自适应旋翼性能研究进展

自适应旋翼不同于常规被动旋翼设计,通过主动改变旋翼参数,优化旋翼升阻比,以适应飞行环境和飞行状态的变化,从而降低旋翼需用功率、提升直升机飞行性能。本文归纳了自适应旋翼在提升旋翼性能方面的国内外研究进展,主要包括：变转速旋翼、变直径旋翼、独立桨距控制旋翼、智能扭转旋翼以及桨叶翼型变体等,并对自适应旋翼提升旋翼性能方面的研究进展进行了总结和展望。     

智能旋翼--直升机减振降噪的治本技术

基于在桨叶上附加或埋入智能材料的电致驱动作用，并按照一定的控制规律驱动桨叶的控制面（控制面可以是后缘或前缘附翼，翼尖气动附翼或桨叶叶尖部分），从而实现降低振动和噪声控制的智能旋翼技术，是一种从振源着手降低直升机噪声和减少其振动的治本方法。与传统的抑制颤振和振动方法相比，这种直接实现由电能向高频线性运动的转换，能为旋翼自适应结构的控制、振动抑制、颤振防止等提供激动人心的新技术     

基于气动相似预估旋翼桨叶气动力的方法

提出气动相似情况下旋翼桨叶气动力的转换方法。由此可利用已有旋翼或模型旋翼桨叶的实测内力预估未知旋翼相关状态的气动力。该方法基于旋翼桨叶载荷识别、相似转换和旋翼桨叶动力响应分析 ,将旋翼桨叶气动力分解为与桨叶位移相关和无关的分量后 ,由于气动相似的旋翼间与桨叶位移无关的气动力相等 ,即可实现气动相似动力不相似旋翼间气动力的转换、预估。以桨叶挥舞方向为例 ,导出稳定飞行状态下旋翼桨叶气动力转换、预估方程。最后由实验结果进行了验证     

DDES方法在复杂旋翼流场计算中的应用

应用延迟脱体涡模拟（DDES）方法,进行了复杂分离流动旋翼流场的数值模拟研究。为控制计算规模,更好地模拟旋翼桨叶近壁面附近区域流动分离及远场尾迹发展,采用了贴体与背景自适应直角网格嵌套的网格系统;同时为提高计算速度,采用了基于分布式存储的数据并行模式,实现了贡献单元搜索、洞切割和流场计算的并行化。计算工作包含一个共轴双旋翼悬停和单旋翼下降状态,目的是分别讨论DDES方法在旋翼表面附近空间区域是否存在大范围分离时计算结果与雷诺平均Navier-Stokes结果之间的差异。计算表明,对于下降状态,DDES方法预测出了更强的尾迹区分离流动;对于桨叶表面基本为附着流动的双旋翼中等桨距角情况,两种方法预测的流场结构相似,仅在下旋翼桨叶气动力和旋翼桨根下方空间区域的诱导速度计算结果上存在微细差异。     

悬停状态共轴刚性双旋翼非定常流动干扰机理

基于运动嵌套网格方法,建立了一套适合于悬停状态下共轴刚性双旋翼非定常干扰流场分析的计算流体力学(CFD)方法。首先,基于高效的运动嵌套网格技术,采用积分形式的可压雷诺平均Navier-Stokes(RANS)方程作为双旋翼非定常流场求解控制方程,湍流模型选用Baldwin-Lomax模型,时间推进采用双时间方法。在CFD方法的验证基础之上,对干扰过程中的桨尖涡涡核位置及强度演变规律进行了细致分析,揭示了共轴双旋翼非定常干扰流场中上、下旋翼桨尖涡与双旋翼桨叶之间的贴近干扰、碰撞现象,以及上、下旋翼桨尖涡之间的相互干扰机理。然后,进一步研究了不同总距角下的共轴旋翼系统中上、下旋翼的非定常气动特性以及影响规律。计算结果表明:上旋翼桨叶的桨尖涡会直接与下旋翼桨叶发生碰撞,导致下旋翼桨叶拉力损失;上旋翼桨叶的桨尖涡和下旋翼桨叶的桨尖涡相互干扰,改变了桨尖涡的强度和轨迹;上、下旋翼桨叶相互靠近时,上、下旋翼桨叶的拉力均会上升,之后相互远离时上、下旋翼桨叶拉力均会先下降再上升。     

主动扭转智能旋翼模型试验研究

在国内首次进行采用压电片驱动的碳纤维弯扭耦合梁作为驱动机构的智能旋翼风洞试验。试验结果表明:主动扭转智能旋翼在高转速前吹风状态下,受控状态下的可动桨尖沿扭转输出轴上下偏转可以明显改变桨叶气动力的相应谐波分量,进而影响桨叶的振动,试验为主动扭转智能旋翼用于直升机旋翼振动主动控制奠定硬件基础。     

某直升机旋翼采用4片桨叶与5片桨叶的动力学对比分析

旋翼设计包括桨毂构型、旋翼桨叶片数、旋翼直径、旋翼实度、翼型剖面等一系列影响直升机性能的因素。而旋翼桨叶片数的选择,对轻型和中型直升机来讲,4片桨叶旋翼和5片桨叶旋翼具有典型意义。某直升机是5吨级的直升机,在某直升机先期方案中,旋翼设计为4片桨叶,在某直升机旋翼的对法合作中,法方提出将4片桨叶改为5片桨叶。为此,在签订某直升机旋翼对法合作的合同之前,我们对某直升机采用4片桨叶与5片桨叶的动力学性能进行了比较和分析,并得出明确的结论。     

旋翼桨叶气动外形设计

旋翼桨叶气动外形设计的目的主要是使旋翼的气动特性满足直升机的设计和使用要求,本文针对直升机旋翼桨叶气动外形设计中的有关问题,介绍了桨叶气动外形设计的设计方法,设计参数主要包括桨叶的弦长、扭转角、翼型选择和配置以及桨尖形状,并以某型直升机旋翼桨叶为例,介绍了旋翼桨叶气动外形的设计。     

直升机旋翼桨叶电加热除冰设计

本文介绍了国外直升机结冰保护研究现状,结冰保护设计气象条件情况及旋翼桨叶的主要除冰方法,并根据国外型号设计经验概括性地描述了直升机旋翼桨叶电加热除冰系统的组成、研制过程及相关试验,最后就桨叶迎面水滴撞击特性计算、热力计算和除冰组件疲劳及结构相容性设计等旋翼桨叶除冰研究应解决的关键设计技术作了一些说明.     

基于PC2B格式自由尾迹方法的旋翼响应特性分析

旋翼自由尾迹模型的建模和桨叶动态响应计算的问题是直升机空气动力学领域中富有关键意义的课题。本文结合桨叶气动模型、旋翼涡尾迹模型、桨叶挥舞动力学模型、"PC2B"尾迹求解算法和旋翼配平模型,建立了一个时间精确的旋翼自由尾迹和桨叶动态气动响应的分析方法,并针对旋翼总距突增时的旋翼载荷和桨叶动态响应进行了计算和分析,得出了一些有意义的结果。     

共轴式双旋翼悬停流场和气动力的CFD计算

考虑到共轴式双旋翼流场特征高度复杂、桨叶承受非定常气动载荷的特点,为更好地预测共轴式双旋翼的气动特性,把非结构嵌套网格方法和网格的自适应技术相结合,发展了一套适合于共轴式双旋翼流场数值计算的求解器.在该求解器中,采用非结构嵌套网格方案来模拟桨叶之间存在的相对运动,自适应网格技术用来捕捉尾迹对流场和气动特性的影响,求解惯性坐标系下的非定常N-S主控方程来模拟流场的非定常特性.应用该求解器,首先计算了有试验结果可供对比的一副试验旋翼的诱导速度场分布,在此基础上,计算了共轴式双旋翼的桨尖涡轨迹和拉力分布特性,并与单旋翼的计算结果进行了对比和分析,得到了一些有意义的结论.     

智能桨叶的实时模型与复合自适应振动控制

研究了智能桨叶的实时模型、控制方法与控制器的实时实现。首先,采用MX滤波器实现了对桨叶动态特性的实时在线模拟,给出了该滤波器的系数与所描述的受控结构模态参数之间的相互关系。接着,提出了一种新的复合自适应控制方法,它综合了自适应前馈控制和反馈控制的特点,实现了对桨叶阻尼和振动响应的控制。最后,在所建立的以高速信号处理器为中心的实时数字仿真系统上,实现了对单频、双频及变频、变幅值谐和激励下桨叶振动的控制,获得了良好的振动控制效果。     

复杂叶片机器人磨抛加工工艺技术研究进展

针对航空、航天、能源等国家战略领域复杂叶片高效高品质加工重大需求,对近年来以工业机器人为装备执行体的机器人磨抛加工技术的研究进展进行了综述。具体围绕叶片机器人磨抛中涉及的加工系统精确标定、测量点云高效匹配、加工轨迹自适应规划,以及柔顺力精密控制等关键工艺技术,系统而全面地分析了国内外已公开发表的相关文献,并以典型的汽轮机叶片和发动机叶片为例,阐述了叶片机器人磨抛工程应用效果。最后从叶片特殊部位一体化加工、磨抛加工颤振抑制、磨抛表面完整性控制、叶片增减材混合加工等方面对该领域未来研究方向进行了展望。     

Development of swashplateless helicopter blade pitch control system using the limited angle direct-drive motor (LADDM)

It can be greatly beneficial to remove the swashplate of conventional helicopter, because the swashplate is usually complicated, aerodynamically resistive, and obstacle of more complex pitch control for improving performance. The present technologies for helicopter vibration reduction are usually narrow in effective range or requiring additional actuators and signal transfer links,and more effective technology is desired. Helicopter blade pitch control system, which is removed of swashplate and integrated high-frequency pitch control function for active vibration reduction, is likely the suitable solution at current technical level. Several potential implementation schemes are discussed, such as blades being directly or indirectly driven by actuators mounted in rotating frame and application of different types of actuators, especially implementation schemes of electro-mechanical actuator with or without gear reducer. It is found that swashplateless blade pitch control system based on specially designed limited angle direct-drive motor(LADDM) is a more practical implementation scheme. An experimental prototype of the finally selected implementation scheme has been designed, fabricated and tested on rotor tower. The test results show considerable feasibility of the swashplateless helicopter blade pitch control system using the LADDM.     

某型机助力器承载特性分析

某旋翼系统装于某型直升机,实测了该直升机在悬停、盘旋、平飞、过载、机动飞行科目下的桨叶变距拉杆的铰链力矩,据此计算了该型机纵向和横向操纵助力器所受载荷;同时根据该机操纵助力器输出力与操纵速度特性曲线,考核验证某旋翼系统的铰链力矩、某型机操纵助力器的承载特性即桨叶和助力器的设计及其匹配是否合理、安全可行。     

用于高速转子振动主动控制的智能变刚度支承系统

在主动变刚度理论的基础上,利用形状记忆合金(Shape Mem ory Alloys)作为驱动元件,设计了用于高速转子振动主动控制的智能变刚度支承系统。试验证明:利用该支承系统实现了主动变刚度控制转子振动理论。      

Review of state of the art in smart rotor control research for wind turbines

This article presents a review of the state of the art and present status of active aeroelastic rotor control research for wind turbines. Using advanced control concepts to reduce loads on the rotor can offer great reduction to the total cost of wind turbines. With the increasing size of wind turbine blades, the need for more sophisticated load control techniques has induced the interest for locally distributed aerodynamic control systems with build-in intelligence on the blades. Such concepts are often named in popular terms ‘smart structures’ or ‘smart rotor control’. The review covers the full span of the subject, starting from the need for more advanced control systems emerging from the operating conditions of modern wind turbines and current load reduction control capabilities. An overview of available knowledge and up-to date progress in application of active aerodynamic control is provided, starting from concepts, methods and achieved results in aerospace and helicopter research. Moreover, a thorough analysis on different concepts for smart rotor control applications for wind turbines is performed, evaluating available options for aerodynamic control surfaces, actuators (including smart materials), sensors and control techniques. Next, feasibility studies for wind turbine applications, preliminary performance evaluation and novel computational and experimental research approaches are reviewed. The potential of load reduction using smart rotor control concepts is shown and key issues are discussed. Finally, existing knowledge and future requirements on modeling issues of smart wind turbine rotors are discussed. This study provides an overview of smart rotor control for wind turbines, discusses feasibility of future implementation, quantifies key parameters and shows the challenges associated with such an approach.     

Numerical simulation of aerodynamic interaction for a tilt rotor aircraft in helicopter mode

A rotor CFD solver is developed for simulating the aerodynamic interaction phenomenon among rotor, wing and fuselage of a tilt rotor aircraft in its helicopter mode. The unsteady Navier–Stokes equations are discretized in inertial frame and embedded grid system is adopted for describing the relative motion among blades and nacelle/wing/fuselage. A combination of multi-layer embedded grid and ‘‘extended hole fringe" technique is complemented in original grid system to tackle grid assembly difficulties arising from the narrow space among different aerodynamic components, and to improve the interpolation precision by decreasing the cell volume discrepancy among different grid blocks. An overall donor cell searching and automatic hole cutting technique is used for grid assembly, and the solution processes are speeded up by introduction of Open MP parallel method. Based on this solver, flow fields and aerodynamics of a tilt rotor aircraft in hover are simulated with several rotor collective angles, and the corresponding states of an isolated rotor and rotor/wing/fuselage model are also computed to obtain reference solution.Aerodynamic interference influences among the rotor and wing/fuselage/nacelle are analyzed,and some meaningful conclusions are drawn.     

Design and application of an Electric Tail Rotor Drive Control (ETRDC) for helicopters with performance tests

With the development of electric helicopters’ motor technology and the widespread use of electric drive rotors, more aircraft use electric rotors to provide thrust and directional control. For a helicopter tail rotor, the wake of the main rotor influences the tail rotor’s inflow and wake. In the procedure of controlling, crosswind will also cause changes to the tail disk load. This paper describes requirements and design principles of an electric motor drive and variable pitch tail rotor system. A particular spoke-type architecture of the motor is designed, and the performance of blades is analyzed by the CFD method. The demand for simplicity of moving parts and strict constraints on the weight of a helicopter makes the design of electrical and mechanical components challenging. Different solutions have been investigated to propose an effective alternative to the mechanical actuation system. A test platform is constructed which can collect the dynamic response of the thrust control. The enhancement of the response speed due to an individual motor speed control and variable-pitch system is validated.