Experimental phased array radar ELRA with extended flexibility

An update of a phased array radar project with the experimental system ELRA (electronic steerable radar) is given with respect to the extended and improved possibilities for performing measurements and evaluations for different types of radar operation. The variability of waveforms for solid-state transmitters is described. Flexible control of multifunction operation with various search and localization tasks is achieved with a network of microcomputers. Different means of signal processing are used for target detection and estimation. The active receiving array is divided into subarrays, and offers digital beamforming for pattern shaping and adaptive jammer suppression. Experimental results are presented     

基于方向可控金字塔的图像融合算法

为克服传统正交小波变换在进行图像融合时存在的不足,提出了一种基于方向可控金字塔的图像融合算法。首先对待融合图像进行方向可控金字塔分解,对分解后的低频分量采用平均和选择相结合的方法进行融合,对各方向的高频分量则使用像素绝对值选大的规则进行融合,最后对融合后的低频分量和高频分量进行方向可控金字塔重构得到融合图像。仿真试验表明算法能够得到质量较高的融合图像,同时,熵、平均梯度和空间频率等客观评价指标也较平均法和基于小波变换的图像融合算法有所提高,是一种有效的图像融合算法。     

Experiments on aeronautical satellite communications using ETS-Vsatellite

The world's first aeronautical satellite communication experiments, conducted at L-band frequencies using a commercial aircraft, are described. An airborne antenna with electronically steerable beam and communication equipment was installed in a B-747F freighter flying over transoceanic flight routes. The satellite used in these experiments is the Engineering Test Satellite-Five (ETS-V). During the test period, various experiments, such as antenna pattern measurements, transmission performances, and voice quality evaluation were conducted. As the airborne antenna is the key component for the aeronautical satellite communication system, emphasis has been placed on antenna characteristics. Its performance is found to be closely related to the fading characteristics in low-elevation areas and to transmission error performance     

Retention Probability in a Track-While-Scan Radar

The probability of maintaining the track file, after acquisition in a track-while-scan (TWS) radar, has been formulated and computed under various conditions of initial range, velocity, and track drop time. All calculations are based on a predetermined update probability versus range characteristic. Results, obtainable with a digital computer in just seconds of computing time, readily demonstrate the relative superiority of retention characteristics achievable for TWS radar with an electronically steerable array antenna.     

影象云纹仪及其在航空工程测量中的应用

 本文介绍影象云纹仪的光学原理与设计、结构的特点,结合实例说明了在航空工程测量中的应用。 影象云纹仪是一种非相干光光学图像测量仪器,利用光栅与其影象的干涉形成等高云纹,从而测量物体的三维形状和离面位移。文中用付里叶光学推导了影象云纹光场强度分布,得到云纹标高计算公式;创造了一种制作云纹光栅的金属模板直接拷贝法,研制出的光栅节距误差小,对比度高;仪器光栅主方向往复运动提高了图象的信噪比,沿主光轴的微动平移可实现分数级条纹补偿,并可进行凹凸形态的判定。 文中还给出了薄壁结构失稳扩展和屈曲形态的云纹图,以及旋翼叶片的等高云纹图。     

Signal Acquisition Techniques for Receiving Arrays of Large-Aperture Antennas

This paper considers the signal phase acquisition problem for arrays of large-aperture steerable antennas. In particular, long-range signal acquisition is considered for those cases in which the signal-to-noise ratio in each antenna-receiver channel is too low to permit signal phase-lock in each individual receiver. Techniques are discussed which promise to extend the array acquisition sensitivity toward that of an equivalent-area single-aperture antenna. Several acquisition methods are analyzed mathematically and an approximate minimum power threshold estimated for each technique. A numerical comparison between the acquisition techniques for various assumed atmospheric conditions is presented which indicates the limitations on array sensitivity imposed by both the transmission medium and the acquisition technique.     

Transformation of the Spectrum of a Signal in Communication between Relativistically Moving Inertial Frames

Future space exploration may involve communications between spacecraft moving at relativistic velocities. One of the significant problems associated with such communication is spectral distortion of signals which are propagated between relativistic frames. This distortion is generated by both changing propagation distances and purely relativistic electromagnetic field transformations. In this paper a linear integral transformation is formulated for relating the Fourier spectra of the source antenna excitation current and the resulting incident electric field at the receiving antenna. The kernel of the transformation is evaluated for the case of a steerable source antenna tracking on the advanced receiver position. The transformation is then applied to the case of an ideal thin-wire half-wave dipole source antenna excited by a narrowband, double-sideband modulated current. The specific distortions of spectral spreading and translation are then related to increased bandwidth and upper cutoff frequency requirements of receiving systems in relativistic applications.     

Maritime Communications via Satellites Employing Phased Arrays

This paper examines the feasibility of providing maritime mobile telecommunications as a new service via satellites. A global system with a capacity of 10 duplex voice/data channels (plus an interrogation/reply channel) per satellite is described. The capability is achieved with a 0-dB gain UHF antenna in the ship and a UHF phased array in the satellite, which produces 11 steerable beams, each with 30-dB peak gain. The links between satellite and shore are assumed to be at SHF. A dedicated satellite weighs 320 kg, which can be launched with an up-rated Thor-Delta. The prime power requirement of 730 watts is provided by an oriented solar array.     

Flight test evaluation of a 35 GHz forward looking altimeter forterrain avoidance

Honeywell has conducted a series of flight tests of a 35 GHz digital microprocessor controlled forward looking radar altimeter. A Bell 206L Jet Ranger helicopter was used to evaluate the capability of the sensor as a detector of various types of terrain collision hazards. The sensor was composed of a covert, spread spectrum radar altimeter processor driving a 35 GHz converter and antenna assembly mounted on a steerable platform. Excellent correlation between predicted performance and observed performance was obtained     

The Measurement of Echo Direction in a Phased-Array Radar

For a planar-array antenna with a monopulse feed horn, this study describes a simple algorithm for the determination of the direction of target echoes. Antenna pattern measurements of the array indicate that the direction sines of a received wavefront can be independently obtained with one simple relation between a normalized difference channel output and a direction sine. This paper determines the accuracy of the algorithm.     

High Resolution in Azimuth for Radar Targets Moving on a Straight Line

Target classification is sometimes desired together with airspace surveillance. To some extent this is possible by observing the flight track resulting from typical radar plots. A possibility for measuring the lateral variation of the radar cross section for single targets is described in the following. This method assumes a straight unaccelerated flight path, at least for a few seconds, with tangential components. This restriction is mitigated by prevailing straight flight paths and by observation of targets with radar nets, so there is always a tangential component. This method is especially suitable for electronic steerable radar application.     

Beam Shape Loss and Surveillance Optimization for Pencil Beam Arrays

A radar in its surveillance mode requires the programming of the radar beam in fixed angular increments throughout the surveillance volume. Though radar coverage of the volume is complete, returns from possible targets differing only in angular position generally have unequal signal strengths. This is due to both beam shape and multiple beam coverage. The resulting nonuniformity in signal strength results in a loss factor termed beam shape loss (BSL). This correspondence contains the results of a valid computational procedure for determining this loss factor for the case of an electronically steerable array in a search mode. Results consist of curves showing BSL for a wide range of system parameters and for various target types. In addition, it is shown how optimum search beam locations can be determined from the BSL computations.     

基于分布式自适应的多智能体容错一致性控制

针对"领航者-跟随者"的多智能体编队，由于领航者系统出现故障引起编队通讯中断而不能完成任务的问题，提出了一种基于一致性理论的分布式自适应控制方法，用于解决该问题。首先，以一个位于顶点的智能体作为领航者，其余3个位于同一条线上的智能体作为跟随者，由此所构成的三角形编队作为被控对象。其中，领航者速度方向作为编队的前行方向，跟随者位于领航者之后。其次，基于图论，对智能体局部信息参数进行分布式自适应更新，并设计分布式自适应控制律，用于弥补多智能体编队中领航者故障所造成的影响。同时，根据相邻智能体的局部信息，设计整体分布式自适应容错控制律，进一步通过构建合理的Lyapunov函数，证明所设计控制器的稳定性，以及"领航者-跟随者"之间相对横向以及相对纵向的距离误差均收敛于固定常数。最后，仿真验证表明：所提出的自适应控制方法具有良好的鲁棒性，这也为工程实践提供了理论依据。     

The interplanetary magnetic field. Solar origin and terrestrial effects

Many observations related to the large-scale structure of the interplanetary magnetic field, its solar origin and terrestrial effects are discussed. During the period observed by spacecraft the interplanetary field was dominated by a sector structure corotating with the sun in which the field is predominantly away from the sun (on the average in the Archimedes spiral direction) for several days (as observed near the earth), and then toward the sun for several days, etc. The average sector appears to be a coherent entity with internal structure such that its preceding portion is more active than its following portion. Cosmic rays corotate with the interplanetary field, and there are differential flows associated with the sector pattern. Profound effects on geomagnetic activity and the radiation belts are produced as the sector pattern rotates past the earth. The solar origin of the sector pattern is discussed. The solar source may be associated with the large-scale weak background photospheric fields observed with the solar magnetograph. It is suggested that there may be a rather continual relation between this solar structure and terrestrial responses, of which the recurring M-Region geomagnetic storms are just the most prominent example.     

航空弧齿锥齿轮低噪声和低安装误差敏感性设计

基于局部综合原理,提出弧齿锥齿轮副的低噪声、低安装误差敏感性设计方法。介绍了基于局部综合原理的弧齿锥齿轮小轮加工参数设计的基本过程,通过预置传动比函数的1阶导数、大轮齿面参考点处接触迹线的切线方向和瞬时接触椭圆的长半轴长度和点接触局部综合公式,求得小轮的加工参数;根据得到的弧齿锥齿轮副的加工参数,进行齿面接触分析,进而获得齿面接触印痕和传动误差曲线;对某型航空弧齿锥齿轮副进行了基于局部综合法的加工参数设计,得到对称抛物线型传动误差曲线和接近于直线的啮合印痕。齿面接触印痕和传动误差曲线有利于降低弧齿锥齿轮副的啮合振动和噪声以及对安装误差的敏感性。     

信息管理与信息系统应用性人才培养模式探讨

在对信息系统、信息管理与信息系统人才社会需求调研的基础之上，指出现有培养模式存在“培养专业方向不明确，广而不专，缺乏实用性”的问题。在分析了信息管理与信息系统人才的社会需求的基本现状的基础上，提出了信息管理人才的三种需求方向，重新定位了信息管理人才的专业方向，并根据社会需求提出了面向社会的应用性人才培养模式。     

Computer Simulation of Synthetic Aperture Radar Images of Three-Dimensional Objects

A digital simulation of coherent synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images of three-dimensional objects is described. The simulation is intended to produce representative SAR images that would be suitable for image analysis and pattern recognition studies. The procedure involves a modeling of the object using a combination of three-dimensional quadratic shapes yielding a smooth surface representation. The radar images of these models are then computed using physical optics scattering theory. Finite resolution both in range and cross-range direction is incorporated via a theoretical analysis which results in a simple Fourier transform representation of an equivalent "offset" window filter. Examples of the computer simulation for both infinite resolution and blurred or finite resolution are given for a KC-135 aircraft model.     

Experiments with a Low Polarization Error Loop Array Direction Finder

A previously reported HF loop antenna array for multipolarization direction finding consisting of two spaced loops is described. The method is compatible with twin channel Watson-Watt operation as an Adcock so that the direction finding process is independent of polarization characteristics of the element pattern. Experimentally measured direction finder (DF) bearings were compared with near simultaneous polarimeter data and conventional crossed loops bearings. A major reduction in polarization error was obtained at the expense of full 360° azimuth response. It is theoretically possible to cover 360° with two similar arrays of the type investigated or with crossed loops elements with quadrature phase shifters.     

总压畸变对风扇流场影响的全流道数值研究

采用全流道非定常数值模拟方法对进口稳态总压畸变条件下跨声速风扇流场进行求解.详细分析了总压畸变造成风扇性能下降的原因.分析表明,周向不均匀流场使得动静叶进口气流角变得不均匀,从而使进口攻角发生很大变化;动叶在不同周向和径向位置流动状况完全不同;畸变区内静叶根部至中径附近存在大范围的分离区.      

钝锥高超声速绕流空间分离形态的数值模拟及拓扑分析

本文通过数值模拟和理论分析，系统研究了钝锥高超声速有迎角绕流时垂直于物面的截面流态沿轴向的演变过程。得出了高超声速情况下，背风分离区内的流态在大多数情况下貌似对称，其实是非对称的这一重要结论。考察了周向网格疏密程度对流动结构分辩率的影响，发现对分离流动的数值模拟，必须在分离区内布置足够密的网格才能给出正确的结果。