以使用抛物化稳定性方程研究曲面边界层的小幅值扰动波的演化和稳定性分析;通过计算有限幅值扰动波的演化,线性阶段抛物化稳定性方程计算结果和扰动方程相符,在非线性很强的阶段,抛物化稳定性方程计算发散,发散的位置可作为转捩位置.      

翼-身组合体绕流的Euler方程数值模拟

用代数方法生成翼-身组合体H-O型网格,并用有限体积法研制出翼-身组合体绕流三维Euler方程计算程序。该方法的特点是改进了机身与机翼表面网格点分布,机翼后缘有后掠时也能保证后缘与网格线一致。程序除能按常规提供横流截面展向压强分布外,还能提供弦向压强分布。对NASA TND-712的翼-身组合体模型的计算结果与实验符合很好。     

后掠翼边界层横流不稳定转捩预测模型

通过对经典Falkner-Skan-Cooke三维边界层相似解的理论分析和数值求解,结合二维边界层转捩判据的思想,采用由试验数据标定的C1准则关系式求解横流不稳定转捩位移厚度雷诺数,建立了针对固定前缘后掠角机翼的横流转捩判据,并且通过方程求解和数据拟合得到了该转捩判据的数学结果.应用该模型对30°前缘后掠角的ONERA-M6机翼和45°前缘后掠角的NLF(2)-0415无限展长机翼进行了横流不稳定转捩数值模拟.模拟结果显示:改进后的转捩模型预测所得到的转捩位置精度较高,均与后掠翼横流试验数据吻合较好,从而证明了构建的横流不稳定转捩判据的合理性和实用性.      

Transition study of 3D aerodynamic configures using improved transport equations modeling

As boundary layer transition plays an important role in aerodynamic drag prediction,the proposal and study of transition prediction methods simulating the complex flow phenomena are prerequisite for aerodynamic design. In this paper, with the application of the linear stability theory based on amplification factor transport transition equations on the two-equation shear stress transport(SST) eddy-viscosity model, a new method, the SST-N TS-N CF model, is yielded. The new amplification factor transport equation for the crossflow instability induced transition is proposed to add to the N TS equation proposed by Coder, which simulates Tollmien–Schlichting wave transition. The turbulent kinetic energy equation is modified by introducing a new source term that simulates the transition process without the intermittency factor equation. Finally, coupled with these two amplification factor transport equations and SST turbulence model, a four-equation transition turbulence model is built. Comparisons between predictions using the new model and wind-tunnel experiments of NACA64(2)A015, NLF(2)-0415 and ONERA-D infinite swept wing and ONERAM6 swept wing validate the predictive quality of the new SST-N_(TS)-N_(CF) model.     

基于升华法的后掠翼混合层流控制研究

在低湍流度风洞中针对45°后掠角NACA64A-204翼型模型,采用升华流动显示技术研究不同吸气量和不同迎角状态下混合层流控制（HLFC）对转捩位置的影响。结合热线方法测量流向速度研究扰动增长的机制。实验结果表明：萘升华流动显示技术适合用来研究HLFC方法对后掠翼转捩的影响,可以直观和准确地表示后掠翼上的转捩位置;在无吸气的情况下,随着迎角从-6°到2°增大,层流区长度先增大后减小;HLFC方法可以显著推迟由横流不稳定触发的转捩;在同一迎角下增加吸气量,可以更有效地减小主要扰动波的能量。     

前掠翼纵向气动特性的实验研究

本文基于风洞测力、测压、等试验结果,研究了前掠翼的气动力特点,并与相应的后掠翼做了比较。研究了改进前掠翼根部流动的措施和改进后的收益。在低速情况下,根部适当后掠可以较好地改善前掠翼根部的流动,获得较大的气动力收益。配置鸭翼可以进一步改善前掠翼根部的流动,得到更大的升阻比。例如,根部适当后掠的前掠翼（整流翼）配置鸭翼以后,C_y=0.5时的升阻比可比边条后掠翼配置鸭翼（两种布局升力面面积相等）的升阻比提高24％。 前掠翼在跨音速有较小的零升阻力和诱导阻力。当M_α=1.1,α=6°时,前掠翼的诱导阻力要比后掠翼的小12.5％。低速时改善根部流动的措施在跨音速时仍然有效。前掠翼以及根部适当后掠的前掠翼（整流翼）配置合适的鸭翼,也可使前掠翼的高速性能得到较大改善。     

Instability analysis and drag coefficient prediction on a swept RAE2822 wing with constant lift coefficient

Swept wing is widely used in civil aircraft,whose airfoil is chosen,designed and optimized to increase the cruise speed and decrease the drag coefficient.The parameters of swept wing,such as sweep angle and angle of attack,are determined according to the cruise lift coefficient requirement,and the drag coefficient is expected to be predicted accurately,which involves the instability characteristics and transition position of the flow.The pressure coefficient of the RAE2822 wing with given constant lift coefficient is obtained by solving the three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equation numerically,and then the mean flow is calculated by solving the boundary layer(BL) equation with spectral method.The cross-flow instability characteristic of boundary layer of swept wing in the windward and leeward is analyzed by linear stability theory(LST),and the transition position is predicted by eNmethod.The drag coefficient is numerically predicted by introducing a laminar/turbulent indicator.A simple approach to calculate the lift coefficient of swept wing is proposed.It is found that there is a quantitative relationship between the angle of attack and sweep angle when the lift coefficient keeps constant;when the angle of attack is small,the flow on the leeward of the wing is stable.when the angle of attack is larger than 3°,the flow becomes unstable quickly;with the increase of sweep angle or angle of attack the disturbance on the windward becomes more unstable,leading to the moving forward of the transition position to the leading edge of the wing;the drag coefficient has two significant jumping growth due to the successive occurrence of transition in the windward and the leeward;the optimal range of sweep angle for civil aircraft is suggested.     

双后掠鸭翼气动特性的数值模拟

首先针对具有中等前缘后掠角梯形鸭翼的缺点提出双后掠鸭翼概念,然后分别对安装梯形鸭翼和双后掠鸭翼的近距耦合鸭式布局的气动性能进行数值模拟研究,分析影响双后掠鸭翼气动性能的流动机理。研究表明：在大迎角时,对于双后掠鸭翼,具有较大前缘后掠角的外翼段可以使鸭翼涡在涡核破裂后仍能形成稳定集中涡并保持较高的强度,增加鸭翼本身的失速迎角,并通过诱导作用改善机翼外翼段流场,进而提高全机大迎角性能,但在小迎角时会破坏鸭翼附着流或前缘气泡涡的发展,造成略微的升力损失。拥有较大失速迎角的双后掠鸭翼在小迎角时具有较大的可用偏度,可以增强布局的抬头控制能力。双后掠鸭翼在满足隐身约束的前提下,超声速阻力较小,具有较好的超声速性能。     

高超声速边界层流动稳定性实验研究

高超声速条件下边界层转捩相关研究是近年来空气动力学领域的研究热点。通过采用基于纳米粒子示踪平面激光散射(Nano-tracer-based planar laser scattering,NPLS)技术以及温敏漆等测试技术,对高超声速边界层的流动稳定性开展了实验研究。通过NPLS技术,对圆锥边界层中第二模态波精细结构进行了测量,并基于时间相关的测量结果,对第二模态波的波长和频率进行了分析。针对裙锥边界层NPLS结果,计算了特定位置上功率谱空间分布结果,测量得到了高次谐波成分。通过温敏漆和NPLS结果,发现主导三角翼前缘边界层转捩的模态为行进横流模态,分析了该模态的特性,并且与Kulite传感器测量得到的频率进行比较。     

Flow separation control on swept wing with nanosecond pulse driven DBD plasma actuators

A 15° swept wing with dielectric barrier discharge plasma actuator is designed.Experimental study of flow separation control with nanosecond pulsed plasma actuation is performed at flow velocity up to 40 m/s. The effects of the actuation frequency and voltage on the aerodynamic performance of the swept wing are evaluated by the balanced force and pressure measurements in the wind tunnel. At last, the performances on separation flow control of the three types of actuators with plane and saw-toothed exposed electrodes are compared. The optimal actuation frequency for the flow separation control on the swept wing is detected, namely the reduced frequency is 0.775, which is different from 2-D airfoil separation control. There exists a threshold voltage for the low swept wing flow control. Before the threshold voltage, as the actuation voltage increases, the control effects become better. The maximum lift is increased by 23.1% with the drag decreased by 22.4% at 14°, compared with the base line. However, the best effects are obtained on actuator with plane exposed electrode in the low-speed experiment and the abilities of saw-toothed actuators are expected to be verified under high-speed conditions.