固液火箭发动机工作过程三维数值仿真

根据固体燃料壁面与气相间的流固耦合得出了固体燃料燃速模型,对采用星形装药的H₂O₂/HTPB(hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene)固液火箭发动机进行了燃烧流动三维数值仿真,得到了流场参数的分布及不同位置的固体燃料燃速,与二维轴对称仿真结果进行了对比.计算结果表明:装药截面的火焰层形状与装药星孔型面形状相似,但火焰层厚度与位置在星根与星角处存在差异;随着轴向位置的增加,氧化剂不断消耗,火焰层向通道中心移动;固体燃料燃速与氧化剂流率及不同装药位置有关,其大小随氧化剂流率的增加而增加,星根处燃速比星角处大;在相同氧化剂流率下,三维星形装药比二维轴对称装药的平均固体燃料燃速大.      

固液火箭发动机试验燃速的计算

基于固液火箭发动机固体药柱燃速与药柱通道氧化剂质量流率的关系,推导分析得出:在2s短工作时间内或者药柱通道直径增大10%的情况下,燃烧室压力与其氧化剂质量流量成正比.因此通过试验测量的燃烧室压力可计算得到发动机转级或者关机拖尾段中的氧化剂质量流量.据此,计算发动机拖尾段消耗的燃料质量,消除发动机拖尾段燃料消耗对平均燃速的影响,可以修正常用的计算试验燃速的起止点平均法.利用此方法对两种试验推进剂组合的燃速进行了计算,原偏高的燃速值降低约20%,不同尺寸发动机的燃速符合尺寸规律,偏差在5%以内,使小尺寸发动机测得的燃速可应用到大尺寸发动机的设计中.      

混合火箭发动机燃料退移特性的数值计算

混合火箭发动机在航天推进领域优势明显,但由于氧化剂和燃料相态不同,燃料退移的机理和特性比较复杂。采用自行编写的混合火箭发动机程序(HRM)模拟了这种发动机的非稳态工作过程。通过该程序实时数值求解了从氧化剂注入端到尾喷管的全部物理化学过程,并基于燃料表面上气固间的质量和能量耦合,运用燃料表面动态退移和两步计算方法,模拟了燃料退移。在与发动机推力和燃料退移量等实验数据对比的基础上,给出了燃料退移速率方程和燃料退移速率随燃烧室直径的变化规律,确定并分析了影响混合火箭发动机尺度效应的因素。     

固液火箭发动机多界面喷管瞬态传热特性研究

固液火箭发动机是一种采用固体燃料和液体氧化剂的一种新型火箭发动机,由于燃料和氧化剂是不同物理状态,且在燃烧室内为非预混扩散燃烧,因此固液火箭发动机固体燃料的燃速低,工作时间长。固液火箭发动机喷管一般采用被动热防护喷管,喷管结构在长时间工作中的热防护问题是发动机设计中的关键问题。针对工作时间为200s的全尺寸固液火箭发动机,本研究采用碳陶复合材料、钨渗铜高温合金和高硅氧酚醛树脂等材料,提出了三种喷管结构方案。随后通过建立喷管材料瞬态热传导和烧蚀仿真模型,对三种不同方案的喷管结构的传热特性进行了仿真计算,分析了固体药柱内径在工作过程中变化对喷管传热性能的影响,发现药柱内径会改变燃烧火焰层结构,进而影响喷管壁面的温度分布和热流分布,热流密度在喷管喉部位置达到最大值。本研究同时还开展了相应的地面热试车试验,对仿真结果进行了验证分析。此外,对固液火箭发动机的喷管设计提出了建议和展望。     

固液发动机固体燃料瞬态退移速率

为了研究固液混合火箭发动机中固体燃料退移速率在发动机工作过程中的变化特性,基于固液混合火箭发动机的工作特点,利用燃烧流动与固体区域传热耦合计算以及动网格技术,建立了固液混合火箭发动机固体燃料瞬态退移速率预示的数值模型,并对某带预燃室、补燃室以及扰流环结构的模型发动机进行了研究。计算结果表明,固体燃料热解表面的温度以及退移速率随着发动机的工作逐渐降低;在同一时刻沿发动机轴线燃料热解表面上各点的退移速率以及温度不同;扰流环可以提高它后面局部区域固体燃料的退移速率以及表面温度。     

Effect of induced swirl flow on regression rate of hybrid rocket fuel by helical grain configuration

Induced swirl flow has proved to be an effective way of increasing the residence time of oxidizer in the solid fuel of hybrid rocket motor. For the present study, both experimental and numerical studies have been conducted in order to investigate the effect of both swirl injector and helical configuration of the grain (represented by a pitch number) on the enhancement of regression rate. The results showed that a higher regression rate can be achieved in the case of pitch 6 than in the case of pitch 100 when either no swirl or substantially strong swirl is imposed at the inlet. However, the regression rate in the case of pitch 100 showed even further increase than as observed in pitch 6 if a moderate strength of swirl is imposed. This is believed not only due to an increase in residence time of oxidizer flow but also due to modified flow structures resulted from the interaction of the inlet swirl and the geometric configuration of pitch 100. Thus, it was concluded that a proper combination of helical configuration with large pitch number and a moderate inlet swirl can produce the condition for achieving the maximum regression rate. Numerical calculations with RANS type turbulence model supported the experimental findings that the pitch 100 is more effective in maintaining the rotational component of momentum flux all the way up to the port exit than the pitch 6 when a swirl is imposed. Also calculation result suggests that a less pressure drop is involved in the pitch 100. Nevertheless, more detailed flow information such as turbulence statistics and residence time will be required for the better understanding of the role of swirl and helical configuration and, thus, it would be desirable to perform a DNS or LES type computation.     

固体燃料超燃冲压发动机燃速研究进展

对固体燃料超燃冲压发动机燃烧面退移速率（简称燃速）研究现状和进展进行了详细阐述,分别从固体燃料类型、燃烧室构型、理论预估模型、数值模拟及实验研究等方面出发,论述了固体燃料在超声速流动下燃速研究的进展和难点;从亚燃冲压发动机、热防护层、富氧环境下绝热层烧蚀3个方面提炼出可以用于超燃冲压发动机燃速研究的经验和方法:①提出了加强针对固体燃料超声速流动中受热行为、传热传质过程的研究方向;②深入探索了固体超燃燃速性质;③开发了对应的数值软件及系统地进行实验等观点,为国内该领域的研究提供参考.      

Three-dimensional numerical analysis on combustion performance and flow of hybrid rocket motor with multi-segmented grain

This paper presents the combustion characteristics in hybrid rocket motors with multi-segmented grain through three-dimensional numerical simulations. Multi-segmented grain is composed of several thin grains with two or more ports. The numerical model consists of Navier-Stokes equations with turbulence, solid fuel pyrolysis, chemical reactions, a fluid–solid coupling model and a regression rate model. The simulations adopt 90% Hydrogen Peroxide (HP) and PolyEthylene (PE) as the propellant combination. The effects of the rotation, port number, fuel grain segment number and mid-chamber length on the flow field and combustion performances are analyzed. The results indicate that the multi-segmented grain configuration can strengthen the flow field, and the regression rate and combustion efficiency are enhanced. Take the cases with two grain segments and three ports for example, the regression rate is increased by 32.4%−45.1% and the combustion efficiency increases by 6%−8.6% in different rotation angles.     

基于高分辨率数据重构的固体燃料冲压发动机燃料平均燃速测试

采用一种非接触主动式扫描和结构光栅投影定位技术,对以高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)为推进剂的固体燃料冲压发动机地面实验后药柱内孔燃烧形貌进行了三维点云数据重构,获得了固体燃料内表面当地平均燃速的三维分布云图。研究发现:①通过该方法计算所得药柱燃烧去除质量与实验后实际质量变化量误差在0.1%内,精度满足用于固体燃料燃速的评估要求;②构建的数据重构燃速测试方法能真实反映燃料药柱结构变化,且具有一定的适用性;③通过该方法得到了当地平均燃速与总平均燃速的关系并通过线性拟合的方法得到了燃速与来流空气质量通量关系。通过对该方法的验证分析,认为所提出的燃速测试方法对深入研究固体燃料冲压发动机燃速具有一定的参考价值。      

Regression rate estimation for standard-flow hybrid rocket engines

The present effort is towards predicting with some accuracy hybrid rocket engine fuel regression rates under standard flow conditions. A convective heat feedback modelling approach is applied in tying the mass-flux-dependent heat flux directed into the regressing fuel surface, to the subsequent solid fuel grain regression rate. Factors such as transpiration, hydraulic port diameter, and effective fuel surface roughness are incorporated into the phenomenological surface regression rate model. A number of comparisons between the model's predicted results and corresponding experimental data are made, in illustrating the efficacy of the present approach for a classical head-end-injection engine. Where substantial differences between theory and experiment exist, this might be due to one of several identifiable factors related to non-standard flow, such as the presence of radiant heating, swirl or flow impingement in or at the boundaries of the experimental core flow.     

超临界碳氢燃料流动换热的一维模型

考虑水平圆管内燃料流动换热过程和裂解反应及结焦过程之间的相互影响,提出一个一维稳态模型来研究碳氢燃料的流动换热过程与裂解反应的耦合特性。选用正癸烷作为替代燃料,裂解反应采用正癸烷裂解的一步总体化学反应模型,结焦过程采用一维结焦工程模型进行数值模拟,结果表明裂解反应能够强化换热。选择不同的管壁面热流密度、进口压力和质量流量等典型工况进行模拟,表明流动换热过程影响燃料裂解反应速率和在管内的驻留时间,从而影响裂解度。计算结果与实验数据的对比表明了程序的可靠性,加上一维程序计算效率高的优点,可将应用于快速工程计算,并为三维数值模拟提供支持。      

细晶态FGH96热成型时的流动行为研究

 通过热模拟试验,对细晶态FGH96 合金的高温流动特性进行了研究,分别从宏观和微观上对影响FGH96 流动特性的因素(变形温度、变形速率和变形程度以及Z 因子和动态再结晶晶粒尺寸等) 作了系统分析。结果表明:变形温度、变形速率和变形程度对流动应力和再结晶晶粒尺寸均有不同程度的影响。在此基础上,建立了细晶态FGH96 合金热成型时的本构模型,该模型充分考虑了变形温度、变形速率和变形程度对流动应力的影响,这对FGH96 合金热成型过程的数值模拟和热力参数的合理制订具有重要意义。     

HTPB固体燃料冲压发动机流场仿真与燃速分析

基于守恒方程建立了固体燃料冲压发动机燃速仿真模型,采用二维轴对称模型和二方程化学反应模型开展了HTPB(端羟基聚丁二烯)固体燃料冲压发动机流场数值仿真,分析了不同空气来流条件对流场分布及燃速的影响.结果表明:火焰层在氧气和固体燃料壁面之间形成,随着来流空气流量和空气总温的增加,火焰层厚度变薄并向固体燃料壁面侧移动;随着发动机轴向位置的增加,燃速先迅速增加后缓慢增加,最后在补燃室附近快速减小,变化趋势与文献中试验结果吻合较好;固体燃料平均燃速随来流空气总温及发动内空气流率的增加而增大,并根据仿真结果拟合得到了燃速公式.      

固液混合火箭发动机喷管流动计算

利用二维轴对称 N-S方程和组分方程对选用液氧 /端羟基聚丁二烯推进剂的固液混合火箭发动机喷管流动进行了计算。计算采用 LU时间隐式格式、MUSCL空间离散和 Van Leer矢通量分裂方法 ,8组分 1 0反应的化学反应模型 ,对化学源相进行了点隐式处理。喷管入口条件通过燃速计算和热力计算得到 ,计算了多个氧化剂流率和装药长度情况下的喷管流场 ,分析了真空比冲和推力与氧化剂流率的关系 ,为固液混合火箭发动机喷管设计提供了依据      

旋流燃烧室对固体燃料冲压发动机药柱表面传热以及燃速的影响

为研究旋流燃烧室对固体燃料冲压发动机(SFRJ)药柱表面传热以及燃速的影响,以高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)为燃料,对旋流和无旋工况下的固体燃料冲压发动机进行了连管实验研究,并且编制了二维轴对称湍流燃烧仿真程序,采用流固耦合传热的方法以及非定常时间推进方式,对实验工况进行了数值模拟。结果表明:①药柱表面热流密度对燃速有显著影响,在回流区与附着点处,药柱表面的对流换热能力要明显优于再发展区;②在旋流工况下,在离心力与切向速度的作用下,使热解产物在药柱表面附近区域停留时间更长,有助于热解产物的充分反应,并且明显增强药柱表面对流换热能力,与无旋工况相比,提高幅度可达100%,并且在旋流工况下发动机可更快建立自持燃烧;③通过实验研究发现,旋流的引入提高发动机的燃速有积极作用,增幅可达26%,但会导致固体燃料冲压发动机补燃室压强出现周期性振荡。      

缝隙-腔体密封结构在高速气流冲击下的整体流动、传热特性分析

 根据高马赫数流场特征参数变化快、固态场特征参数变化慢的特性,编制开发了针对高速气流的"半解耦"显式流固耦合近似计算程序,并通过数值方法分析了该方法的计算误差,分析结果显示其能够较准确地模拟高速流场与固态场长时间非稳态耦合问题.在此基础上,运用"半解耦"流固耦合方法数值模拟了高速气流横掠缝隙-腔体典型密封结构的非稳态过程,并与相关实验测试数据进行了对比,验证了程序可靠性.随后,进一步分析了气流侵入密封结构的主要特性,总结了密封结构内、外流场中气流温度、压力和速度的分布特征以及其随时间的变化规律,研究了密封结构中加热板气动热流随时间的变化规律,探讨了密封结构中固体温度场分布特征及其随时间积累的变化规律等.最终,计算结果说明了密封体的结构布局对其内部热状况的决定性影响.     

Internal ballistic simulation of multi-burning-rate solid rocket motor based on parameterized feature CAD model

Internal ballistic simulation (IBS) method of multi-burning-rate solid rocket motor (SRM) was developed based on 3-D burning regression method by parameterized feature CAD model (PFCADM) and lumped parameter, in consideration of time-dependent, erosive-burning-effect from internal ballistic numerical algorithm. By driving multi-parameter CAD model based on PFCADM, the approach is capable of conducting the geometric regression simulation of various grain combinations of complex configurations with different burning rates. Through suitably simplifying the internal ballistic numerical algorithm, the problems of coupling geometric regression simulation of sub-grains of different burning rates and high computational consumption of internal ballistic calculation were solved. One tri-burning-rate grain motor, which had been firing-tested, was used as the validation case of simulation. The results show that, with the 3-D grain regression model and sufficient accurate internal ballistic algorithm, the method realizes IBS of the case in low computational-consumption prediction of its performance within the accuracy of 2% during 1h clock-time. The application of the method provides a practical approach to aid SRM design of multi-burning-rate grain.      

Internal ballistic simulation of multi-burning-rate solid rocket motor based on parameterized feature CAD modelInternal ballistic simulation of multi-burning-rate solid rocket motor based on parameterized feature CAD model

Internal ballistic simulation(IBS)method of multi-burning-rate solid rocket motor(SRM)was developed based on 3-D burning regression method by parameterized feature CAD model(PFCADM)and lumped parameter,in consideration of time-dependent,erosive-burning-effect from internal ballistic numerical algorithm.By driving multi-parameter CAD model based on PFCADM,the approach is capable of conducting the geometric regression simulation of various grain combinations of complex configurations with different burning rates.Through suitably simplifying the internal ballistic numerical algorithm,the problems of coupling geometric regression simulation of sub-grains of different burning rates and high computational consumption of internal ballistic calculation were solved.One tri-burning-rate grain motor,which had been firing-tested,was used as the validation case of simulation.The results show that,with the 3-D grain regression model and sufficient accurate internal ballistic algorithm,the method realizes IBS of the case in low computationalconsumption prediction of its performance within the accuracy of 2% during 1hclock-time.The application of the method provides a practical approach to aid SRM design of multi-burning-rate grain.     

固液发动机实验燃烧器的气固耦合传热计算

针对固液火箭发动机中复杂的燃烧、传热过程,在FLUENT软件的平台上,采用气固耦合传热计算的方法模拟了二维扩散燃烧实验器中的温度、组分分布,并利用动网格方法模拟了固体燃面的不规则热解退移。稳态流场计算的结果和燃面动态退移情况都验证了扩散火焰距燃面的距离和燃面上方主流流速是影响退移速率的主要因素。此方法可以较好地模拟固液火箭发动机中复杂的非定常传热和燃面退移过程,较准确地预示固液发动机的内弹道性能。     

来流条件对SFRJ燃速及自持燃烧性能的影响

为了研究来流条件对固体燃料燃速以及自持燃烧性能的影响规律,采用3阶单调迎风格式(MUSCL)重构方法,AUSMPW⁺通量分裂格式,k-w剪切应力输运(SST)湍流模型,7组分3反应有限速率化学反应模型以及2阶矩湍流燃烧模型,编制了二维轴对称湍流燃烧仿真程序。仿真结果显示:来流质量流率和总温的增加会提高燃速,温度和质量通量的影响指数大约为0.95~1.00和0.67;来流条件影响燃速的主要机理是壁面附近温度和湍流黏性的变化,其中湍流黏性是主要影响因素;随着质量流率的增加,特征速度逐渐降低,当入口马赫数接近1时,特征速度大约为850 m/s,固体燃料将无法自持燃烧。