变摩擦对TC4合金超塑成形零件壁厚的影响

为研究摩擦在超塑成形中对零件壁厚分布的影响,以TC4钛合金负角度法兰盘零件为背景,采用MSC.MARC有限元数值模拟分析了单面正向成形下模变摩擦和正反向成形上模变摩擦对零件壁厚的影响.通过方差分析和极差分析研究了正反向成形上模不同区域摩擦的变化对最小壁厚和壁厚均匀性的影响。结果表明:单面正向成形中,摩擦越小,负角度壁壁厚减薄越大,而正角度壁壁厚确呈相反的趋势;正反向成形中,当下模摩擦固定时,随着上模摩擦系数的增大,实际零件的最小壁厚相应增大;正反向成形上模不同区域摩擦的变化,对零件的最小壁厚和壁厚分布产生不同的影响;反向成形过程中板料先接触模具的部位对零件的壁厚影响较大。     

单面正向和正反向超塑成形对TC4钛合金负角度零件性能的影响

利用MARC软件完成负角度零件模具设计,修改了获得的压力-时间曲线,并用加载曲线完成超塑成形实验。研究了单面正向、正反向超塑成形后TC4钛合金零件力学性能情况及负角度壁的壁厚分布,并对结果进行了分析。结果表明:圆弧连接面比垂直连接面有更好的壁厚分布;根据修改的加载曲线能够成形负角度零件;在壁厚最小的负角度壁,单面正向成形和正反向成形后零件的最大减薄率分别为67%和64%,壁厚分布标准差分别为0.186mm和0.125mm,说明正反向成形在提高零件最小壁厚的同时使壁厚分布更均匀;由高温稳态退火及应变诱发的晶粒长大致使零件的力学性能下降;正反向成形零件比单面正向成形零件氢氧含量高,塑性下降较多。     

1420铝锂合金典型构件超塑成形研究

采用超塑成形工艺制备了1420铝锂合金盒形结构试验件.通过有限元模拟及微观组织观察,分析了温度对1420铝锂合金超塑性的影响,超塑成形后试验件的壁厚分布及材料的超塑成形断裂机制.结果表明:有限元模拟能够很好地预测超塑成形后试验件的壁厚分布;当成形温度为520℃时,1420铝锂合金表现出良好的超塑性变形能力;在超塑成形过程中,随着变形量的增加,材料内部空洞的交连和聚合是导致1420铝锂合金最终破坏的主要机制.     

TC4钛合金贮箱半球超塑成形模具型面设计

合理布置成形后半球毛坯的壁厚加工余量,并计算超塑成形模具型面的名义加工尺寸.通过分析半球在超塑成形过程中材料变形机理,设计反向预成形模具型面,达到均匀半球毛坯壁厚的目的,使其满足后续加工尺寸的要求.     

TC4钛合金超塑成形研究现状及其发展展望

介绍了TC4钛合金超塑成形的研究现状,主要内容包括:应变速率敏感性指数m值研究;超塑成形过程中材料组织演变过程及超塑变形机制研究;空洞的演变过程研究,包括空洞形核、长大机制及断裂机制研究;超塑成形与焊接方法的组合成形技术研究,其中着重介绍了超塑成形与扩散连接(SPF/DB)和超塑成形与激光焊接(SPF/LW)的组合应用以及有限元模拟技术在超塑成形中的应用;文章的最后对TC4钛合金超塑成形的发展趋势进行了展望。     

双层板激光焊接/ 超塑成形数值模拟及工艺研究

选取TC4 钛合金四层板加强结构中双层板为研究对象,采用激光穿透焊接工艺代替传统超塑成

形/ 扩散连接(SPF/ DB)工艺中涂止焊剂连接。借助ABAQUS 有限元分析软件对超塑成形过程进行分析,得到

优化的压力-时间(p-t)曲线,作为双层板超塑成形过程的气压加载曲线,进行实验验证。结果表明:成形后零

件壁厚分布均匀,焊缝处无撕裂现象,与有限元模拟结果保持一致;用此新工艺代替传统SPF/ DB 工艺中的止

焊剂具有可行性。

     

超塑性圆板自由胀形过程的反向模拟方法

提出一种超塑性圆板自由胀形过程的反向模拟方法,由此可以按胀形件要求的壁厚均匀性确定原始坯料的厚度分布。讨论了胀形过程的各种因素对原始坯料厚度分布的影响;提供了保证获得均匀壁厚胀形件的原始坯料厚度的估算公式,可供设计采用。     

钛合金超塑性成形过程的数值模拟

以TC4合金层板结构的超塑性成形过程为研究对象,采用有限元软件MARC模拟计算了TC4合金宽弦空心夹芯结构的超塑性成形过程。分别分析了应变速率敏感指数、目标应变速率及扩散连接宽度等参数对贴模过程及壁板厚度分布的影响。结果表明:当应变速率敏感指数较大时,夹芯结构会发生沿纵向挤出延伸变形;当目标应变速率为10-3时,材料表现出较佳的超塑性性能;而扩散连接宽度的大小对超塑性成形后板材壁厚分布的均匀性有一定影响。通过控制最大应变速率的方法,提取出了最优化的压力时间曲线。研究结论可为钛合金空心夹芯结构件的超塑性成形提供理论参考。     

Ti-4.5Al-3V-2Fe-2Mo合金板材超塑成形组织及性能研究

分别采用最大m值法和恒应变速率法对Ti-4.5Al-3V-2Fe-2Mo合金(SP700钛合金)板材进行超塑拉伸,研究了755~785℃、0.1~0.005s-1及不同方向的单向条件下其超塑拉伸变形行为和典型件的超塑成形行为及力学性能。结果表明:SP700钛合金具有优异的低温超塑性,采用最大m值法在45°方向、775℃变形后,获得3110%的最高延伸率,变形诱发晶粒长大使SP700钛合金抵抗颈缩的能力增加。受双向拉应力作用的锥形件,在755℃具有最优的超塑成形工艺性,锥形件高度可达到100mm,并且晶粒尺寸无明显变化。经33%超塑变形量的试样室温力学性能略高于无变形试样,其室温抗拉强度和延伸率平均值分别达到1027MPa和16.8%。     

基于正交试验原理的钛合金环形气瓶超塑性成形过程的数值模拟

运用刚(粘)塑性有限元方法和正交试验原理对钛合金环形气瓶的超塑性成形过程进行了数值模拟,分析了变形过程中板料的厚度、摩擦系数和环形毛坯的内外径尺寸等对成形件壁厚分布的影响规律,从而揭示了钛合金板材在气胀过程中的超塑性流变规律。基于对有限元数值模拟结果的分析,探索了钛合金环形气瓶超塑性成形过程中典型缺陷的形成机理,并给出了相应的消除缺陷的技术方案,通过有限元模拟和与实际情况的对比,证明了所提技术方案的可行性。     

Impact of bending dies with different friction forms on forming force and quality of tubes manufactured by free bending technology

In the 3D free bending forming system, the bending die can be designed either in a sliding type or rolling friction type. Bending die-based sliding friction type is often called normal bending dies; however, the bending dies-based rolling friction type includes bending die-based roller type and ball type in structure. In the current study, the impact of three bending dies on the forming force, and the bent tube quality was investigated. The obtained results showed that the tangential stresses and strains of the tubes formed by the bending die-based roller type were the smallest among the three bending dies. Besides, the spherical bearing force P_U was reduced drastically after using the roller type and ball type compared to the sliding friction type. Moreover, the uniformity of the wall thickness distribution of the tubes formed by the roller type and ball type was better than those obtained from the sliding friction type. In addition, the cross-section distortion rate was reduced by 2.8% using the roller type, and 1.8% using ball-type compared to the sliding friction type.     

轴对称件超塑约束胀形过程FEM模拟

采用大变形刚粘塑性有限元 ( FEM)模拟了圆板轴对称超塑约束胀形的贴模过程。研究了胀形件几何尺寸 (胀形高宽比 HP/RD)、材料速率敏感指数 m、摩擦因子 Am 对胀形件贴模过程 ,以及贴模方式对厚度不均的影响     

通过预成形降低内高压成形压力的机理分析

采用力学分析和有限元模拟对空心零件圆角部位在内高压成形过程中的应力分布和变形机理进行了分析,针对多边形截面空心件内高压成形,以矩形截面为例提出采用花瓣形预成形截面降低圆角成形压力的方法,分析了该方法降低圆角成形压力的机理,提出了花瓣形预成形截面形状关键参数计算公式,并通过试验进行了验证,为采用较低压力实现空心构件圆角内高压成形提供了理论指导.     

An efficient hyper-elastic model for the preforming simulation of Carbon-Kevlar hybrid woven reinforcement

An efficient hyper-elastic model that can reflect the primary mechanical behaviors of Carbon-Kevlar hybrid woven reinforcement was developed and implemented with VUMAT constitutive code for preforming simulation. The model parameters were accurately determined through the uniaxial and bias-extension tests. To calibrate the simulation code, preforming experiments of hybrid woven reinforcement over the hemisphere mold and tetrahedron mold were respectively conducted to validate the proposed hyper-elastic model. The comparison between the simulations and experiments shows that the model can not only accurately capture shear angle distribution and geometry shape after deformation, but also accurately predict the force–displacement curve and potential fiber tensile failure during the preforming process. This result indicates that the proposed model can be used to predict the preforming behavior of Carbon-Kevlar hybrid woven reinforcement, and simulate its manufacturing process of complicated geometry.     

Radially loading rotary extrusion for manufacturing large-size conical cylinders with inner transverse high ribs

The Large-size Conical Cylinders with Inner Transverse High Ribs (LCCWITHR) can reduce the weight of the parts while maintaining high rigidity and strength. Radially Loading Rotary Extrusion (RLRE) forming technology can achieve integral forming of LCCWITHR through the synergy of radial and rotary movements of dies. The flow law of the material during the forming process is the key to forming large-size inner ribs. At present, there is no unified understanding of the metal flow law of RLRE forming technology. An analytical expression was derived to predict the Radial Direction (RD) deformation loads. The FE simulation and process experiment were carried out to investigate the effects of the inclination angle, thickness factor and transition arc radius of the split top dies on the spacing of the metal diversion plane, the metal flow velocity of the rib area and the final radius of the inner rib. The influence of the split top dies loading distance and the bottom die rotation angle of each pass on the inner radius of the inner rib was verified. And the optimal combination of dies shape parameters and loading paths which can make the metal flow orderly was obtained: the inclination angle is 140°, the thickness factor is 3.64, the transition arc radius is 16 mm; the top dies loading distance is 15 mm, the bottom die rotation angle is 45°. The FE simulation results have been found to be in close agreement with physics experiment. The research results reveal the metal flow law of rib growth in the RLRE of LCCWITHR, which lays a theoretical foundation for subsequent thorough research and process optimization.     

冲压发动机超薄壁波纹形件的粘性介质压力成形

粘性介质压力成形是一种采用具有高粘度并且可流动的半固态介质作为软凸模的成形方法。采用试验和数值模拟方法，研究了高温合金超薄壁波纹形件成形过程坯料形状、应变分布、厚度分布的变化和界面摩擦对板料成形的影响，研究结果表明：成形件尺寸精度高、表面质量好、厚度均匀；与钢凸模成形相比较，可以避免局部较小半径曲面之间的严重颈缩；对于具有局部较小半径曲面的复杂形状薄壁件，粘性介质压力成形显示出其优越性。     

Tribological evaluation of surface modified H13 tool steel in warm forming of Ti–6Al–4V titanium alloy sheet

The H13 hot-working tool steel is widely used as die material in the warm forming of Ti–6Al–4V titanium alloy sheet. However, under the heating condition, severe friction and lubricating conditions between the H13 tools and Ti–6Al–4V titanium alloy sheet would cause difficulty in guaranteeing forming quality. Surface modification may be used to control the level of friction force, reduce the friction wear and extend the service life of dies. In this paper, four surface modification methods(chromium plating, TiAlN coating, surface polishing and nitriding treatment)were applied to the H13 surfaces. Taking the coefficient of friction(CoF) and the wear degree as evaluation indicators, the high-temperature tribological behavior of the surface modified H13 steel was experimentally investigated under different tribological conditions. The results of this study indicate that the tribological properties of the TiAlN coating under dry friction condition are better than the others for a wide range of temperature(from room temperature to 500 C), while there is little difference of tribological properties between different surface modifications under graphite lubricated condition, and the variation law of CoF with temperature under graphite lubricated is opposite to that under the dry friction.     

GH4169合金反挤压成形模具磨损

基于修正 Archard 磨损模型,采用数值模拟方法系统分析了 GH4169合金反挤压成形过程中各挤压工艺参数对模具磨损的影响规律。结果表明：在选取的参数范围内,挤压凸模最易产生磨损失效的区域为凸模圆角处,模具最大磨损深度随凸模圆角半径及坯料预热温度的增大而降低,随摩擦系数的增大而增大;当挤压速率小于100 mm ／s时,模具最大磨损深度随挤压速率的增大而减小,当挤压速率大于100mm ／s 时,模具最大磨损深度随挤压速率的增大先增大后减小。最佳工艺参数坯料预热温度1020℃,摩擦系数0．05,变形速率100mm ／s,模具预热温度300℃时模具磨损量最小,为9．28×10－3 mm。     

工艺参数对铝合金摩擦挤压增材组织及性能的影响

采用6061-T651铝合金圆棒进行摩擦挤压增材制造(friction extrusion additive manufacturing,FEAM)工艺实验研究,探讨和分析不同主轴转速对单道双层增材试样的增材成形、组织特征和力学性能的影响规律。结果表明:对给定横向移动速度300 mm/min,采用主轴转速为600 r/min和800 r/min均能获得完全致密无任何内部缺陷、厚度分别为2 mm和4 mm的单道双层增材试样,增材整体由细小等轴晶粒组成,增材层间实现冶金连接;800 r/min下工具轴肩的摩擦挤压作用降低,增材层间结合界面呈平直状,塑化金属流动不充分,沉积层宽度较窄、表面成形更粗糙;600 r/min下结合界面经历的塑性变形和热循环更为显著,晶粒细化至6.0μm,但增材界面区软化程度较严重,硬度仅为增材棒料母材的52.7%~56.2%,而800 r/min下界面区的硬度能够达到母材的56.0%~61.3%;在600 r/min和800 r/min下,增材试样均具有优良的综合力学性能,抗拉强度分别达到增材棒料母材6061-T651的66%和70%,而断后伸长率明显较高,分别为母材的212%和169%;与目前其他增材工艺力学性能比较均具有明显的优势。