风险投资中三类经典优化模型等价性分析

风险投资中有三类经典优化模型，分别是风险极小化模型、期望收益极大化模型、风险厌恶模型。这三类模型的等价会为投资组合分析提供更多的方法。文中证明了三类优化模型产生相同的有效前沿，并在此意义下得出这三类优化模型的等价性。另外，引用MSCI世界股价指数数据对三个模型有效前沿的等价性，进行实际算例验证。     

圆板型多孔质止推轴承中几种分析模型的比较

利用多孔质内部的气体流动模型如:无滑移流动模型,全滑移模型,修正后的滑移模型,Ishi-azwa-Hori模型以及Brinkman模型,进行多孔质止推轴承的静态性能分析,并把理论和实验的结果进行对比,并给出了各种模型的特点。     

基于XML的飞行仿真气动力模型存储格式

飞行仿真获取气动力/力矩的传统方法主要是将气动力模型硬编码在仿真程序进行求解。由于气动力模型和求解程序耦合,一旦修正或更换气动力模型,需要花费大量代价来重新构建仿真过程,无法满足现代飞行器仿真的需求。根据气动力模型树形结构的特点,提出了气动力模型树的概念并基于XML语言的特点设计了一种模型存储格式（MBX）来存储气动力模型树。MBX存储格式不仅提高了飞行仿真系统更换和修正气动力模型的效率,而且提高了气动力/力矩解算的通用性,使得气动力/力矩的求解能够被标准化。MBX存储格式作为气动力模型交换标准不仅能把不同部门交换气动力模型的时间从几周/人缩短至几天/人,也能加快气动力模型逼近飞机真实气动特性的进程。     

考虑进排气的飞翼静、动态气动特性数值模拟

采用计算流体力学（CFD）数值模拟技术，以二维模型为例，建立了基于小幅度非定常运动的动导数计算方法，构建了考虑喷流引射效应的进排气模型、考虑管道效应的通气模型以及常规的保形模型，分别对其静态以及动态气动特性进行了数值模拟计算，并辨识了其纵向俯仰力矩系数组合动导数。研究表明:非定常动导数辨识方法较为准确可靠，相比保形模型，进排气以及通气模型的静态失速攻角（AOAs）增大，升力系数、阻力系数及俯仰力矩系数也增大，但力矩系数斜率基本不变，说明静态稳定性差异不大。而相同攻角下，进排气影响下的俯仰力矩系数组合动导数绝对值最大，表明了进排气模型具有最大的动态阻尼，而通气模型次之，保形模型的动导数绝对值最小。      

复合材料冲击损伤数值仿真模型评估

本文对低速冲击下复合材料结构损伤的数值仿真模型进行了分类和评估。低速冲击模型由冲击过程模型和材料损伤演化模型两类子模型组合而成,列出了每类模型的关键要素及其处理方法,对常用的组合进行了整理与评述,并列出了文献中出现频率较高的6种仿真模型。完成了6种模型的两个算例的数值评估,评估结果表明：对于正交层合板算例6个模型均可较准确地预测损伤形状和面积；对于角铺设层合板算例,采用Puck准则、考虑剪切非线性、基于能量释放率的模型得到的分层损伤形貌更接近于试验结果。     

大迎角非定常气动力建模方法研究

以战斗机俯仰机动为例,建立了飞机大迎角非定常气动力模型,包括非线性代数模型、Fourier函数分析模型、状态空间模型、差分方程模型以及模糊逻辑模型.并用SDM标模大振幅俯仰振荡非定常气动力风洞试验数据对模型参数进行了辨识,验证了模型的有效性.从模型物理意义、参数辨识难易程度及模型通用性和精确度等方面对几种非定常气动力模型进行了比较研究.     

Recent experience with different turbulence models applied to the calculation of flow over aircraft components

An evaluation of ten turbulence models is made for compressible flows encountered in current aircraft applications. The Baldwin–Lomax and P.D. Thomas algebraic models, the Baldwin–Barth and Spalart–Allmaras one-equation models, five low-Reynolds-number k– models and the Menter SST blended k–/k–ω model are examined. A zonal, upwind, implicit, factored algorithm is used to solve both the mean flow equations and the turbulence model equations for three-dimensional, compressible turbulent flow. Calculations are presented for both internal and external flowfields including a two-stream mixing layer, a supersonic flat-plate boundary layer, a transonic supercritical airfoil, a shock wave/turbulent boundary layer interaction, an ejector nozzle, a highly offset diffuser, and a twin impinging jet flowfield. The influence of two modifications to the production of turbulent kinetic energy for the low-Reynolds-number k– models is evaluated, a vorticity-based strain rate and a production limiter. A compressibility correction for high speed shear layers is also examined. Comparisons of the results of the various turbulence models are made with experimental measurements. Significant differences are observed in the model predictions when applied to the same problem using the same computational mesh and mean flow solver. The algebraic models are unable to capture the physics of these complex flowfields, particularly for the internal flow calculations. The performance of each model is dependent on the application. No universal model is found for all flowfields examined. Each one-equation and two-equation model has specific strengths and weaknesses and the performance of each model is assessed.     

两种紊流模型在通流计算中的应用研究

为验证紊流模型在基于周向平均Navier-Stokes方程的通流计算中的适用性，本文给出了周向平均形式的Spalart-Allmaras紊流模型，并选择Baldwin-Lomax模型作为对比。通过两个经典简单算例以及两个典型叶轮机械算例对采用了上述两种紊流模型的通流模型进行验证与对比。两个经典简单算例结果表明，上述两种紊流模型在无叶片的通流模型中均能够准确预测附面层发展，捕获激波，预测分离流动。两个典型叶轮机械算例结果表明两种紊流模型对轴流式叶轮机械的子午流面气动布局以及总体气动性能具备一定的的预测能力。在单转子算例中，S-A模型的计算结果略优于B-L模型的计算结果；在双级高压涡轮算例中两种紊流模型对总体性能参数以及气流角的计算结果相差不大，且S-A模型计算的马赫数比B-L模型的偏小。     

Noise effects on centroid tracker aim point estimation

An investigation of errors due to noise in centroid tracker aim-point estimation is presented. The centroid tracker discussed is similar to the tracker described by A.L. Gilbert et al. (1980). Simplifications to this algorithm were made so that the derived models would be consistent with the actual tracker algorithm. Two statistical models are derived which relate image noise effects to computation of the target centroid. The first model, the simplified aim-point error model, is derived by assuming that the probabilities of incorrectly classifying target and background pixels are equal. The second model, the extended aim-point error model, is derived by assuming that the probability of incorrectly classifying a target pixel can differ from the probability of incorrectly classifying a background pixel. These models are described and their mathematical implication is discussed. Simulation results which verify the models are presented     

Modeling of Venus, Mars, and Titan

Increased computer capacity has made it possible to model the global plasma and neutral dynamics near Venus, Mars and Saturn??s moon Titan. The plasma interactions at Venus, Mars, and Titan are similar because each possess a substantial atmosphere but lacks a global internally generated magnetic field. In this article three self-consistent plasma models are described: the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model, the hybrid model and the fully kinetic plasma model. Chamberlain and Monte Carlo models of the Martian exosphere are also described. In particular, we describe the pros and cons of each model approach. Results from simulations are presented to demonstrate the ability of the models to capture the known plasma and neutral dynamics near the three objects.     

Computer aided development of biomechanical pilot models

In this paper the computer aided development of biomechanical pilot models for the prediction of roll ratcheting (RR) is described. At first the phenomenon of RR is characterized as an aircraft-pilot coupling problem. Existing biomechanical pilot models for the prediction of RR are presented. A computer aided procedure for the establishment of biomechanical pilot models is described by setting up an existing pilot model. The procedure is based on the application of a software package for multibody system calculations (SIMPACK) and a control system design software tool (MATLAB/SIMULINK). The first is used to determine the pilot model equations of motion and the latter is applied to estimate the model parameters as well as to conduct further evaluations. With the help of this procedure, deficiencies of the existing state-of-the-art biomechanical pilot model are shown. Due to these deficiencies new pilot models have been established and are assessed on the basis of the parameters identified. According to this assessment some pilot models suitable for further applications are selected and used to investigate a RR incident. In order to predict the RR potential, the stability of the aircraft-pilot loop, which contains a biomechanical pilot model and the augmented aircraft model to be investigated, is assessed.     

缝合复合材料弹性常数细观力学模型的分析比较

对近几年来公开发表的缝合复合材料弹性常数的细观力学模型进行了分析比较。通过计算对比了铺层纤维面内弯折、正弦波状弯曲、多项式描述纤维弯曲三个典型的缝合复合材料弹性常数的细观力学分析模型。结果表明,采用面内纤维弯折假设的弹性常数分析模型对缝纫参数的改变不敏感;采用面内纤维弯曲假设的模型对缝纫参数改变敏感,不同模型得到的弹性常数随缝纫参数变化趋势几乎是相同的。但是,假设纤维在针脚附近只有部分纤维发生弯曲比假设纤维全部发生弯曲得到的结论更合理。     

低压涡轮叶栅流动中转捩模型的校验及改进

为评估并提高现有转捩模型的预测精度,采用计算流体力学(CFD)软件FLUENT 12.1,选取层流模型、全湍流模型、剪切应力输运(SST)低雷诺数模型、k-kl-ω模型以及γ-Reθ模型对低压涡轮叶栅T106-EIZ进行数值模拟,通过与实验数据的对比校验了后3种模型对于转捩以及相关参数的模拟能力,并对结果以及模型的作用机理进行分析,校验结果表明所有模型都不能准确地预测分离流转捩以及尾迹诱导转捩.选取预测效果较好的γ-Reθ模型进行了修正,提出通过修改间歇因子输运方程中的参数Ca1和Ca2的方法来修正该模型,结果表明该方法可以提高模拟精度.     

S弯扩压器中四种湍流模型的比较

采用Realizableκ-ε,S-A(Spalart-Allmaras),SST(Shear stress transport剪切应力输运),RSM(Reynolds stress equation model雷诺应力模型)四种湍流模型对S弯扩压器内的分离流动进行了模拟,分析了不同湍流模型对计算结果的影响.将不同轴向位置的表面压力系数、分离区的大小、马赫数等三个量的实验值与计算值进行了比较,结果表明:分离区湍流模型对表面压力分布影响较大,未分离区不同湍流模型模拟精度相当;S-A模型对分离区的模拟较保守,RSM模型对分离的模拟精度较高,SST与RSM模拟结果很接近;各湍流模型计算的高速区域均比实验值大.扩压器的平均总压恢复系数受湍流模型影响不大,和实验结果吻合较好.      

风洞模型-支撑系统涡激振动测量与分析

以0.55m×0.4m低湍流航空声学风洞某模型及其支撑系统为研究对象,采用基于加速度传感器直接测量支撑系统和热线间接测量模型尾流相结合的方法,测量并分析了风洞模型-支撑系统的涡激振动模态,给出了测量方案和数据处理方法。采用基于加速度传感器的功率谱分析方法,获得了模型-支撑系统的三阶振动频率分别为31.1、120.9和221.4Hz;采用基于加速度传感器的频域滤波和频域积分方法,提高了有效信号的信噪比,获得了模型-支撑系统振动的振型和振动节点位置;采用热线测量模型尾流分离涡脱落频率的方法,获得了模型一阶和二阶振动的尾流涡激频率分别为31.1和124.1Hz,并从测量尾流速度脉动量获得了模型振幅变化和抖振边界信息。实验结果表明,采用热线测量模型尾流从而分析模型振动的方法,有利于小尺度的模型振动测量,而且相对于加速度传感器装于模型表面的直接测量方法而言,对试验模型的绕流流场干扰较小,为测量风洞试验模型的涡激振动模态提供了一种方法。     

Combustion modeling in a model combustor

The flow-field of a propane-air diffusion flame combustor with interior and exterior conjugate heat transfers was numerically studied.Results obtained from four combustion models,combined with the re-normalization group(RNG) k-ε turbulence model,discrete ordinates radiation model and enhanced wall treatment are presented and discussed.The results are compared with a comprehensive database obtained from a series of experimental measurements.The flow patterns and the recirculation zone length in the combustion chamber are accurately predicted,and the mean axial velocities are in fairly good agreement with the experimental data,particularly at downstream sections for all four combustion models.The mean temperature profiles are captured fairly well by the eddy dissipation(EDS),probability density function(PDF),and laminar flamelet combustion models.However,the EDS-finite-rate combustion model fails to provide an acceptable temperature field.In general,the flamelet model illustrates little superiority over the PDF model,and to some extent the PDF model shows better performance than the EDS model.      

壁面湍流模型对湍流分离流动数值模拟的影响

本文用三种近壁湍流模型计算了二个二维的湍流分离流动：单包流动和多包流动。结果表明：二层模型和低Reynolds数模型具有类似的特性。它们基本上给出合理的分离流动结构。壁函数的方法由于对数律的假定基本上不适合于计算湍流的分离流动。     

湍流燃烧模型在航空发动机喷雾燃烧中的应用

使用自主开发的计算软件,数值模拟航空发动机旋流杯环形燃烧室三维湍流煤油两相燃烧过程,采用多维经验分析法与多步反应火焰面模型预测旋流杯环形燃烧室污染物排放,对4种湍流燃烧模型预测喷雾燃烧流场与污染物排放能力进行评估.各模型所得的计算值与试验数据较为相符,表明这些模型都可用来预测旋流杯环形燃烧室两相燃烧流场和污染物排放能力,但是不同模型的计算精度不相同.其中多步反应火焰面模型所得的出口温度分布与污染物排放与试验结果最接近,其预测精度高于其他模型.因此合理选择湍流燃烧模型可以提高计算准确性和可靠性.      

分布式非线性气动力模型弹性飞机动力学研究

建立了线性与非线性两种分布式气动力模型,在弹性飞机模型上添加所建立的气动力模型,验证了整个系统的有效性。对所建立的模型进行着陆及突风扰动动力学仿真,对比线性及非线性气动力模型的飞机动力学响应的差异,结果表明非线性气动力模型能够更合理地计算飞机大迎角状态下的气动载荷及动力学响应。     

高超声复杂流动中湍流模式应用的评估

本文选择几个高超声速基准流动：二维可压缩拐角、锥柱裙组合体绕流、斜激波与湍流边界层干扰，采用几个常见的湍流模式，BL模式，CHκ-ε模式，κ-ε模式，SST模式，CMOTTκ-ε模式，SHIHκ-ε模式，通过将数值计算结果和实验结果进行比较，对有关的湍流模式地 评估，得到一些有意义的结论。