航天飞机主发动机高压燃料涡轮泵的故障模式

对航天飞机主发动机(SSME)高压燃料涡轮泵(HPFTP)的故障模式作了归纳总结,深入分析了HPFTP关键部件故障的问题及其解决办法.研究表明:①SSME的HPFTP故障模式与一次性使用液体火箭发动机液氢涡轮泵、航空燃气涡轮的故障模式存在很大的差异;②影响HPFTP寿命的重要故障模式是涡轮叶片的断裂与热防护装置的热机械疲劳故障;涡轮叶片的断裂主要由高温蠕变效应与高速旋转离心力所引起.HPFTP启动、关机瞬态效应对涡轮叶片的影响也很严重,在涡轮叶片寿命预估时必须考虑这些因素;③HPFTP次同步振动问题是SSME HPFTP设计初期面临的一个重要故障模式,主要由轴承与泵级间密封引起的;④启动隔离密封这类HPFTP专有密封件的故障模式也是HPFTP故障模式的重要组成部分.      

航天飞机主发动机健康监控技术

美国航天飞机主发动机(SSME)的健康监控系统具有目前液体火箭发动机健康监控技术的先进水平.近年来围绕SSME的健康监控问题开展了大量、广泛的研究工作,这些研究标志着液体推进技术的一个新的发展方向.本文综合评述了在这一新的研究领域里所取得的最新进展.     

遥测系统中喷泉码的低延时改进算法

针对喷泉码应用于遥测系统时存在较大系统延时的问题,在对其延时特性进行分析的基础上,提出了一种改进的编译码算法.当编码器接收到部分数据符号时,按照预先制定的度选取策略和符号选取策略,选择当前编码符号的度和生成该编码符号的数据符号进行编码.该算法以减小编码延时为目标,通过分析编码符号发送速率的稳定性和可容忍的最长信号闪断时间可确定合理的编码延时.仿真得到了不同丢符号率下的编码延时、系统延时和所需的编码冗余,结果表明,与传统方案相比,改进方案的编码延时减小了一半以上.通过理论分析和仿真验证,得出了改进算法可明显减小基于喷泉码的遥测系统延时的结论.     

SSME parameter model input selection using genetic algorithms

Genetic algorithms are used for the systematic selection of inputs for a parameter modeling system based on a neural network function approximator. Due to the nature of the underlying system, issues such as learning, generalization, exploitation, and robustness are also examined. In the application considered, modeling critical parameters of the Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME), the functional relationships among measured parameters are unknown and complex. Furthermore, the number of possible input parameters is quite large. Many approaches have been proposed for input selection, but they are either not possible due to insufficient instrumentation, are subjective, or they do not consider the complex multivariate relationships between parameters. Due to the optimization and space searching capabilities of genetic algorithms, they were employed in this study to systematize the input selection process. The results suggest that the genetic algorithm can generate parameter lists of high quality without the explicit use of problem domain knowledge     

大型液体火箭发动机的最新发展

根据美国对ＳＳＭＥ和ＳＴＭＥ的改进设计以及前苏联、欧洲和日本分别对ＲＤ－０１２０、Ｖｕｌｃａｉｎ和ＬＥ－７发动机的开发研究，探讨在研制未来大推力液体火箭发动机（ＬＲＭ）中各国的指导思想和设计原则，分析世界在这一领域的发展动向。     

基于模糊故障树和因子化分析的重复使用火箭发动机失效模式

为确定发动机薄弱环节,指导重复使用火箭发动机可靠性设计,以航天飞机主发动机为研究对象,通过模糊故障树分析法和因子化分析法对发动机主要组件的关键失效模式进行研究.结果表明:模糊故障树分析法给出关键重要度最高的底事件为由剥落、凹坑、磨损和腐蚀致高压氧化剂涡轮泵的轴承失效;因子化分析法通过考虑风险、时间和概率3种因素综合评估出发动机系统中的综合因子最高的失效模式为涡轮叶片失效.      

基于最大序列相关性的Turbo码交织器识别

针对现有算法在Turbo码交织器识别中存在低信噪比适应性差，且识别性能随交织长度增加而急剧恶化的缺点，提出了基于最大校正序列相关的识别算法。该算法首先利用已识别的交织位置序列对每一帧交织位置上的信息序列进行估计，通过遍历可能的交织位置，并作互相关运算，当遍历位置为交织映射关系时，该位置上的数据序列与估计序列具有最大的相似度，从而完成交织位置识别；然后充分利用这些交织位置上的序列，分别估计出校正数据序列，将校正的序列再与原始序列叠加，完成码元校正，直到所有的交织关系识别完成。所提算法直接利用了截获的软判决信息，同时能够实现码元校正，这就克服了以往算法的两个缺点。仿真结果表明，在信噪比为-1 dB，交织长度为1024时，所提出算法仅仅需要1000数据帧，就能达到100%的识别率，与以往算法相比，性能提升2~3 dB，同时完成一次可靠识别所需的数据量仅需以往算法的1/4。     

Carrier Tracking by Smoothing Filter Improves Symbol SNR

The potential benefit of using a smoothing filter to estimate a carrier phase over use of phase-locked loops (PLL) is determined. Numerical results are presented for the performance of three possible configurations of an all-digital coherent demodulation receiver. These are residual carrier PLL, sideband-aided residual carrier PLL, and finally sideband aided with Kalman smoother. The average symbol SNR after losses due to carrier phase estimation is computed for different total power SNRs, symbol rates, and symbol SNRs. It is found that smoothing is most beneficial for low symbol SNRs and low symbol rates. Smoothing gains up to 0.7 dB over sideband-aided residual carrier PLL, and the combined benefit of smoothing and sideband aiding relative to residual carrier loop is often in excess of 1 dB.     

一种时间传递系统中调制器时延的数字标定算法

针对传统示波器观察法测量BPSK（Binary phase shift keying,二进制相移键控）调制器时延时存在整码元模糊、噪声敏感、载波初相要求苛刻及标定精度低的缺点,利用软件无线电的相关处理技术,提出一种精密的BPSK调制器时延标定算法.通过高速数字示波器对BPSK调制器的输入基带信号和输出载波调制信号进行双通道同步过采样,对输出信号与输入信号采样值进行循环相关,根据相关峰值对应的样本点序号以及连接电缆的校准时延,计算得到BPSK调制器时延.仿真和试验验证表明：提出的算法不受载波初始相位影响,时延标定上限可达1个伪随机码周期,而且低载噪比情况下也能得到准确结果.数字示波器的通道采样率为10 GSa/s时,采用提出的算法进行BPSK调制器时延标定,标定结果的不确定度可以达到0.2 ns.     

含故障统计相依组件的多态复杂系统故障树分析

为精确评估可重复使用火箭发动机系统可靠性,采用带约束变量的布尔算法将状态分析与故障树分析恰当结合,从而对含故障统计相依组件的复杂多态可重复使用火箭发动机系统进行可靠性分析.以航天飞机主发动机（SSME）为研究对象,对管路多态性及预燃室和涡轮泵之间的故障相依性进行深入研究.结果表明:该布尔算法能够很好地消除组件统计相依性从而简化复杂多态系统故障树,组件之间失效相依性对系统可靠性影响较大,因此需要加强组件多态及相依性的研究来获得更精确的系统可靠度.      

Nonredundant error correction DQPSK for the aeronautical-satellitechannel

The performance of differentially encoded quadrature phase-shift keying (DQPSK) system employing nonredundant error correction (NEC) receivers with single- and double-error correction capability is analyzed and evaluated for the aeronautical satellite channel. The NEC is an attractive coding technique which employs differential detectors with more than one symbol delay elements and which does not introduce any redundancy as other coding schemes do. As typical for aeronautical satellite communications, a Rician fading channel with Gaussian power spectrum has been considered. Unlike the additive, uncorrelated from symbol to symbol interference such as additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) or static cochannel interference (CCI) which has been investigated in the past, analysis of the performance in a fading channel is much more difficult. The difficulty arises from the multiplicative and correlative nature of the fading interference. Bit error rate (BER) performance evaluation results have been obtained by means of computer simulation for various channel conditions, including different values of the K-factor and the fading B_DT. These results have indicated that considerable performance gains as compared with conventional differentially detected systems are achieved for high values of K and for very fast fading. Both of these conditions are encountered in typical aeronautical communication systems. Wherever possible, heuristic explanations of the trend of the obtained BER performance evaluation results are also given     

Optimal generator matrix G

Multiple antenna transmission methods are currently being developed all around the world for evolving 3G wireless standards. Space–Time Trellis Code (STTC) has been proven to use transmit diversity efficiently. It effectively exploits the effects of multipath fading to increase the information capacity of the multiple antenna transmission systems. STTC is a channel coding technique that maximises the ‘distance’ between different symbol matrices such that the probability of transmission errors are decreased when transmitting redundant symbol or in other words, to maximise the minimum determinant. Maximising the minimum determinant is equivalent to obtaining optimal generator matrix G. Instead of using state diagrams, optimal generator matrix G discussed in this paper is obtained using an improved algorithm which is based on Lisya tree structure. Optimal generator matrix G in this paper has a minimum determinant of 48 which is the highest coding gain obtained so far.     

多喷嘴大流量气 -气喷注器设计与试验

在大流量气-气喷注器单喷嘴工况研究的基础上,为研究其在具有单元交互作用的多喷嘴工况下的燃烧特性,设计了多喷嘴推力室.喷注单元为剪切混合式单元,并具有高氢/氧速度比和氧喷嘴扩口设计,采用了能够模拟真实发动机工况的7单元同心圆排布的推力室头部结构,在对喷注单元的排布间距优化设计基础上,开展了热试车试验研究和仿真分析.结果表明所设计的喷注器在多喷嘴工况下燃烧稳定,能够在额定参数设计的燃烧室内,在SSME(space shuttle main engine)主喷注单元流量的3.7倍大流量工况下燃烧效率达到99%以上,并显示出良好的喷注器自身和带来的燃烧室身部热防护特性.      

功率约束下低相关旁瓣的通导一体化波形研究

通信导航一体化是未来无线系统的发展趋势,可以更加充分地利用频谱资源。设计了一种新的一体化波形,在实现通信符号传递的同时,利用其进行时延测距进而实现相应的定位导航功能。一种联合的优化目标函数被提出,其中以星座图上的范数误差衡量通信性能,以自相关函数的加权积分旁瓣电平衡量波形的定时性能。结合一体化系统的实际,在问题求解时同时考虑了波形总功率约束和波形恒模约束,并采用变量交替迭代优化的算法进行迭代求解。最后利用数值仿真验证了算法的有效性。     

功率约束下低相关旁瓣的通导一体化波形研究

通信导航一体化是未来无线系统的发展趋势，可以更加充分地利用频谱资源。设计了一种新的一体化波形，在实现通信符号传递的同时，利用其进行时延测距进而实现相应的定位导航功能。一种联合的优化目标函数被提出，其中以星座图上的范数误差衡量通信性能，以自相关函数的加权积分旁瓣电平衡量波形的定时性能。结合一体化系统的实际，在问题求解时同时考虑了波形总功率约束和波形恒模约束，并采用变量交替迭代优化的算法进行迭代求解。最后利用数值仿真验证了算法的有效性。     

Cyclic code shift keying: a low probability of intercept communication technique

A low probability of intercept (LPI), or low probability of detection (LPD) communication technique known as cyclic code shift keying (CCSK) is described. We discuss the basic concepts of CCSK and describe a system based on the use of random or pseudorandom codes for biphase modulation. We use simulation to show that the bit error rate (BER) for CCSK can be closely estimated by using existing equations that apply to M-ary orthogonal signaling (MOS). Also, we show that significantly fewer computations are required for CCSK than for MOS when the number of bits per symbol is the same. We show that using biphase modulation results in waveforms that have a large time-bandwidth product and very low input signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and thus inherently have an LPI by a radiometer. We evaluate detection by a radiometer and show that LPI can be achieved by using codes of lengths greater than about 2/sup 12/ (i.e., by transmitting more than about 12 bits per symbol). Results illustrate the effect that the CCSK symbol length and error probability, and the radiometer integration time and probability of false alarm (PFA), have on detection by a radiometer. We describe a variation of CCSK called truncated CCSK (TCCSK). In this system, the code of length 2/sup k/ is cyclically shifted, then truncated and transmitted. Although shortened, the truncated code still represents k bits of information, thus leading to an increased data rate. We evaluate radiometer detection of TCCSK and it is shown that the probability of detection is increased compared with the detection of CCSK.     

Multi-h CPM遥测信号的定时频率联合估计技术

针对Multi-h CPM（Multi-h Continue Phase Modulation,多指数连续相位调制）遥测接收机的符号定时和载波频率同步问题,在分析MLSD（Maximum-likelihood Sequence Detection,最大似然序列检测）度量值是符号定时偏差和频率偏差的凸函数的基础上,提出一种基于迟/早门和升/降频门的符号定时和频率同步联合估计算法,通过似然值比较,对符号定时偏差和频率偏差进行迭代估计;并对该算法进行仿真,得到不同参数下的同步性能,给出同步参数选择建议.仿真结果表明：将该算法应用到Multi-h CPM遥测系统中,可实现低信噪比信号的快捕和高精度同步.     

基于自适应遗传算法的DGPS整周模糊度快速解算

 鉴于遗传算法(GA)所具有的全局搜索特性,也为了更快速准确地解算差分全球定位系统(DGPS)整周模糊度,将自适应遗传算法(AGA)引入DGPS整周模糊度的搜索中。首先根据全球定位系统(GPS)载波相位双差方程求解出双差整周模糊度的浮点解,并以基线长度作为约束条件确定整周模糊度的搜索范围;然后利用白化滤波的方法对整周模糊度进行降相关处理,降低整周模糊度各分量之间的相关性;最后将自适应遗传算法应用在整周模糊度的解算过程中,搜索整周模糊度的最优解。仿真计算结果表明,与LAMBDA算法和简单遗传算法相比,自适应遗传算法能够快速地求解整周模糊度,也具有较好的可靠性和鲁棒性。     

深空组阵迭代FX相关合成算法及性能分析

针对火星距离下大规模天线组阵中极微弱接收信号的高效合成问题,在VLBI(Very Long Baseline Interferometry,甚长基线干涉测量)的FX相关器开环处理架构基础上提出了一种新的迭代FX相关合成算法,对算法原理进行了详细理论推导,对数据处理流程、算法合成性能等进行深入分析,与FSC(Full-Spectrum Combining,全频谱合成)、BC(Baseband Combining,基带合成)、SSC(Symbol-Stream Combining,符号流合成)等组阵方案进行性能仿真对比,并给出该算法在36接收天线组阵的实测试验结果。仿真和试验结果表明,迭代FX相关合成算法相比于FSC、BC、SSC等组阵方案具有较好的合成性能,在输入带内信噪比不低于-20d B时,合成效率达到了95%以上,非常适用于火星天线组阵微弱接收信号的组阵合成。     

用于雷达波形的无损压缩编码

讨论了用算术编码实现波形数据的无损压缩。对波形数据进行无损压缩时 ,如果把每个可能的样本值看作一个符号 ,符号表会非常庞大 ,导致算法不可行。基于这种原因 ,本文用一个符号表示一定范围内波形数据 ,而不是单个波形数据 ,然后在此基础上设计了一种编码方案。先是无损线性预测 ,去除了波形数据之间的相关性。并假定产生的差值序列具有白功率谱 ,幅度服从高斯分布 ,第二步是算术编码。最后给出了对雷达回波数据进行压缩的实验结果。